Hadharem Explained

Group:Hadharem
Native Name:Arabic: الحضارم
Native Name Lang:ar
Flag:Flag of Hadhramaut.svg
Flag Caption:Flag proposed by the 'Hadhrami League' in May 2013 to represent Hadramout Region as part of the federalization of Yemen.
Flag Alt:A blue, white, and green flag with a red stripe on the left and a sidr tree in the middle
Popplace:Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, Southeast Asia
Regions: Yemen (mainland)
Saudi Arabia
Oman
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Sudan
Somalia
Kenya
(Zanzibar)
United States
United Kingdom
(de facto)
Region1: Yemen
Langs:Arabic
Rels:Sunni Islam, mainly Shafi'i
Related:Arabs, other Afro-Asiatic people

The Hadharem (Arabic: حضارم|ḥaḍārim) or the Hadhrami (Arabic: حضرمي|ḥaḍramī, singular) are an Arab sub-ethnic group indigenous to the Hadhramaut region in South Arabia, which is part of modern-day eastern Yemen and their own dialect, Hadhrami Arabic.[1] Among the two million inhabitants of Hadhramaut, there are about 1,300 distinct tribes.[2]

Society

As in other regions of Yemen, Hadhrami society is stratified into several groups. At the top of hierarchy are the religious elites or sayyids, who trace their descent to Muhammad. These are followed by the sheikhs, tribesmen, townspeople, dhu'afa (farmers, fishers and builders). At the bottom of the hierarchy are al-Muhamashīn "the Marginalized" (previously referred to as al-akhdam "the servants")[3]

Hadhramaut was under Muslim rule and converted to the faith during the time of Prophet Muhammad.[4] A religious leader from Iraq introduced the Hadharem to Ibadi Islam in the mid eighth century until in 951 AD when Sunnis took Hadhramaut and put it under their domain. To this day the Hadharem follow Sunni, specifically the Shafi' school. Hadharem women have had more freedom and education than women in many other Arab countries.

Language

The Hadharem speak Hadhrami Arabic, a dialect of Arabic, although Hadharem living in the diaspora that have acculturated mainly speak the local language of the region they live in.[5]

Diaspora

The Hadharem have a long seafaring and trading tradition that predates Semitic cultures. Hadramite influence was later overshadowed by the rise of the Sabaeans, who became the ruling class. This prompted Hadhrami seamen to emigrate in large numbers around the Indian Ocean basin, including the Horn of Africa, the Swahili Coast, the Malabar Coast, Hyderabad in South India, Sri Lanka, and Maritime Southeast Asia.[6] In the mid 1930s the Hadhrami Diaspora numbered at 110,000, amounting to a third of the total Hadhrami population.[7]

Hadharem in the Persian Gulf

Hadharami communities exist in western Yemen, the trading ports of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and on the coast of the Red Sea. The money changers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia have historically been of Hadhrami origin.[8]

Hadhrami East Africans

The Hadharem have long had a presence in the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia), and also comprise a notable part of the Harari population. Hadhrami settlers were instrumental in helping to consolidate the Muslim community in the coastal Benadir province of Somalia, in particular.[9] During the colonial period, disgruntled Hadharem from the tribal wars settled in various Somali towns.[10] They were also frequently recruited into the armies of the Somali Sultanates.[11]

Some Hadhrami communities also reportedly exist in Mozambique, Comoros, and Madagascar.[12]

Hadhrami Jews

The vast majority of the Hadhrami Jews now live in Israel.[13]

List of Hadhrami Diaspora

Notable people

Yemen

Swahili Coast

North Africa

Horn of Africa

Indonesia

East Timor

Malaysia

Singapore

The Hadharem presence in Singapore came from encouragement of Stamford Raffles to trade in his newly established colony of Singapore.[18]

South Asia

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Book: Williams, Victoria R. . Indigenous Peoples . ABC-CLIO . 24 February 2024 . 411–413.
  2. Web site: Alghoul . Diana . 2015 . Yemen's unnoticed but crucial province . 17 March 2024 . middleeastmonitor.com.
  3. Book: Boxberger, Linda . On the Edge of Empire . State University of New York Press . February 2012 . 18–36.
  4. Book: Area Handbook for the Peripheral States of the Arabian Peninsula . Stanford Research Institute . 1971 . 11.
  5. Book: Al Kharusi, Aisha Sahar Waheed . Arab Worlds Beyond the Middle East and North Africa . Lexington Books . 17 June 2021 . 86.
  6. Book: Ho, Engseng . The graves of Tarim: Genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean . University of California Press . 2006 . 9780520244535 . 123768411.
  7. Book: Freitag, Smith, Ulrike, William Clarence . Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s-1960s . Brill . 1997 . 5.
  8. Book: Seznec, Jean-François . The financial markets of the Arabian Gulf . Croom Helm . 1987 . 9780709954040 . 18558231.
  9. Book: Cassanelli, Lee V. . The Benaadir Past: Essays in Southern Somali History . University of Wisconsin--Madison . 1973 . 24 . en.
  10. Book: Gavin, R. J. . Aden under British rule, 1839–1967 . Hurst . 1975 . 978-0-903983-14-3 . London, UK . 198.
  11. Book: Somalia: A country study . The Division . 1993 . 9780844407753 . Metz . Helen Chapin . Helen Chapin Metz . 4th . Washington, D.C. . 10 . 93016246 . 27642849 . registration.
  12. Book: Le Guennec, Francoise . Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s to 1960s . . 1997 . 978-9004107717 . Freitag . Ulrike . 165 . en . Changing Patterns of Hadrahmi Migration and Social Integration in East Africa . Clarence-Smith . William G. . https://books.google.com/books?id=gBTbS4eNGp8C&pg=PA165.
  13. Web site: Katz . Joseph . The Jewish Kingdoms of Arabia . 2017-06-25 . www.eretzyisroel.org.
  14. Web site: WWW Virtual Library: From where did the Moors come?. www.lankalibrary.com. 2017-06-25.
  15. Book: Khalidi, Omar . Omar Khalidi . https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC&pg=PA52 . The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad . Mediaeval Deccan History . Kulkarni . Naeem . De Souza . Popular Prakashan . . 1996 . 978-8-1715-4579-7.
  16. Book: Wink, André . Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World . 1991 . . 978-9-0040-9249-5 . 68 . en.
  17. Web site: IDBG President Receives Indonesia's Special Envoy. 20 April 2017.
  18. News: . Singapore's Arab community traces ancestral roots to Yemen's Hadhramaut Valley . 20 July 2018 . Joanna . Tan . 11 December 2023.
  19. News: Arab trader's role in Singapore landmark. The Straits Times. 24 September 2015. 5 July 2016.
  20. chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf
  21. Web site: 2013-08-25 . Converging cultures: The Hadrami diaspora in the Indian Ocean - COMPAS . 2023-12-14 . COMPAS - Migration research at the University of Oxford.
  22. https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf

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