Chad Gadya Explained

Chad Gadya or Had Gadya (Aramaic: חַד גַדְיָא chad gadya, "one little goat", or "one kid"; Hebrew: "גדי אחד gedi echad") is a playful cumulative song in Aramaic and Hebrew.[1] It is sung at the end of the Passover Seder, the Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. The melody may have its roots in Medieval German folk music.[2] It first appeared in a Haggadah printed in Prague in 1590, which makes it the most recent inclusion in the traditional Passover seder liturgy.[3]

The song is popular with children and similar to other cumulative songs:[4] Echad Mi Yodea, ("Who Knows 'One'?") another cumulative song, is also in the Passover Haggadah.

Lyrics

English
One Little Goat		Romanization of Aramaic
Chad Gadya		Transliteration of Aramaic
ħad gadyā		Aramaic
חַד גַּדְיָא
Verse 1:
valign=topOne little goat, one little goat:valign=topChad gadya, chad gadya,valign=topħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,valign=top dir=rtl
valign=topWhich my father bought for two zuzim.valign=topdizabin abah bitrei zuzei.valign=topdəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.valign=top dir=rtl
Verse 2:
valign=topOne little goat, one little goat:valign=topChad gadya, chad gadya,valign=topħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,valign=top dir=rtl
valign=topThe cat came, and ate the goat,valign=topve-ata shunra ve-akhlah le-gadyavalign=topwəʔāṯā šūnrā wəʔāḵlā ləgaḏyāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topWhich my father bought for two zuzim.valign=topdizabin abba bitrei zuzei.valign=topdəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.valign=top dir=rtl
Verse 3:
valign=topOne little goat, one little goat:valign=topChad gadya, chad gadya,valign=topħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,valign=top dir=rtl
valign=topThe dog came, and bit the cat, that ate the goat,valign=topve-ata kalba ve-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadyavalign=topwəʔāṯā ḵalbā wənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgaḏyāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topWhich my father bought for two zuzim.valign=topdizabin abba bitrei zuzei.valign=topdəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.valign=top dir=rtl
Verse 4:
valign=topOne little goat, one little goat:valign=topChad gadya, chad gadya,valign=topħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,valign=top dir=rtl
valign=topThe stick came, and beat the dog,valign=topve-ata chutra, ve-hikkah le-khalbavalign=topwəʔāṯā ħūṭrā, wəhikkā ləḵalbāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topthat bit the cat, that ate the goat,valign=topde-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadyavalign=topdənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgāḏyāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topWhich my father bought for two zuzim.valign=topdizabin abba bitrei zuzei.valign=topdəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.valign=top dir=rtl
Verse 5:
valign=topOne little goat, one little goat:valign=topChad gadya, chad gadya,valign=topħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,valign=top dir=rtl
valign=topThe fire came, and burned the stick,valign=topve-ata nura, ve-saraf le-chutravalign=topwəʔāṯā nūrā, wəśārap̄ ləħūṭrāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topthat beat the dog, that bit the cat, that ate the goat,valign=topde-hikkah le-khalba, de-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadyavalign=topdəhikkā ləḵalbā, dənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgāḏyāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topWhich my father bought for two zuzim.valign=topdizabin abba bitrei zuzei.valign=topdəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.valign=top dir=rtl
Verse 6:
valign=topOne little goat, one little goat:valign=topChad gadya, chad gadya,valign=topħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,valign=top dir=rtl
valign=topThe water came, and put out the fire,valign=topve-ata maya, ve-khavah le-nuravalign=topwəʔāṯā mayyā, wəḵāḇā lənūrāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topthat burned the stick, that beat the dog,valign=topde-saraf le-chutra, de-hikkah le-khalbavalign=topdəšārap̄ ləħūṭrā, dəħikkā ləḵalbāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topthat bit the cat, that ate the goat,valign=topde-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadyavalign=topdənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgāḏyāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topWhich my father bought for two zuzim.valign=topdizabin abba bitrei zuzei.valign=topdəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.valign=top dir=rtl
Verse 7:
valign=topOne little goat, one little goat:valign=topChad gadya, chad gadya,valign=topħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,valign=top dir=rtl
valign=topThe ox came, and drank the water,valign=topve-ata tora, ve-shatah le-mayavalign=topwəʔāṯā tōrā, wəšāṯā ləmayyāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topthat put out the fire, that burned the stick,valign=topde-khavah le-nura, de-saraf le-chutravalign=topdəḵāḇā lənūrā, dəšārap̄ ləħūṭrāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topthat beat the dog, that bit the cat, that ate the goat,valign=topde-hikkah le-khalba, de-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadyavalign=topdəhikkā ləḵalbā, dənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgāḏyāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topWhich my father bought for two zuzim.valign=topdizabin abba bitrei zuzei.valign=topdəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.valign=top dir=rtl
Verse 8:
valign=topOne little goat, one little goat:valign=topChad gadya, chad gadya,valign=topħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,valign=top dir=rtl
valign=topThe slaughterer (Shohet) came, and killed the ox,valign=topve-ata ha-shochet, ve-shachat le-toravalign=topwəʔāṯā hašōħēṭ, wəšāħaṯ ləṯōrāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topthat drank the water, that put out the fire,valign=topde-shatah le-maya, de-khavah le-nuravalign=topdəšāṯā ləmayyā, dəḵāḇā lənūrāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topthat burned the stick, that beat the dog,valign=topde-saraf le-chutra, de-hikkah le-khalbavalign=topdəšārap̄ ləħūṭrā, dəhikkā ləḵalbāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topthat bit the cat, that ate the goat,valign=topde-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadyavalign=topdənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgāḏyāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topWhich my father bought for two zuzim.valign=topdizabin abba bitrei zuzei.valign=topdəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.valign=top dir=rtl
Verse 9:
valign=topOne little goat, one little goat:valign=topChad gadya, chad gadya,valign=topħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,valign=top dir=rtl
valign=topThe angel of death came, and slew the slaughterer,valign=topve-ata mal'akh ha-mavet, ve-shachat le-shochetvalign=topwəʔāṯā malʔaḵ hammāweṯ, wəšāħaṭ ləšōħēṭvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topwho killed the ox, that drank the water,valign=topde-shachat le-tora, de-shatah le-mayavalign=topdəšāħaṭ ləṯōrā, dəšāṯā ləmayyāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topthat put out the fire, that burned the stick,valign=topde-khavah le-nura, de-saraf le-chutravalign=topdəḵāḇā lənūrā, dəšārap̄ ləħūṭrāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topthat beat the dog, that bit the cat, that ate the goat,valign=topde hikkah le-khalba, de-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadyavalign=topdəhikkā ləḵalbā, dənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgāḏyāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topWhich my father bought for two zuzim.valign=topdizabin abba bitrei zuzei.valign=topdəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.valign=top dir=rtl
Verse 10:
valign=topOne little goat, one little goat:valign=topChad gadya, chad gadya,valign=topħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,valign=top dir=rtl
valign=topThen came The Holy One, Blessed be He,valign=topve-ata ha-Kadosh Baruch Huvalign=topwəʔāṯā haqqadōš bārūḵ hūvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topand smote the angel of death, who slew the slaughterer,valign=topve-shachat le-mal'akh ha-mavet, de-shachat le-shochetvalign=topwəšāħaṭ ləmalʔaḵ hammāweṯ, dəšāħaṭ ləšōħēṭvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topwho killed the ox, that drank the water,valign=topde-shachat le-tora, de-shatah le-mayavalign=topdəšāħaṭ ləṯōrā, dəšāṯā ləmayyāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topthat put out the fire, that burned the stick,valign=topde-khavah le-nura, de-saraf le-chutravalign=topdəḵāḇā lənūrā, dəšārap̄ ləħūṭrāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topthat beat the dog, that bit the cat, that ate the goat,valign=topde-hikkah le-khalba, de-nashakh le-shunra, de-akhlah le-gadyavalign=topdəhikkā ləḵalbā, dənāšaḵ ləšūnrā, dəʔāḵlā ləgāḏyāvalign=top dir=rtl
valign=topWhich my father bought for two zuzim.valign=topdizabin abba bitrei zuzei.valign=topdəzabbīn abbā biṯrē zūzē.valign=top dir=rtl
Verse 11:
valign=topOne little goat, one little goat.valign=topChad gadya, chad gadya,valign=topħaḏ gaḏyā, ħaḏ gaḏyā,valign=top dir=rtl

Symbolism

As with any work of verse, Chad Gadya is open to interpretation. According to some modern Jewish commentators, what appears to be a light-hearted song may be symbolic. One interpretation is that Chad Gadya is about the different nations that have conquered the Land of Israel: The kid symbolizes the Jewish people; the cat, Assyria; the dog, Babylon; the stick, Persia; the fire, Macedonia; the water, Roman Empire; the ox, the Saracens; the slaughterer, the Crusaders; the angel of death, the Ottomans. At the end, God returns to send the Jews back to Israel. The recurring refrain of 'two zuzim' is a reference to the two stone tablets given to Moses on Mount Sinai (or refer to Moses and Aaron). Apparently this interpretation was first widely published in pamphlet published in 1731 in Leipzig by Philip Nicodemus Lebrecht.[5] This interpretation has become quite popular, with many variations of which oppressor is represented by which character in the song.[6]

Though commonly interpreted as an historical allegory of the Jewish people, the song may also represent the journey to self-development. The price of two zuzim, mentioned in every stanza, is (according to the Targum Jonathan to First Samuel 9:8) equal to the half-shekel tax upon every adult Israelite male (in Exodus 30:13); making the price of two zuzim the price of a Jewish soul. In an article first published in the Journal of Jewish Music & Liturgy in 1994, Rabbi Kenneth Brander, the co-author of The Yeshiva University Haggadah, summarized the interpretations of three rabbis: (1) Rabbi Jacob Emden in 1795, as a list of the pitfalls and perils facing the soul during one's life. (2) Rabbi Jonathan Eybeschuetz (1690–1764) as a very abbreviated history of Israel from the Covenant of the Two Pieces recorded in Genesis 15 (the two zuzim), to slavery in Egypt (the cat), the staff of Moses (the stick) and ending with the Roman conqueror Titus (the Angel of Death). And (3) from Rabbi Moses Sofer, the Hatim Sofer (1762–1839), in which the song described the Passover ritual in the Temple of Jerusalem – the goat purchased for the Paschal sacrifice, according to the Talmud dreaming of a cat is a premonition of singing such as occurs in the seder, the Talmud also relates that dogs bark after midnight which is the time limit for the seder, the priest who led the cleaning of the altar on Passover morning would use water to wash his hands, many people at the Temple that day would bring oxen as sacrifices, the Angel of Death is the Roman Empire that destroyed the Second Temple, etc.[7] The Vilna Gaon interpreted that the kid is the Birthright that passed from Abraham to Isaac; the father is Jacob; the two zumin is the meal Jacob paid Esau for his birthright; the cat is the envy of Jacob sons toward Joseph; the dog is Egypt where Joseph and his clan were enslaved; the stick is the staff of Moses; the fire the thirst for idolatry; the water the sages who eradicated idolatry; the ox is Rome; the shochet is the Messiah; the Angel of Death represents the death of the Messiah]; the Holy One is the L-d who arrives with the Messiah.[8]

Language

Descriptions of Chad Gadya being "entirely in Aramaic" are in error; the song is mix of Aramaic and Hebrew and indicates that the composer's grasp of Aramaic was limited. For example, the song begins with ḥad gadya, which is Aramaic, instead of the Hebrew form gədi ʾeḥad, and for the cat the Aramaic shunra instead of the Hebrew ḥatul and for the dog the Aramaic kalba instead of the Hebrew kelev, etc., but, towards the end of the song, we find the slaughterer is the Hebrew ha-shoḥet instead of the Aramaic nakhosa and the Angel of Death is the Hebrew malʾakh ha-mavet instead of the Aramaic malʾach mota and, finally, "the Holy One, blessed be He" is the Hebrew ha-qadosh barukh hu whereas the Aramaic would be qudsha bərikh hu.[9] Moreover, the Aramaic grammar is sloppy, for example. "then came the [''masculine'' form] cat and [''feminine'' form] ate".[10] The suggestion that the song was couched in Aramaic to conceal its meaning from non-Jews[11] is also in error, since its first publication included a full German translation.

Versions of the song exist in Yiddish, Ladino (Un cavritico), Judaeo-Italian and Judaeo-Arabic.

Variations

The words "dizabin abah" (דְּזַבִּין אַבָּא) in the second line of the song literally mean "which father sold", rather than "which father bought". The Aramaic for "which father bought" is "dizvan abah" (דִּזְבַן אַבָּא), and some Haggadot have that as the text.[12]

El Lissitzky's Had Gadya

In 1917 and 1919 Russian avant-garde artist El Lissitzky created two variants of the book Had Gadya.[13] Lissitzky's used Yiddish for the book verses, but introduced each verse in a traditional Aramaic, written in Hebrew alphabet.[14] These two versions differs in style: art historians Dukhan and Perloff called the 1917 version "an expressionist decorativism of color and narrative"[15] and "a set of brightly colored, folklike watercolors",[14] respectively, and 1919 "marked by a stylistic shift ... the treatment of forms becomes essentially more structural and every list reflects a topological invariant of the whole series in Of Two Squares".[15]

Two versions also differ in narrative: "if in the variant of 1917 the Angel of Death is depicted as cast down but still alive, that of 1919 shows him as definitely dead, and his victims (an old man and a kid) as resurrected." Dukhan treats these differences as Lissitzky's sympathies towards the October Revolution, after which Jews of the Russian Empire were liberated from discrimination.[15] Perloff also thinks that Lissitzky "viewed the song both as a message of Jewish liberation based on the Exodus story and as an allegorical expression of freedom for the Russian people." She also noted that "the hand of God is strikingly similar to an image of a hand that appeared on one of the first series of stamps printed after the revolution of 1917. On the stamp, the hand is clearly a symbol of the Soviet people. And the angel of death, who is depicted as dying in the set of illustrations from 1917, is now dead—clearly, in light of the symbolic link to the czar, killed by the force of the revolution."[14]

The cover of 1919 edition was designed in abstract suprematist forms.[15]

In popular culture

Other uses

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Birnbaum, Philip, The Birnbaum Haggadah (1976, NY, Hebrew Publ'g Co.) page 156 ("phrased in the simplest style of Aramaic-Hebrew"); similarly, Birnbaum, Philip, Encyclopedia of Jewish Concepts (1975, NY, Hebrew Publ'g Co.) page 203, s.v. Had Gadya; Cohen, Jeffrey M., 1001 Questions and Answers on Pesach (1996, NJ, Jason Aronson Inc.) page 173 ("a variation of a popular German folk song, .... its Aramaic is faulty,..."); Guggenheimer, Heinrich, The Scholar's Haggadah (1995, NJ, Jason Aronson Inc.) page 390 ("questionable Aramaic"); Glatzer, Nahum N., The Schocken Passover Haggadah (1996, NY, Schocken Books) page 119 ("written in poor Aramaic with a scattering of Hebrew words....").
  2. Roth, Cecil, The Haggadah, A New Edition (1959, London, Soncino Press) page 85 ("Some pundits assert that the Had Gadya is based upon the famous old German nursery-rhyme, Der Herr der schickt den Jokel aus, which was generally sung upon the feast of St. Lambert (September 17th); itself, as a matter of fact, probably the imitation of an older French original. This theory is by no means surely established," The German nursery rhyme is included in Kohut, George Alexander, "Le Had Gadya et les Chansons Similaires", Revue des Etudes Juives, vol. 31 (nr. 62), (Paris, Oct–Dec 1895) pages 243–244; it begins "The boss (or the Lord) sent the yokel out to mow the grain, but the yokel didn't mow the grain and he didn't come home. So the boss sent his poodle to bite the yokel, but the poodle didn't bite him and the yokel didn't mow ....." and goes on and on finally to send out the Devil to take the executioners who failed to hang the butcher who was supposed to slaughter the ox which was sent to drink the water that was meant to put out the fire that was sent to burn the whip that was sent to beat the poodle, and finally the boss comes himself and all those tasks are finally done. There is also a French nursery rhyme, "The Old Woman and her Pig", with a similar listing – but it is significant that in both the German and French nursery rhymes that characters are reluctant and refuse to do their natural or assigned activities, whereas in Had Gadya "the position is absolutely reversed.... the agents display no manner of unwillingness to perform the work of destruction, to exhibit their mastery over their inferiors." Abrahams, Israel, Festival Studies: Being Thoughts on the Jewish Year (1906, Philadelphia) page 108.
  3. Roth, Cecil, The Haggadah, A New Edition (1959, London, Soncino Press) page 85; Idelsohn, Abraham Z., Jewish Music in Its Historical Development (1929, NY, Henry Holt & Co.) page 361; Idelsohn, Abraham Z., Jewish Liturgy and It Development (1932, NY, Henry Holt & Co.) page 186; Nulman, Macy, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson Inc.) page 145, s.v. Had Gadya. It did not appear in a Haggadah printed in Prague in 1526, but it did appear in the 1590 Prague Haggadah accompanied by a German translation. The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906, NY) vol. 8 page 190 s.v. "Had Gadya".
  4. For example, "There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly", This Is the House That Jack Built and, begging the reader's pardon, The Twelve Days of Christmas. George Alexander Kohut provided a bibliography of comparable poems in his article "Le Had Gadya et les Chansons Similaires", Revue des Etudes Juives, vol. 31 (nr. 62), (Paris, Oct–Dec 1895) pages 240–246; also, Newell, William Wells, "The Passover Song of the Kid and an Equivalent from New England", Journal of American Folk-Lore, vol.18, nr. 68 (Jan–March 1905) pages33-48.
  5. Web site: Had Gadya ('One Kid'). Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. 29 March 2013.
  6. For example, in the Cecil Roth Haggadah, the cat is Assyria, the dog is Babylon, the stick is Persia, the water is Greece, the ox is Rome, the butcher is the Moslem empire, and the Angel of Death is the Christian nations of Europe. Roth, Cecil, The Haggadah, a new edition (1959, London, Soncino Press) pages 87–88. Another interpretation, attributed to the Vilna Gaon, in which most of the characters are identified with Biblical figures, the ox is a reference to Rome, which destroyed the Second Temple, and evidently serves to represent all the oppression and persecution since then, the butcher who slaughters the ox is the Messiah ben Joseph, who (in some unspecified future period) wages war against all the enemies of Jewry, and who is eventually killed – by the Angel of Death, who is then killed by the Almighty, ushering in a Golden Age in which the Jewish nation will be fully restored. Herczzeg, Yisrael Isser, Vilna Gaon Haggadah: The Passover Haggadah with Commentaries by the Vilna Gaon and his son, R' Avraham (1993, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publ'ns) pages 130–136; Kahane, Binyamin Zev, The Haggada of the Jewish Idea (2003, Ariel, The Center of the Jewish Idea) pages 222–227; Idelsohn, Abraham Z., Jewish Liturgy and It Development (1932, NY, Henry Holt & Co.) pages 186–187.
  7. Web site: An Analysis of Had Gadya. YUTorah Online. 27 March 2014.
  8. https://aish.com/the-meaning-of-chad-gadya/ the-meaning-of-chad-gadya/ Aish Torah
  9. Pinner, Daniel, "The Climax of the Seder Night: Chad Gadya", Israel National News, 17 April 2008.
  10. Hoffman, Lawrence A., My People's Passover Haggadah, volume 2 (2008, Vt., Jewish Lights Publ'g) page 223; also Guggenheimer, Heinrich, The Scholar's Haggadah (1995, NJ, Jason Aronson) pages 390–39.
  11. Avigdor, Isaac, "Chad Gadya – One Little Goat", The Jewish Press, 25 April 1997.
  12. For example, the 1839 Rodelheim Haggadah; also Guggenheimer, Heinrich, The Scholar's Haggadah (1995, NJ, Jason Aronson) page 390; Hoffman, Lawrence A., My People's Passover Haggadah, volume 2 (2008, Vt., Jewish Lights Publ'g) page 223; the Jonathan Sacks Haggada (2013, Jerusalem, Maggid Books); the [Philip] Birnbaum Haggadah (1976, NY, Hebrew Publ'g Co.); the Soncino Koren Haggada (1965, Jerusalem, Koren Publ'rs/ NY, Soncino Press); and Freedman, Jacob, The Polychrome Historical Haggadah (1974, Springfield, Mass., Jacob Freedman Liturgy Research Foundation).
  13. Web site: The Jewish Museum . thejewishmuseum.org . 11 August 2022.
  14. Book: Lissitzky . El . Had Gadya (חד גידא): The Only Kid (Facsimile of El Lissitzky's Edition of 1919) . 2004 . Getty Publications . 978-0-89236-744-3 . 9 August 2022 . en.
  15. Dukhan . Igor . El Lissitzky – Jewish as Universal: From Jewish Style to Pangeometry . Ars Judaica: Journal of Jewish Art . 2007 . 3 . en.
  16. Web site: Archives. Los Angeles Times. 10 May 1999 .
  17. Book: World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. 9781858286358. Dorian. Frederick. Duane. Orla. McConnachie. James. 1999. Rough Guides .
  18. Web site: CHAD GADYA – Chava Alberstein.
  19. Web site: Israel: Chava Alberstein banned . Freemuse . 2012-02-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090119192336/http://freemuse.org/sw11404.asp . 19 January 2009 . dead .
  20. Free Zone electronic press kit . BAC Films . 9 May 2005 . 2006-12-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202543/http://www.bacfilms.com/presse/freezone/dpus.pdf . 27 September 2007 .
  21. Web site: Dechief . Cindy . 2014-04-01 . . Take This Sabbath Day transcript . 2023-06-22 . West Wing Wiki . en-US.
  22. Web site: Hirway . Hrishikesh . Hrishikesh Hirway . Malina . Joshua . Joshua Malina . 2000-02-09 . Take This Sabbath Day . 2023-06-21 . The West Wing Weekly.
  23. Book: Steven H. . Gale . Mankowitz, Wolf . https://books.google.com/books?id=5cSkSB13ZQcC&pg=PA716 . Encyclopedia of British Humorists, Volume 2 . 1996 . 716 . Taylor & Francis . 0-8240-5990-5.
  24. Web site: TV.com . NCIS: Truth or Consequences – Season 7, Episode 1 . 2012-02-09 . 17 January 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100117181431/http://www.tv.com/ncis/truth-or-consequences/episode/1289697/recap.html . dead .
  25. Web site: Jewish Music . Jewish Music . 2012-02-09.
  26. Web site: חד ביתא . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/EX1fbXp1_KA . 2021-12-13 . live. YouTube . 4 April 2010 . 2012-02-09.
  27. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmSXhLu9fNU&feature=channel English version
  28. https://carolineglick.com/one_little_house_-_latmas_pass/ One Little House
  29. Web site: Jack Black Chad Gadya. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/M7_2WtzqvzM . 2021-12-13 . live. 8 April 2020. YouTube.
  30. Web site: Seder Masochism. 31 January 2019. Internet Archive.
  31. Book: Kolatch, Alfred . Inside Judaism: The Concepts, Customs, And Celebrations of the Jewish People . Jonathan David Publ . 30 April 2006. 9780824604660 .
  32. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1127758.html I lived life to the fullest

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