| Hadera | |
| Settlement Type: | City (from 1952) |
| Translit Lang1: | Hebrew |
| Translit Lang1 Type1: | ISO 259 |
| Translit Lang1 Info1: | Ḥdera |
| Image Blank Emblem: | Hadera_COA.png |
| Pushpin Map: | Israel haifa#Israel |
| Pushpin Mapsize: | 250 |
| Coordinates: | 32.45°N 89°W |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Type2: | District |
| Established Title: | Founded |
| Leader Title: | Mayor |
| Unit Pref: | dunam |
| Population Total: | 103,041 |
| Population As Of: | 2022 |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Website: | https://www.hadera.muni.il/ |
Hadera (Hebrew: חֲדֵרָה pronounced as /he/[1]) is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel, in the northern Sharon region, approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) from the major cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa. The city is located along 7 km (5 mi) of the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain. The city's population includes a high proportion of immigrants arriving since 1990, notably from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union. In it had a population of .
Hadera was established in 1891 as a farming colony by members of the Zionist group, Hovevei Zion, from Lithuania and Latvia. By 1948, it was a regional center with a population of 11,800. In 1952, Hadera was declared a city, with jurisdiction over an area of 53,000 dunams.
Hadera was founded on 24 January 1891, in the early days of modern Zionism by Jewish immigrants from Lithuania and Latvia on land purchased by Yehoshua Hankin, known as the Redeemer of the Valley. The land was purchased from a Christian effendi, Selim Khuri. This was the largest purchase of land in Eretz Israel by a Zionist group, although the land was of low quality and mostly swampland. The only inhabitants prior to the purchase were a few families raising water buffaloes and selling papyrus reeds.[2] The village was named after Wadi al-Khudeira[3] (Arabic: وادي الخضيرة||the valley of verdure),[4] as the nearby section of Hadera Stream was known. Earlier, the whole Hadera Stream had been known as Nahr Akhdar (Arabic: نهر الأخضر||green river).[5] [6]
The Crusaders called the location Lictera – a corruption of the Arabic name, el-Khudeira. From the outset, attempts were made to pick instead a Hebrew name for the new settlement.[7] About half a year after it was founded, rabbi Ya'akov Goldman reported on an event in "the moshav of Hadere, that is, Hatzor".[8] The name Liktera was in preferential use by the British military during World War I.[9] [10]
In the end of the nineteenth century, the region of Hadera was populated by three immigrant groups – Circassians, Bosnians and Russian Jews. These transnational colonists joined what was, in Roy Marom's words, "a sparsely populated coastal plain inhabited by Arabic-speaking highland peasants and nomads of Turkmen, Nubian, Egyptian and of Arabian-Peninsular descent". Marom further notes that in 1871 Ottoman authorities inspected Khirbet al-Khudeira, and found it 'empty of inhabitants and lacking resident peasants who are eligible to purchase it in return for the payment of land registration fees". Selim al-Khoury, a Christian merchant from Haifa, purchased Kh. al-Khudeira, together with 3000 hectares of land, and established an agricultural estate among the ruins. In 1890, al-Khoury sold al-Khudeira to Yehoshua Hankin (1864–1945).[11]
Baron Edmond James de Rothschild's surveyor, Yitzhak Goldhar, claimed that Hadera was founded on the site of the former town called Gedera of Caesarea (Hebrew: גדרה של קיסרין), as mentioned in Tosefta Shevi'it, ch. 7.[12] Benjamin Mazar preferred to locate ancient Gador, formerly known as Gedera by Caesaria, at Tell Ahḍar ("green hill"), later known as Tell esh Sheikh Ziraq[13] and currently as Tel Gador, on the coast south of Giv'at Olga.[14] Others say that the ancient Gadera should be identified with Umm Qais or with al-Judeira.
The first Jewish settlers lived in a building known as the Khan near Hadera's main synagogue. The population consisted of ten families and four guards. In 1896 Baron Rothschild paid for "hundreds of black labourers" from Egypt "to dig the broad and deep trenches" needed to drain the swamps. They "died in scores".[15] [16] Old tombstones in the local cemetery reveal that out of a population of 540, 210 died of malaria.[17] Therefore, a Bible verse from the Psalms (Tehillim) was inscribed in the city's logo: "Those who sow in tears, will reap with songs of joy." (Ps 126:5) Hashomer guards kept watch over the fields to prevent incursions by the neighboring Bedouin.
By the early twentieth century, Hadera had become the regional economic center. In 1913, the settlement included forty households, as well as fields and vineyards, stretching over 30,000 dunams.[12]
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Hadera had a total population of 540; 89 Muslims, 1 Christian and 450 Jews.[18] Land disputes in the area were resolved by the 1930s, and the population had grown to 2,002 in 1931. Free schooling was introduced in the city in 1937 in all schools apart from the Histadrut school.[19]
After the 1948 War, the north-western part of Hadera (including "Newe Chayyim") expanded on the land which had belonged to the depopulated Palestinian village of Arab al-Fuqara.[20]
Hadera's population increased dramatically in 1948 as immigrants flocked to the country. Most of the newcomers were from Europe, though 40 Yemenite families settled there, too.[17] In 1953, Israel's first paper mill opened in Hadera. Financed by investors from Israel, United States, Brazil and Australia, the mill was designed to meet all of Israel's paper needs.[21] New neighborhoods were built, among them Givat Olga on the coast, and Beit Eliezer in the east of the city. In 1964, Hadera was declared a city.
In the 1990s, large numbers of Russian and Ethiopian immigrants settled in Hadera. Hadera, considered a safe place by its inhabitants, was jolted by several acts of terrorism during the second intifada. On October 28, 2001, four civilians were killed when a terrorist opened fire on pedestrians at a bus stop.[22] A massacre of six civilians at a Bat Mitzvah occurred in early 2002.[23] A suicide bomber blew himself up at a falafel stand on October 26, 2005, killing seven civilians[24] [25] and injuring 55, five in severe condition.[26] During the second Lebanon War, on August 4, 2006, three rockets fired by Hezbollah hit Hadera. Hadera is 50miles south of the Lebanese border and marked the farthest point inside Israel hit by Hezbollah.[27]
In the 2000s, the city center was rejuvenated, a high-tech business park was constructed, and the world's largest desalination plant was built.[28] [29] New neighborhoods are under construction in the underdeveloped northeastern part of the city, and plans are under way for a large park, shopping malls and hotels with a total of 1,800 rooms. The city is envisaged as a future vacation destination due to its closeness to the Galilee, beaches, and access to major highways.[30]
Hadera is located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastal plain, 45km (28miles) north of Tel Aviv.[31] The city's jurisdiction covers 53000dunam, making it the fourth largest city in the country. Nahal Hadera Park, a eucalyptus forest covering 1300dunam and Hasharon Park are located on the outskirts of Hadera.[28]
Hot water gushing from the Hadera power plant draws schools of hundreds of sandbar and dusky shark every winter. Scientists are researching the rare phenomenon, which is unknown in the vicinity. It is speculated that the water, which is ten degrees warmer than the rest of the sea, could be the attraction.[32]
Hadera lies along two main Israel Railways lines: the Coastal Line and the nowadays freight-only Eastern Line. The city's railway station is located in the west of the city and is on the Tel Aviv suburban line which runs between Binyamina and Ashkelon. The city center of Hadera is located near Israel's two main north–south highways; Highway 2, linking Tel Aviv to Haifa, and Highway 4.[28] This made Hadera an important junction for all coastal bus transportation after 1948 and into the 1950s.
Hadera Paper, established in 1953, continues to be a major employer in the city. The world's largest desalination plant of its type,[33] was inaugurated in December 2009.[28] Hadera is the location of the Orot Rabin Power Plant, Israel's largest power station.[34]
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, as of October 2013, Hadera had a population of 91,634 which is growing at an annual rate of 1.2%.[35] As of 2003, the city had a population density of 1,516.6 per km2.[36] Of the city's population of 2013 of 91,634, approximately 23,407 were immigrants, many from Ethiopia.[36]
According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Hadera had a population of 540 inhabitants, consisting of 450 Jews, 89 Muslims and 1 Christian.[37] Hadera has grown steadily since 1948, when the city had a population of 11,800. In 1955, the population almost doubled to 22,500. In 1961 it rose to 25,600, in 1972 to 32,200, and in 1983, to 38,700.[36]
The median age in Hadera is 32.8, with 23,200 people 19 years of age or younger, 12.1% between 20 and 29, 14,100 between 30 and 44, 17,600 from 45 to 64, and 9,700, 65 or older.[38], there were 37,500 males and 39,200 females.[38]
In 2003, the ethnic makeup was 93.2% Jewish, 0.8% Arab and 6.0% other.[39] In 2000, there were 27,920 salaried workers and 1,819 self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried worker was ILS 5,135, a real change of 8.0% throughout 2000. Salaried males had a mean monthly wage of ILS 6,607 (a real change of 9.0%) compared with ILS 3,598 for females (a real change of 3.1%). The mean income for the self-employed was 6,584. A total of 1,752 people received unemployment benefits and 6,753 received income supplements. In 2019, the total population was 97,334, of which 91.8% were Jewish and 0.9% were Arab.[39]
In 2001, 15,622 students were studying at 42 schools (24 elementary schools with 7,933 students, and 21 high schools with 7,689 students). A total of 57.5% of 12th graders were entitled to a matriculation certificate.
The Democratic School of Hadera, which opened in 1987, was the first of its kind in Israel. The Technoda, an educational center for science and technology equipped with a state-of-the-art telescope and planetarium, is located in Hadera's Givat Olga neighborhood.[40]
Hadera is served by the Hillel Yaffe Medical Center.
Neighborhoods of Hadera include Givat Olga,[41] Beit Eliezer, Kfar Brandeis, Haotzar, Hephzibah, Neve Haim, Nissan, Ephraim, Bilu, Klarin, Nahaliel, Shimshon, Shlomo, Pe'er, Bialik, Beitar and The Park.
Hadera is home to three current football clubs: Hapoel Hadera, which currently plays in Israeli Premier League after being promoted at the end of 2017/18 season. Beitar Hadera (playing in Liga Gimel Shomron) and the women's football club Maccabi Kishronot Hadera (playing in Ligat Nashim Rishona). In the past, the city was also home to Maccabi Hadera, Hapoel Nahliel and Hapoel Beit Eliezer.
The city is also represented in the Israeli Beach Soccer League. Its team, Hapoel Hadera, won the championship (under its previous name, Hadera's Princes) in 2008.[44]
In Basketball, Maccabi Hadera's women's basketball team plays in second-tier Liga Leumit, while the club's Maccabi Hadera men's basketball team plays in third tier Liga Artzit.
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel. Hadera is twinned with:[45]
Besançon, France
Big Spring, United States Charlotte, United States (2008)
Derbent, Russia El Paso, United States (2015)[46]
Rizhao, China