List of HVDC projects explained

This is a list of notable high-voltage direct-current power transmission projects.

HVDC projects for long-distance transmission have two (or rarely, more) converter stations and a transmission line interconnecting them. Generally overhead lines are used for interconnection, but an important class of HVDC projects use submarine power cables. A back-to-back station has no transmission line and joins two separate AC grids at a single point. Historical HVDC systems used the Thury system of motor-generators but these have all been made obsolete by later developments such as mercury-arc valves (now also obsolete), thyristors, and IGBT power transistors.

Legend

Converter technology:

Line status:

Africa


Converter
station 1
Converter
station 2




Type
Remarks

!a !a !a -9e99 -9e99 -9e99 1000-01-01 !a !a !a
~z ~z ~z 9e99 9e99 9e99 9000-01-01 ~z ~z ~z
Mozambique - Songo
South Africa - Apollo
1420
(0/1420) 		533 1920 1979 Thyr First HVDC with Project up to 500kV
Siemens and ABB refurb 2013-2014		[1] [2]
Democratic Republic of the Congo - Kolwezi
Democratic Republic of the Congo - Inga
1700
(0/1700) 		500 560 1982 Thyr [3] [4] [5]
Caprivi Link Namibia - Gerus
Namibia - Zambezi
950
(0/950) 		350 300 2010 IGBT [6]
Ethiopia - Wolayta
Kenya - Suswa
1045
(0/1045) 		500 2000 On going (2022) Thyr Supplier: Siemens
Morocco - Guelmim-Oued Noun region UK - Alverdiscott, Devon 3800 3600 Proposed (2022) Supplier: Xlinks [7] [8]

Australia and Oceania


Converter
station 1
Converter
station 2



Type
Remarks

!a !a !a -9e99 -9e99 -9e99 1000-01-01 !a !a !a
~z ~z ~z 9e99 9e99 9e99 9000-01-01 ~z ~z ~z
HVDC Inter-Island 1 New Zealand - Benmore
New Zealand - Haywards
611
(40/571) 		270 600 1965 Merc Built as 250 kV 600 MW link
Paralleled to operate at 270 kV as positive pole with HVDC Inter-Island 2 in 1992.
Partially decommissioned in 2007, fully decommissioned in August 2012.
Supplier: ABB
HVDC Inter-Island 2 New Zealand - Benmore
New Zealand - Haywards
611
(40/571) 		350 700 1992 Thyr Negative pole, operates in bipole configuration with HVDC Inter-Island 3 (previously HVDC Inter-Island 1)
Restricted to 500 MW due to cable rating.
Supplier: ABB
Terranora interconnector (Directlink) Australia - Mullumbimby
Australia - Bungalora
59
(59/0) 		80 180 2000 IGBT Land cable
Supplier: ABB
Australia - Red Cliffs
Australia - Berri
176
(176/0) 		150 200 2002 IGBT
Australia - Loy Yang
Australia - George Town
370 (298/72) 400 500 2006 Thyr [9] [10]
HVDC Inter-Island 3 New Zealand - Benmore
New Zealand - Haywards
611
(40/571) 		350 735 2013 Thyr [11]
Singapore 4200 undersea
800 overland		2027
Australia - BurnieAustralia - Latrobe ValleyApproximately 340 (90/250) 750 + 750 late 2020s [12]

Asia

Converter
station 1
Converter
station 2




Type
Remarks

!a !a !a -9e99 -9e99 -9e99 1000-01-01 !a !a !a
~z ~z ~z 9e99 9e99 9e99 9000-01-01 ~z ~z ~z
Japan - Hakodate
Japan - Kamikita
193
(44/149) 		250 300 1979 Thyr
China - Ningbo
29.9236°N 121.7808°W 		China - Gao Tongge
30.0369°N 122.0675°W 		54
(12/42) 		100 50 1982 Thyr
China - Gezhouba Dam
China - Nan Qiao
1046
(0/1046) 		500 1200 1989 Thyr Power line shares pylons of HVDC Hubei - Shanghai in most part of its trackSupplier: ABB, Siemens

HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric

[13]
India - Sileru
India - Barsoor
196
(0/196) 		200 100 1989 Thyr Supplier: BHEL
Ekibastuz - TambovKazakhstan - Ekibastuz
Russia - Tambov
2414
(0/2414) 		750 6000 - Thyr Construction sites abandoned around 1990 owing to collapse of Soviet Union, line was never completed
India - Rihand
India - Dadri
814
(0/814) 		500 1500 1990 Thyr Supplier: ABB, BHEL [14]
South Korea - Haenam
South Korea - Jeju
101
(101/0) 		180 300 1996 Thyr
Philippines - Ormoc, Leyte
Philippines - Naga, Camarines Sur
451
(21/430) 		350 440 1998 Thyr Supplier: ABB, Marubeni HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric
India - Chandrapur
India - Padghe
752
(0/752) 		500 1500 1999 Thyr Supplier: ABB[15]
Japan - Anan
Japan - Kihoku
100
(50/50) 		250 1400 2000 Thyr
China - Tianshengqiao
24.9156°N 105.0964°W 		China - Beijiao
23.3161°N 113.2514°W 		960
(0/960) 		500 1800 2001 Thyr Supplier: Siemens HVDC C&P System Refurbished by NR Electric
Thailand - Khlong Ngae
Malaysia - Gurun
110
(0/110) 		300 300 2001 Thyr
China - Shengsi
China - Anabasis Sizu
66.2
(63.21/2.99) 		50 60 2002 Thyr [16]
India - Talcher, Odisha
India - Kolar, Karnataka
1450
(0/1450) 		500 2500 2003 Thyr
China - Longquan
China - Zhengping
890
(0/890) 		500 3000 2003 Thyr From north bank of Three Gorges to Zhengping, 200 km from Shanghai in the East grid
Supplier: ABB, Siemens. Sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Hubei-Shanghai 		[17] [18]
Guizhou - Guangdong I China - Anshun, Guizhou
China - Zhaoqing, Guangdong
980
(0/980) 		500 3000 2004 Thyr
China - Jingzhou
China - Huizhou
940
(0/940) 		500 3000 2004 Thyr [19]
Three Gorges - Shanghai China - Yidu
China - Shanghai
1060
(0/1060) 		500 3000 2006 Thyr [20]
Guizhou - Guangdong II China - Xingren
China - Shenzhen
1200
(0/1200) 		500 3000 2007 Thyr Supplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Yunnan - Guangdong
Ballia - Bhiwadi India - Ballia
26.0711°N 83.7133°W 		India - Bhiwadi
28.1833°N 76.8161°W 		800
(0/800) 		500 2500 2010 Thyr
Baoji - Deyang China - Baoji
34.5797°N 107.3303°W 		China - Denyang
31.3228°N 104.5808°W 		574
(0/574)		500 3000 2010 Thyr ???
Hulunbeir - Liaoning China - Hulunbeir
48.5178°N 119.725°W 		China - Shenyang
41.1236°N 122.7789°W 		920
(0/920) 		500 3000 2010 Thyr [21]
China - Fulong
China - Fengxia
1980
(0/1980) 		800 6400 2010 Thyr [22]
China - Yunnan province
25.19°N 102.1917°W		China - Zengcheng
23.2553°N 113.6789°W 		1418
(0/1418) 		800 5000 2010 Thyr Supplier: Siemens, Sharing of grounding electrode at Linwu with HVDC Guizhou - Guangdong IIhighlight: worldwide first dc 800kv hvdc application
Hubei - Shanghai China - Jingmen
China - Fenjing
970
(0/970) 		500 3000 2011 Thyr Power line shares pylons of HVDC Gezhouba - Shanghai in most part of its track, sharing of grounding electrode at Chujiahu with HVDC Shanghai-Changzhou ???
Nanhui Wind Farm Integration China China 8.4
(8.4/0) 		30 18 2011 IGBT Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd[23]
Ningdong - Shandong China - Yinchuan
38.1156°N 106.5153°W 		China - Qingdao
36.3114°N 119.8814°W 		1335
(0/1335) 		660 4000 2011 Thyr Supplier:Alstom; C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd
Qinghai - Tibet China - Geermu
36.3556°N 95.1847°W 		China - Lhasa
29.8775°N 91.1956°W 		1038
(0/1038) 		400 1500 2011 Thyr Powerline reaches altitudes up to 5300 m above sea level
Supplier: CET, SGCC
Mundra - Haryana India - Mundra
22.8294°N 69.5561°W 		India - Mohindergarh 28.3611°N 76.2156°W 960
(0/960) 		500 2500 2012 Thyr
Dalian City Infeed China - Dalian North China - Dalian South 43
(43/0) 		320 1000 2013 IGBT[24]
Jinping - Sunan China - Jinping
27.8364°N 102.1417°W		China - Suzhou
31.0622°N 120.6222°W 		2090
(0/2090) 		800 7200 2013 Thyr Supplier: ABB, C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd ACC Provided by NR Electric in Jinping Converter Station [25]
Nanao Multi-terminal VSC HVDC China - Sucheng
23.4444°N 116.8139°W 		China - Jinniu
23.4372°N 117.0267°W; China - Qingao
23.4294°N 117.1292°W 		32
(10/32) 		200/100/50 2013 IEGT/IGBT SEPRI (Electric Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid) is technically responsible for the entire project. Multiple suppliers are involved: three different VSC HVDC valve suppliers, two different HVDC land/sea cable suppliers and three different control & protection system/equipment suppliers. [26] [27]
Nuozhadu - Guangdong China - Nuozhadu
22.6556°N 100.6667°W		China - Jiangmen
22.7092°N 112.87°W 		1413 800 6400 2013 Thyr ???
Xiluodo - Guangdong China - Zhaotong
28.1225°N 104.3742°W		China - Conghua
23.5667°N 113.4508°W		1286
(0/1286) 		500 6400 2013 Thyr ???
China-Hami
42.5889°N 93.4628°W		China-Zhengzhou
34.8128°N 114.0567°W		2210 800 8000 2014 Thyr Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., LtdHVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric[28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33]
South Korea - Jindo
South Korea - Jeju
105
(105/0) 		250 400 2014 Thyr Supplier: Alstom (converter stations), LS Cable and System (cables). [34] [35]
Xiluodo - West Zhejiang China - Xiluodu
28.4603°N 104.3389°W		China - Jinghua
28.8961°N 119.7167°W 		1680 800 8000 2014 Thyr Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd ???
Zhoushan Multi-terminal DC Interconnection China - Zhoushan
China - Qushan
; China - Daishan
; China - Yangshan
; China - Sijiao
134
(134/0) 		400 2014 IGBT Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., LtdHVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric[36]
Humeng - Shandong China China 800 6400 2015 Thyr ???
Irkutsk - Beijing Russia - Irkutsk China - Beijing 800 6400 2015 Thyr ???
Champa-KurukshetraIndia - ChampaIndia - Kurukshetra1365
(0/1365) 		800 2016 Thyr [37]
Goupitan - Guangdong China China 3000 2016 Thyr ???
Jinsha River II - East China China China 800 6400 2016 Thyr ???
North-East India - Agra
27.0836°N 78.0728°W 		India - Biswanath
26.7397°N 93.2192°W 		1728
(0/1728) 		800 6000 2016 Thyr [38]
Japan - Imabetsu
Japan - Hokuto
122
(24/98) 		250 300 2019 IGBT suppliers: Toshiba[39] [40]
Matiari to Lahore Transmission Line Project Pakistan - Matiari, Sindh Pakistan - Lahore, Punjab 878 660 4000 2021 Thyr ±660 kV Bipole HVDC with Converter/ Grounding Electrode Stations[41]
Inner Mongolia - Linyi China - Shizhustan
38.7778°N 106.8667°W		China - Linyi
35.5519°N 118.6186°W 		800 6400 2017 Thyr ???
Jiuquan- Xiangtan China - Qiaowan
40.6008°N 96.7228°W		China - Xiangtan
27.6486°N 112.7903°W 		800 6400 2017 Thyr Supplier:C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric ???
North Shanxi - Nanjing China - North Shanxi
39.6597°N 112.4625°W 		China - Nanjing
32.9131°N 118.5925°W 		2017 Thyr ???
Northwest Yunnan - GuangdongChina - Xinsong
26.4153°N 99.82°W		China - Dongfang
22.7381°N 113.8686°W 		1953800 5000 2018 Thyr ???
Xilin Hot - Taizhou China - Xilin Hot
44.2444°N 116.5061°W		China - Taizhou
33.1236°N 119.9681°W 		800 10000 2017 Thyr ???
Yinchuan - Zhuji China - Yinchuan
37.7292°N 106.5394°W		China - Zhuji
29.9403°N 120.22°W 		800 6400 2017 Thyr HVDC C&P System Provided by NR Electric???
Dianxibei - Guangdong China-Lijiang China-Zhengzhen 1928/0800 5000 2017 Thyr Supplier: C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd ???
Jinsha River II - Fujian China China 800 6400 2018 Thyr ???
Humeng - Liaoning China China 800 6400 2018 Thyr ???
Rudong Offshore Wind Connector China - Jiangsu Rudong China - Jiangsu Rudong Platform 100
(100/0) 		400 1100 2022 IGBT Suppliers: XJ and RXHK for valve, ZTT Cable
Sheyang Offshore Wind Connector China - Jiangsu Sheyang China - Jiangsu Sheyang Platform 83
(83/0) 		2501100 2022IGBT
Zhangbei DC Grid Project China - Beijing China - Zhangbei
China - Fengning
China - Kangbao
495
(0/495) 		500 3000/3000/1500/1500 2021 IGBT Four terminal DC Grid Suppliers: NR Electric, others[42]
Wudongde multi-terminal UHVDC demonstration project China - Yunnan China - Guangxi
China - Guangdong 		1489
(0/1489) 		800 8000/3000/5000 2021 Thyr/IGBT Three terminal Hybrid DC system, Yunnan (Thyristor), Guangdong and Guangxi (IGBT)
Raigarh-Pugalur India - Raigarh
21.8558°N 83.3503°W 		India - Pugalur
10.8258°N 77.5369°W 		1830
800 6000 2019 Thyr [43]
Tajikistan - Sangtuda Pakistan - Nowshera 750 500 1300 2025 Thyr ±500 kV Bipole HVDC with Converter Stations [44] [45]
India–Sri Lanka HVDC InterconnectionMadurai - IndiaAnurathapura - Sri Lanka285500/10002030IGBT[46] [47]

Europe


Converter
station 1
Converter
station 2




Type
Remarks

!a !a !a -9e99 -9e99 -9e99 1000-01-01 !a !a !a
~z ~z ~z 9e99 9e99 9e99 9000-01-01 ~z ~z ~z
Germany - Miesbach Germany - Munich 58
(0/58) 		2 0.0025 1882 Single machine Demonstration facilityDismantled
Gorzente River - Genoa DC transmission scheme Italy - Gorzente River Italy - Genoa ? 6 ? 1889 Thury Upgraded later to a voltage of 14 kV, power of 2.5 MW and a length of 120 kmDismantled
La Chaux-de-Fonds DC transmission scheme Switzerland - ? Switzerland - ? ? 14 ? 1897 Thury Dismantled
St. Maurice - Lausanne DC transmission scheme Switzerland - St. Maurice Switzerland - Lausanne ? 22 3.7 1899 Thury Dismantled
France - Lyon France - Moutiers 200
(10/190) 		75 30 1906 Thury Dismantled in 1936
UK - Wilesden UK - Ironbridge ? 100 ? 1910 Thury Dismantled
France - ? France - ? ? 150 ? 1925 Thury Dismantled in 1937
Switzerland - Wettingen Switzerland - Zurich 20
(0/20) 		50 0.5 1939 Merc Experimental facility built by BBCDismantled
Germany - Berlin-Moabit Germany - Berlin-Charlottenburg 4.6
(0/4.6) 		100 14 1942 Merc Experimental facility built by SiemensDismantled in 1945
Germany - Lehrte Germany - Hannover/Misburg ? 80 16 1944 Merc Experimental facilityDismantled
Germany - Berlin, Marienfelde 115
(115/0) 		200 60 1945 Merc Never placed in serviceDismantled
Sweden - Trollhättan Sweden - Mellerud 50
(0/50) 		45 6.5 1946 Merc Experimental facility built by ASEADismantled
100
(100/0) 		200 30 1951 Merc Built of parts of HVDC Elbe-ProjectShut down [48]
Sweden - Västervik Sweden - Yigne 98
(98/0) 		200 20 1954 Merc World's first commercial HVDC link. Expanded by ABB in 1970, decommissioned in 1986[49]
France - Echingen UK - Lydd 64
(64/0) 		100 160 1961 Merc Shut down in 1984
Russia - Volzhskaya Ukraine - Mikhailovskaya 475
(0/475) 		400 750 1965 Merc/Thyr Shut down in 2014
Denmark - Vester Hassing Sweden - Stenkullen 176
(87/89) 		250 250 1965 Merc Replaced in August 2006 by modern converters using thyristors
Italy - Suvereto (before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio)France- Lucciana ; Codrongianos, Italy 483
(365/118) 		200 200 1965 Merc Replaced in 1986 by Thyr, multiterminal scheme.
The line reused by SACOI 2, see below.
85
(85/0) 		266 320 1975 Merc Bipolar schemeSupplier: English ElectricShut down in 1987 [50]
Kingsnorth 111
(111/0) 		266 320 1975 Merc Opposite pole of Kingsnorth - Beddington. Cable wholly underground except for Thames crossing - crossed on upstream side of Putney District line railway bridge
Skagerrak 1 + 2 Denmark - Tjele Norway - Kristiansand 230
(130/100) 		250 500 1977 Thyr   Supplier: STK(Nexans) Control system upgrade by ABB in 2007[51] [52] [53]
Gotland 2 Sweden - Västervik Sweden - Yigne 99.5
(92.9/6.6) 		150 130 1983 Thyr
Interconnexion France Angleterre (new) France - Les Mandarins 72
(72/0) 		270 2000 1986 Thyr 2 bipolar systemsSupplier: Alstom[54]
Gotland 3 Sweden - Västervik Sweden - Yigne 98
(98/0) 		150 130 1987 Thyr
Konti-Skan 2 Denmark - Vester, Hassing Sweden - Lindome 147
(87/60) 		285 300 1988 Thyr Supplier: ABB
Finland - Rauma Sweden - Dannebo 233
(200/33) 		400 500 1989 Thyr
SACOI 2 Italy - Suvereto (before 1992: Italy - San Dalmazio) France- Lucciana ; Codrongianos, Italy 422
(118/304) 		200 300 1992 Thyr Multiterminal schemeSupplier: Alstom
Skagerrak 3 Denmark - Tjele Norway - Kristiansand 230
(130/100) 		350 440 1993 Thyr Supplier: Nexans ABB
Germany - Lübeck- Herrenwyk Sweden - Kruseberg 262
(250/12) 		450 600 1994 Thyr
Denmark - Bjæverskov 170
(170/0) 		400 600 1996 Thyr
Sweden - Hellsjön Sweden - Grängesberg 10
(0/10) 		180 3 1997 IGBT Experimental HVDCSupplier: ABB
Sweden - Näs Sweden - Visby 70
(70/0) 		80 50 1999 Thyr  
Poland - Wierzbięcin Sweden - Stärnö 245
(245/0) 		450 600 2000 Thyr [55]
Denmark - Tjæreborg/Enge Denmark - Tjæreborg/Substation 4.3
(4.3/0) 		9 7 2000 IGBT Interconnection to wind power generating stations
Greece - Arachthos Italy - Galatina 310
(200/110) 		400 500 2001 Thyr  
UK - Auchencrosh UK - N. Ireland- Ballycronan More 63.5
(63.5/0) 		250 500 2001 Thyr [56]
Norway - Kollsnes 70
(70/0) 		60 80 2004 IGBT Power supply for offshore gas compressor Supplier: ABB[57]
Finland - Espoo Estonia - Harku 105
(105/0) 		150 350 2006 IGBT
Netherlands - Eemshaven Norway - Feda 58.2828°N 6.8653°W580
(580/0) 		450 700 2008 Thyr Supplier: ABB, Nexans
UK - Grain Netherlands - Maasvlakte 245
(245/0) 		450 1000 2010 Thyr [58] [59] [60]
Denmark - Fraugde Denmark - Herslev 56
(56/0) 		400 600 2010 Thyr
Spain - Morvedre 39.6411°N -0.2353°W Spain - Santa Ponsa 39.5339°N 2.5058°W 247
(247/0) 		250 400 2011 Thyr Expected completion 2011 Supplier: Siemens (converter stations); Prysmian/Nexans (cables)
Fenno-Skan 2 Finland - Rauma Sweden - Finnböle 60.425°N 17.0617°W 303
(200/103) 		500 800 2011 Thyr  
Italy - Latina Italy - Fiume Santo 435
(435/0) 		500 1000 2011 Thyr The largest HVDC link in the Mediterranean Sea. Supplier: ABB[61] [62]
Valhall HVDC Norway - Lista Norway - Valhall, Offshore platform 292
(292/0) 		150 78 2011 IGBT Supplier: ABB, Nexans   [63]
Germany - Diele Germany - BorWin Alpha platform200
(200/0) 		±150 400 2012 IGBT [64] [65] [66]
Ireland - Woodland 53.4711°N -6.5675°W UK - Shotton, Wales 53.2272°N -3.0728°W 130
(130/0) 		±200 500 2012 IGBT Supplier: ABB[67]
Fenno-Skan 1 Upgrade Finland - Rauma Sweden - Finnböle 233
(200/33) 		400 500 2013 Thyr [68] [69] [70]
Estlink 2 Finland - Anttila Estonia - Püssi 171
(157/14) 		450 650 2014 Thyr
ÅL-link Finland - Naantali (sv:Nådendal) Åland - Ytterby 158
(158/0) 		80 100 2015 IGBT [71] [72] [73]
Germany - Diele Germany - BorWin Beta platform 200
(200/0) 		±300 800 2015 IGBT [74]
Germany - Heede Germany - DolWin Alpha platform 165
(165/0) 		±320 800 2015 IGBT [75]
Germany - Büttel Germany - HelWin Alpha platform 130
(130/0) 		±250 576 2015 IGBT [76]
Germany - Büttel Germany - HelWin Beta platform 130
(130/0) 		±320 690 2015 IGBT
France - Baixas 42.7322°N 2.8039°W Spain - Santa Llogaia 42.2331°N 2.9442°W 64
(64/0) 		±320 2000 2015 IGBT [77] [78] [79] [80]
LitPol Link HVDC is B2B Lithuania - Alytus Poland - Elk 160
(0/160) 		70 500 20152[81] Thyr [82] [83] [84]
Sweden - Nybro 56.7678°N 15.8542°W Lithuania - Klaipėda 55.6817°N 21.2567°W 450
(450/0) 		300 700 2015 IGBT [85]
Skagerrak 4 Denmark - Tjele Norway - Kristiansand 244
(244/0) 		500 700 2015 IGBT [86]
Germany - Büttel Germany - SylWin Alpha platform 205
(205/0) 		±320 864 2015 IGBT [87]
Troll A 3&4 Norway - Kollsnes Norway - Troll A 3&4 platform 70
(70/0) 		66 100 2015 IGBT [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93]
Germany - Heede Germany - DolWin Beta platform 135
(135/0) 		±320 900 2016 IGBT [94]
Germany - Heede Germany - DolWin Gamma platform 160
(160/0) 		±320 900 2017 IGBT [95]
HVDC MON.ITA Project415
(415/0) 		±500 1000 2019 Thyr Supplier: Toshiba (converter stations); Nexans (cables). [96] [97] [98]
UK - Hunterston 55.7211°N -4.8853°W UK - Flintshire Bridge 53.2317°N -3.0328°W 422
(422/0) 		600 2200 2017-18 Thyr Supplier: Prysmian Group, Siemens
First subsea 600kV link 		[99] [100]
Caithness - Moray Link3 UK - Spittal 58.4797°N -3.4522°W UK - Blackhillock 57.5233°N -2.9486°W 160 320 1200 2018 IGBT Supplier: ABB [101] [102]
Germany - Diele Germany - BorWin Gamma platform 200
(200/0) 		±320 900 2019 IGBT
Denmark - Endrup via Fanø 55.5303°N 8.7036°W Netherlands - Eemshaven 53.4353°N 6.8672°W 325 ±320 700 20194 IGBT Suppliers: Siemens, Prysmian, Cost € 449m [103] [104] [105] [106] [107]
Johan Sverdrup Phase 1Norway - Haugsneset 200
(200/0) 		±80 100 2019IGBT Supplier: ABB, NKT [108]
France, Grand-ÎleItaly, Piossasco190 ±320 2x600 2019 IGBT Supplier: Alstom (converter stations); Prysmian (cables).[109] [110] [111] [112]
140
(140/0) 		400 1000 2019 IGBTConverter stations: Siemens, cables: J-power systems[113] [114] [115]
ALEGrOGermany - Oberzier 100
(100/0) 		320 1000 20205 IGBTConverter stations: SiemensCables: General Cable[116] [117] [118] [119]

[120]

Sweden - Barkeryd 57.7478°N 14.6553°W Sweden - Hurva 55.8331°N 13.6022°W 260
(197/63) 		±3002x720 2021 IGBT
France - Tourbe, Normandie UK - Chilling, Hampshire 204 320 1000 2021 IGBT Supplier: ABB [121] [122] [123] [124]
Norway - Tonstad Germany - Wilster 623
(570/53) 		525 1400 2021 IGBT Supplier: ABB [125]
North Sea Link730
(730/0) 		515 1400 2021 IGBTSupplier: ABB, Prysmian Group, Nexans, MACH 3 Control & Protection[126] [127] [128] [129]
France - Les Mandarins 70 320 1000 2022 IGBT In the Channel Tunnel
Cost €580m		[130] [131]
Johan Sverdrup Phase 2Norway - Haugsneset Norway - Johan Sverdrup platform 200
(200/0) 		±80 200 2022 IGBT Supplier: Siemens, NKT [132]
Denmark - Revsing UK - Bicker Fen740 525 1400 2023 IGBT Suppliers: Siemens, Prysmian and NKT [133] [134]
HVDC DolWin6 DolWin6 Germany - Emden/Ost Germany - DolWin Zeta platform 90
(90/0) 		±320 900 2023 IGBT Supplier: Siemens, Prysmian [135] [136]
UK - Creyke Beck UK - Dogger Bank A platform 207
(207/0)		320 12002023 BIGT Suppliers: ABB, Aibel and NKT, 172 km submarine cable and 35 km underground cable [137] [138] [139]
HVDC DolWin5 DolWin5 Germany - Emden/Ost Germany - DolWin Epsilon platform 130
(130/0) 		±320 900 2024 IGBT Supplier: ABB, Aibel, Prysmian [140]
Ariadne InterconnectionGreece – AthensGreece – Heraklion335(335/0)50010002024[141]
UK - near Staxigoe [142] 260
(260/0) 		320 600 20246 IGBT [143] [144]
UK - Creyke Beck UK - Dogger Bank B platform 207
(207/0)		320 12002024 BIGT Suppliers: ABB, Aibel and NKT, 172 km submarine cable and 35 km underground cable
GreenlinkIreland – County WexfordUK – Pembrokeshire, Wales2003205002024
BorWin5Germany - Garrel/OstGermany - BorWin Epsilon platform2303209002025[145]
Dogger Bank CUK - LazenbyUK - Dogger Bank C platform27032012002026[146] [147]
SofiaUK - LazenbyUK - Sofia platform22732013202026[148] [149]
Celtic InterconnectorIrelandFrance5755007002026[150]
East Anglia THREEUK - BramfordUK - East Anglia THREE platform19032014002026[151] [152]
SüdOstLinkGermany – WolmirstedtGermany – Landshut50052520002027[153]
Hornsea 3 Link 1UK - NorwichUK - Hornsea 3 Link 1 platform1703202027[154] [155] [156]
Hornsea 3 Link 2UK - NorwichUK - Hornsea 3 Link 2 platform1703202027
Israel - Hadera, via Cyprus - KofinouGreece - Korakia, Crete 1208 500 2000 2027 [157] [158]
Egypt - Damietta - via Cyprus - KofinouGreece - Korakia, Crete 1396 500 2000 2027 [159] [160] [161] [162]
NeuConnectGermany - WilhelmshavenUK - Isle of Grain725±52514002028
Harmony LinkLithuania - DarbėnaiPoland - Zarnowiec330±3207002028
DolWin4Germany - HanekenfährGermany - DolWin4 platform2153209002028[163] [164]
BorWin4Germany - HanekenfährGermany - BorWin4 platform2803209002029
IJmuiden Ver AlphaNetherlands - BorsseleNetherlands - IJmuiden Ver Alpha platform17652520002029[165] [166] [167]
IJmuiden Ver BetaNetherlands - MaasvlakteNetherlands - IJmuiden Ver Beta platform52520002029[168] [169]
IJmuiden Ver GammaNetherlands - MaasvlakteNetherlands - IJmuiden Ver Gamma platform52520002029[170]
Eastern HVDC Link305 400 2000 2029 [171]
UK - Arnish Point near Stornoway156 320 600 2030 [172]
210
(210/0) 		320 1400 2030 IGBT [173] [174]
Nederwiek 1Netherlands - BorsseleNetherlands - Nederwiek 1 platform21752520002030
Nederwiek 2Netherlands - MaasvlakteNetherlands - Nederwiek 2 platform52520002030[175]
BalWin1Germany - WehrendorfGermany - BalWin1 platform36052520002030[176] [177]
BalWin2Germany - WesterkappelnGermany - BalWin2 platform38052520002031
SuedLink DC3Germany - Brunsbuettel53°53'47.4"N 9°11'47.6"EGermany - Grossgartach49°08'36.2"N 9°09'03.9"E700±52520002027IGBTSuppliers: VSC substations: Siemens Energy, DC cable: nktCommon project of Tennet TSO and Transnet BW

highlight: first 525kV fully underground DC cable project

SuedLink DC4Germany - Wilster53°55'14.3"N 9°20'34.8"EGermany - Bergrheinfeld49°59'22.4"N 10°09'02.9"E550±52520002027IGBTSupplier substations: tbddc cable: PrysmianCommon project of TenneT TSO and Transnet BW

highlight: first 525kV fully underground DC cable project

Tyrrhenian LinkItaly – BattipagliaItaly – Sardinia97010002028Connects mainland Italy to Sicily and Sardinia[178]
Adriatic LinkItaly – AbruzzoItaly – Marche25010002028[179]
Estlink 3FinlandEstonia700–10002035

2 As of 9 December 2015, LitPol Link started trial operations.[180]
3 Caithness Moray HVDC serves a number of renewable energy sources in the north of Scotland - see map[181]
4 Contracts due to be placed in 2016.
5 Elia says construction expected to start in late 2017.
6 Date is that quoted to support the Shetland Wind Farm that SSE is a part investor in.[182]
7 Decision on project expected in 2017 following consultation - see SSE PD reference.

North America


Converter
station 1
Converter
station 2




Type
Remarks

!a !a !a -9e99 -9e99 -9e99 1000-01-01 !a !a !a
~z ~z ~z 9e99 9e99 9e99 9000-01-01 ~z ~z ~z
USA - Mechanicville, NY
USA - Schenectady, NY 37
(0/37) 		12 5 1932 Merc Experimental, frequency conversion 40 to 60 HzDismantled after WW II[183]
Vancouver Island 1 Canada - Delta, BC
Canada - North Cowichan, BC
75
(42/33) 		260 312 1968 - 2014 Merc
USA - Celilo, OR
USA - Sylmar, CA,
1362
(0/1362) 		±500 3100 1970 Thyr Transmission voltage ±400 kV until 1984
Maximum transmission power 1440 MW until 1982
From 1982 to 1984 1600 MW
From 1984 to 1989 2000 MW
Merc replaced by Thyr in 2004
Original supplier: ASEA, General Electric
In 1989 upgraded by ABB
In 2004 upgraded by ABB and Siemens		[184] [185]
Nelson River Bipole 1 Canada - Gillam, Manitoba
Canada - Rosser, Manitoba
895
(0/895) 		463.5 1854 1971 Thyr Used the largest mercury arc rectifiers ever built
Original supplier: English Electric.
In 1992/1993, Pole 1 upgraded to Thyr by Alstom.
In 2004, Pole 2 upgraded to Thyr by Siemens. 		[186]
Vancouver Island 2 Canada - Delta, BC
Canada - North Cowichan, BC
75
(33/42) 		280 370 1977 - 2016 Thyr
USA - Center, ND (Young)
USA - Adolph, MN (Arrowhead)
749
(0/749) 		250 500 1977 Thyr [187] [188]
Nelson River Bipole 2 Canada - Sundance, Manitoba
Canada - Rosser, Manitoba
940
(0/940) 		500 2000 1978-1985 Thyr
USA - Underwood, ND
(Coal Creek)
USA - Rockford, MN
(Dickinson)
687
(0/687) 		400 1000 1979 Thyr [189]
USA - Intermountain, UT
USA - Adelanto, CA
785
(0/785) 		±500 1920 1986 Thyr  
Canada - Radisson, Quebec
OpenStreetMap
Canada - Nicolet, QC
;
USA - Ayer, MA
1105
(5/1100) 		450 2250 1991 Thyr 3 terminals
Converter stations near Windsor, Quebec and Monroe, New Hampshire were decommissioned in 2007.Supplier: ABB
USA - New Haven, Connecticut
USA - Shoreham, New York
40
(40/0) 		150 330 2002 IGBT Buried underwater cable
Supplier: ABB		[190]
USA - Long Island (Hicksville) NY
USA -Sayreville, NJ
105
(105/0) 		500 660 2007 Thyr Supplier: Siemens[191]
USA - Pittsburg, California
USA - San Francisco, CA
85
(85/0) 		200 400 2010 IGBT First HVDC system using Modular Multi-Level Converter Supplier: Siemens, Pirelli [192] [193] [194]
Canada – Newell, AB Canada – Heathfield, AB 485 (0/485) 500 1000 2015/2016 Thyr [195]
Western Alberta Transmission Line Canada – Genesee, AB Canada – Langdon, AB 350 (0/350) 500 1000 2015 Thyr [196]
Nelson River Bipole 3 Canada - Keewatinohk, Manitoba
56.6569°N -93.8539°W 		Canada - Riel, Manitoba
49.8664°N -96.94°W 		1324
(0/1324) 		500 2000 2018 Thyr
Canada - Muskrat Falls, NL Canada - Soldiers Pond, NL 1135
(35/1100) 		350 900 2017 Thyr [197] [198]
Canada - Bottom Brook, NL Canada - Woodbine, NS
360
(170/190) 		200 500 2017 IGBT [199] [200] [201] [202]
New England Clean Power Link USA - Alburgh, VT USA - Ludlow, VT 248
(248/0) 		320 1000 ? Connects to Quebec[203] [204] [205] [206]
USA – Sinclair, WY USA – Boulder City, NV 1165
(0/1165) 		600 3000 2027 Ground breaking in 2023[207] [208] [209]
Grain Belt ExpressUSA - Ford County, KSUSA - Sullivan County, IN750(0/750)6005000?[210]
SOO Green 563 525 2100 2023 Buried along railroad right-of-way
Supplier: Siemens 		[211]
Clean Path NY USA - Upstate New York 280 1300 ? [212]
Champlain Hudson Power ExpressCanada–New York border 545 1250 2025 60% submarine under Lake Champlain and 40% underground[213]
New England Clean Energy Connect USA - Beattie Twp, ME USA - Lewiston, ME 314 1200 2024 [214]
SunZia TransmissionUSA – Torrance County, NMUSA – Pinal County, AZ88052530002026Project combined with 3,500 MW wind project[215]

South America


Converter
station 1
Converter
station 2




Type
Remarks

!a !a !a -9e99 -9e99 -9e99 1000-01-01 !a !a !a
~z ~z ~z 9e99 9e99 9e99 9000-01-01 ~z ~z ~z
Itaipu 1 Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná
Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo
785
(0/785) 		600 3150 1984 ThyrSupplier: ABB 
Itaipu 2 Brazil - Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná
Brazil - São Roque, São Paulo
805
(0/805) 		600 3150 1987 ThyrSupplier: ABB 
Brazil, Porto Velho
-8.9147°N -63.9575°W 		Brazil, Araraquara
-21.8331°N -48.3478°W 		2375
(0/2375) 		600 7100 2013 Thyr The longest transmission link in the world
Suppliers: ABB, Alstom		[216]
Xingu-Estreito (aka, Belo Monte 1)Brazil - Anapu, Pará Brazil - Ibiraci, Minas Gerais 2077 (0/2077) 800 4000 2017 Thyr Supplier: SIEMENS[217]
Xingu-Rio (aka, Belo Monte 2)Brazil - ParáBrazil - Rio de Janeiro255080040002019ThyrSupplier: NARI/XD/CET

Back to back


Location



Type
Remarks

!a !a !a -9e99 -9e99 -9e99 -9e99 1000-01-01 !a !a !a
~z ~z ~z 9e99 9e99 9e99 9e99 9000-01-01 ~z ~z ~z
Carnegie Steel Company B2B USA - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ? ? ? Merc built for an interconnection between 60 Hz-utility system and a 25 Hz System, dismantled [218]
Sakuma B2B Japan - Sakuma
125 300 1965 Merc replaced in 1993 by new converter using light-triggered thyristors
Canada - Eel River, NB
80 320 1972 Thyr life extension project 2014  [219] [220]
USA - Stegall, Nebraska
41.8208°N -103.9422°W 		±50 100 1977 Thyr Supplier: GE 
Shin Shinano B2B Japan - Shin Shinano
125 600 1977 Thyr Supplier: Toshiba, Hitachi
Acaray B2B Paraguay - Ciudad de Este
25.6 50 1981 Thyr  
Vyborg B2B Russia - Vyborg
±85 1065 1982 Thyr extended up to 1420 MW in 2001
Dürnrohr B2B Austria - Dürnrohr
145 550 1983 Thyr shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
Artesia, New Mexico (Eddy County HVDC B2B) B2B USA - Artesia, NM
82 200 1983 Thyr  
Chateauguay B2B Canada – Châteauguay, QC
140 1000 1984 Thyr  Control system upgrade by ABB in 2009[221] [222]
Oklaunion B2B USA - Oklaunion, TX
82 200 1984 Thyr ABB replacement in 2014 [223] [224]  
Blackwater, New Mexico B2B USA - Blackwater, NM
57 200 1984 Thyr  Valve cooling and control systems upgrade by ABB in 2009[225] [226]
Canada - Dégelis, QC
140 350 1985 Thyr  
Miles City, Montana B2B USA - Miles City, MT
82 200 1985 Thyr  
Highgate, VT B2B USA - Highgate, VT
56 200 1985 Thyr Refurbishment by ABB in 2012, [227]  
Uruguaiana B2B Brazil - Uruguaiana
17.953.9 1986 Thyr  
Broken Hill B2B Australia - Broken Hill
8.33 40 1986 Thyr  
Virginia Smith B2B USA - Sidney, NE
50 200 1988 Thyr   [228]
Vindhyachal B2B India - Vindhyachal
176 500 1989 Thyr  
McNeill B2B Canada - Mc Neill, AB
42 150 1989 Thyr
Wolmirstedt B2B Germany - Wolmirstedt
160 600 (1992) Thyr construction work was stopped after reunification, static inverter hall is today part of a recycling yard
Etzenricht B2B Germany - Etzenricht
160 600 1993 Thyr shut down in October 1995, dismantled in 2009
Vienna-Southeast B2B Austria - Vienna
142 600 1993 Thyr shut down in October 1996, dismantled in 2007
India - Chandrapur
205 2x500 1998 Thyr
Welsh HVDC Converter Station B2B USA - Titus County, TX
162 600 1998 Thyr  
Brazil - Garabi
±70 2200 1999 Thyr Brazil-Argentina Interconnection. Supplier: ABB In 2002, the second phase 'Garabi 2' was supplied by ABB . [229]
India - Visakhapatnam Gazuwaka
205 500 1999 Thyr Supplier: Alstom
Minami-Fukumitsu B2B Japan - Minami - Fukumitsu
125 300 1999 Thyr  
Uruguay - Rivera
22 70 2000 Thyr
Eagle Pass, Texas B2B USA - Eagle Pass, TX
15.9 36 2000 IGBT  
Sasaram B2BIndia - Sasaram
205 500 2003 Thyr
Rapid City DC Tie B2B USA - Rapid City, SD
13 200 2003 Thyr [230] [231]
India - Visakhapatnam
176 500 2005 Thyr   Installed at Gazuwaka. Supplier:ABB. This is similar in specs to Vizag I and connects the Eastern and Southern grids. [232]
Lingbao B2B China - Lingbao
168 360 2005 Thyr  Supplier: NR(Protection&Control), Extension project 2010:  Supplier: ABB;C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd [233] [234]
Lamar Co., Colorado B2B USA - Lamar, CO
63.6 210 2005 Thyr Supplier: Siemens; Combination of B2B HVDC & Grid Power Flow Controller (GPFC)[235]
Higashi-Shimuzu B2B Japan - Shimuzu
125 300 2006 Thyr  
Sharyland B2B USA - Mission, TX
21 150 2007 Thyr  
Al Fadhili B2B Saudi Arabia - Al Fadhili
222 3x600 2008 Thyr [236]
Outaouais B2B Canada - Buckingham, QC
315 2x625 2009 Thyr
China - Heihe
±125 750 2011 Thyr  Supplier: NR(Protection&Control)[237]
China - Gaoling
±500 1500 2008 Thyr
Shandong - East B2B China 1200 2011 Thyr
Uruguay - Melo
±79 500 2011 Thyr
North - Central B2B China 1000 2012 Thyr
Rio Madeira B2B Brazil – Porto Velho
-8.9128°N -63.9575°W 		100 600 2013 Thyr Supplier: ABB[238] [239] [240] [241] [242]
Ridgefield B2B (Hudson Project) USA - Ridgefield, NJ
185 660 2013 Thyr Supplier: Siemens[243]
Bheramara B2B Bangladesh – Bheramara 158 500 2013 Thyr
Akhaltsikhe B2B Georgia - Akhaltsikhe
96 700 2013 Thyr [244]
Mackinac B2B USA - Saint Ignace, MI
70 200 2014 IGBT [245]
Railroad DC Tie USA - Mission, TX
21 150 2014 Thyr  
Alytus B2B Lithuania - Alytus
±70 500 2015 Thyr [246]
Mogocha B2B Russia - Mogocha
±32 2x100 2017 IGBT   [247]
Yu - E B2BChina-Chongqing, China-Hubei ±420 4x1250 2017 VSC-HVDC Supplier: XJ Group Corporation(2x1250MW), C-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd(1x1250MW), Rongxin Power Electronic Co., Ltd. (1x1250MW)
Khani B2B Russia - Khani
±32 2x100 2019 IGBT  
Van B2B Turkiye - İran
420 600 2021 IGBT Supplier:NR-TEIAS  
Bentwisch B2B Germany - Bentwisch
±140 410 2019 IGBT  
USA - Clovis, NM ? 5000 ? IGBT

Maps

Europe

  1. Shetland HVDC Connection
  2. Caithness Moray HVDC
  3. Western Isles HVDC connection
  4. NorthConnect
  5. North Sea Link

Kvilldal, Norway  - Blyth, UK

  1. Eastern HVDC Link
  2. Moyle

Auchencrosh, UK  - Ballycronan More, Northern Ireland, UK

  1. Western HVDC Link
  2. East–West Interconnector

Leinster, Ireland  - Shotton, Wales, UK

  1. Celtic Interconnector
  2. FAB Link
  3. IFA-2
  4. HVDC Cross-Channel

Les Mandarins, France  - Sellindge, UK

    1. Nemo Link BritNed

UK  - Netherlands

  1. Aachen Liège Electricity Grid Overlay (ALEGrO)[248]
  2. Viking Link
  3. HVDC DolWin1, HVDC DolWin2, HVDC DolWin3
  4. HVDC SylWin1
  5. HVDC HelWin1, HVDC HelWin2
  6. HVDC BorWin1, HVDC BorWin2, HVDC BorWin3
  7. NorNed

Feda, Norway  - Eemshaven, Netherlands

  1. NORD.LINK

Germany  - Norway

  1. Skagerrak 1, 2, 3, and 4: Tjele, Denmark  - Kristiansand, Norway
  2. Konti-Skan 1 and 2: VesterHassing, Denmark  - Stenkullen, Sweden
  3. StoreBælt

Fyn, Denmark  - Zealand, Denmark

  1. Baltic Cable

Lübeck- Herrenwyk, Germany  - Kruseberg, Sweden

  1. Kontek

Bjæverskov, Denmark  - Bentwisch, Germany

    1. SydVästlänken SwePol

Stärnö, Sweden  - Wierzbięcin (Słupsk), Poland

  1. LitPol Link
      1. NordBalt HVDC Visby–Näs Gotland

Västervik, Sweden  - Ygne, Sweden

  1. Fenno-Skan

Rauma, Finland  - Dannebo, Sweden, Fenno-Skan 2

  1. ÅL-link
  2. Estlink

Harku, Estonia  - Espoo, Finland

  1. Estlink 2
  2. Cometa: Valencia, Spain  - Mallorca, Spain
  3. INELFE Baixas - Santa Llogaia[249]
  4. HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia

"SACOI"  - Codrongianos, Sardinia, Italy  - Lucciana, Corsica, France  - Suvereto, Italy (mainland)

  1. SAPEI, Sardinia  - Italian mainland
  2. HVDC MON.ITA Project
  3. HVDC Italy-Greece

Arachthos, Greece  - Galatina, Italy

  1. EuroAsia Interconnector
  2. EuroAfrica Interconnector
  3. Greenlink
  4. France-Italy via Fréjus Road Tunnel
  5. ElecLink

via Channel Tunnel

  1. INELFE Biscay Gulf[250]
  2. NeuConnect

Isle of Grain, UK  - Wilhelmshaven, Germany

See also

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Web site: References - ABB. New.abb.com. 16 January 2018. 5 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180105044230/http://new.abb.com/systems/hvdc/references/cahora-bassa. dead.
  2. Web site: ABB wins $50 million HVDC order in Mozambique. Abb.com. 16 January 2018. 17 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180117132703/http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/770801937E2459D0C1257A83002E9A4A.aspx. live.
  3. Web site: References - ABB. Abb.com. 16 January 2018. 12 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131212034646/http://www.abb.com/industries/ap/db0003db004333/ae638bad1d35b5d1c12577490032bfea.aspx. live.
  4. Web site: ABB wins $107 million power order in Africa. Abb.com. 16 January 2018. 17 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180117073314/http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/bd5a6a83c2436e84c12576cb003269f1.aspx. live.
  5. Web site: Winne.com - Report on Congo DRC, Paving the reconstruction. Winne.com. 16 January 2018. 3 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181103063014/http://www.winne.com/congo/to18.html. live.
  6. Web site: ABB commissions Caprivi link . 1 January 2011 . 15 February 2014 . 22 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062950/http://www.instrumentation.co.za/news.aspx?pklnewsid=37569 . live .
  7. Web site: Energy crisis: Longest cable in WORLD will be based in Britain and power 7million homes . www.express.co.uk . July 2022 . 3 July 2022.
  8. Web site: The Morocco - UK Power Project . xlinks.co . 3 July 2022.
  9. Web site: Basslink. Basslink.com.au. 16 January 2018. 17 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131431/http://www.basslink.com.au/. live.
  10. HVDC Solutions for System Interconnection and Advanced Grid Access. 44. Siemens. EPRI HVDC Conference 2007-09-13 to 14. Joerg Dorn. Dietmar Retzmann. Cristen Schimpf. Dag Soerangr. 2007-11-06. 15 February 2014. 2013-01-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20130114222915/http://www.ptd.siemens.de/HVDC_Solutions_EPRI_Conference_09-07_V_1b.pdf. live.
  11. Web site: HVDC Inter-Island Link Project - Transpower . Transpower New Zealand . 15 February 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130210075035/https://www.transpower.co.nz/projects/hvdc-inter-island-link-project . February 10, 2013 .
  12. Web site: Fact Sheet - 1500 MW Marinus Link - Nov 2021. www.marinuslink.com.au . 20 December 2021.
  13. Web site: References - ABB. New.abb.com. 16 January 2018. 20 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160120170439/http://new.abb.com/systems/hvdc/references/gezhouba---shanghai. live.
  14. Web site: References - ABB. New.abb.com. 16 January 2018. 27 January 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170127073135/http://new.abb.com/systems/hvdc/references/rihand---delhi. live.
  15. Web site: References - ABB. New.abb.com. 16 January 2018. 9 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180109023456/http://new.abb.com/systems/hvdc/references/chandrapur---padghe. live.
  16. Web site: HVDC in China. Dsius.com. 16 January 2018. 24 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170324145409/http://dsius.com/cet/HVDCinChina_EPRI2013_HVDC.pdf. live.
  17. Web site: ROLE OF THREE GORGES - CHANGZHOU HVDC IN INTERCONNECTING CENTRAL AND EAST CHINA . . 2014-02-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120216011121/http://library.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/5a3c07c06ce80821c1256fda003b4d45/%24File/Role%20of%20Three%20Gorges%20-%20Changzhou%20HVDC%20in%20Interconnecting%20.pdf . February 16, 2012 .
  18. Web site: References - ABB. New.abb.com. 16 January 2018. 8 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190908050418/https://new.abb.com/systems/hvdc/references/three-gorges---changzhou. live.
  19. Web site: References - ABB. New.abb.com. 16 January 2018. 11 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170711020654/http://new.abb.com/systems/hvdc/references/three-gorges---guangdong. live.
  20. Web site: References - ABB. New.abb.com. 16 January 2018. 20 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160120170439/http://new.abb.com/systems/hvdc/references/three-gorges---shanghai. live.
  21. Web site: References - ABB. New.abb.com. 16 January 2018. 20 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160120170439/http://new.abb.com/systems/hvdc/references/hulunbeir---liaoning. live.
  22. Web site: References - ABB. New.abb.com. 16 January 2018. 16 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180516064433/http://new.abb.com/systems/hvdc/references/xiangjiaba---shanghai. live.
  23. Web site: China-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd.. https://web.archive.org/web/20130702053357/http://www.epri.sgcc.com.cn/prgc/english/Company_Capability/201203/t20120307_1038855.html. dead. 2 July 2013. 2 July 2013. 16 January 2018.
  24. Web site: China-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd.. https://web.archive.org/web/20130702045929/http://www.epri.sgcc.com.cn/prgc/english/Company_Capability/201203/t20120307_1038854.html. dead. 2 July 2013. 2 July 2013. 16 January 2018.
  25. Web site: References - ABB. New.abb.com. 16 January 2018. 6 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180406133428/http://new.abb.com/systems/hvdc/references/jinping---sunan. live.
  26. http://www.csg.cn/nwgsxw/2013/mtgz/201312/t20131226_75031.html world's first multi-terminal VSC HVDC transmission project
  27. http://www.dnvgl.com/news-events/news/word-record-hvdc-transmission.aspx world's first multi-terminal VSC HVDC transmission project
  28. Southern Hami-Zhengzhou ±800kV UHVDC Transmission Project, Second Xinjiang-Northwest Main Grid 750kV HVDC Transmission Line Start Construction to Build the Silk Road of Electricity Connecting the Western Frontier with the Central Plains . . 2012-05-14 . 2012-11-27.
  29. Web site: China-EPRI Electric Power Engineering Co., Ltd . 2014-04-19 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140420042719/http://www.epri.sgcc.com.cn/prgc/english/News/201402/t20140228_1386217.html . 2014-04-20 .
  30. ABB wins power transformers order in China worth over $100 million . . 2012-11-27 . 2012-11-27.
  31. News: China XD to supply equipment for SGCC's UHVDC project . Global Transmission Report . 2012-10-16 . 2012-11-27 . 2012-10-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121027030529/http://www.globaltransmission.info/archive.php?id=13203 . dead .
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  33. Preliminary Assessments for Hami-Zhengzhou and Xiluodu-Western Zhejiang UHV DC Projects Completed. State Grid Corporation of China. 2012-04-12. 2012-11-27.
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