HMS Challenger (1858) explained

HMS Challenger was a Pearl-class corvette of the Royal Navy launched on 13 February 1858 at the Woolwich Dockyard. She served the flagship of the Australia Station between 1866 and 1870.^[1]

As part of the North America and West Indies Station, she took part in naval operations during the Second French intervention in Mexico, including the occupation of Veracruz, in 1862. She was assigned as the flagship of Australia Station in 1866, undertaking a punitive expedition in Fiji before leaving the station four years later.^{[1] [2]}

She was picked to undertake the first global marine research expedition: the Challenger expedition. She carried a complement of 243 officers, scientists and sailors when she embarked on her 68890nmi journey.

The United States Space Shuttle Challenger was named after the ship.^[3] Her figurehead is on display in the foyer of the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton.

1873–1876: Grand tour

See main article: Challenger expedition.

The Challenger expedition, which embarked from Portsmouth, England on 21 December 1872, was a grand tour of the world covering 68,000 nautical miles (125,936 km) organized by the Royal Society in collaboration with the University of Edinburgh.^[4] British scientist Charles Thomson led a large scientific team which accompanied the crew.^[5]

• Captains: George Nares (1873 and 1874) and Frank Tourle Thomson^[6] (1874 to 1876)
• Naturalists: Charles Wyville Thomson (1830–1882), Henry Nottidge Moseley (1844–1891) and Rudolf von Willemoes-Suhm (1847–1875)
• Oceanographers: John Young Buchanan (1844–1925) and John Murray (1841–1914)
• Publications: C.W. Thomson, Report on the scientific results of the voyage of HMS Challenger during the years 1873–76... prepared under the superintendence of the late Sir C. Wyville Thomson,... and now of John Murray,... (fifty volumes, London, 1880–1895). H.N. Moseley, Notes by a naturalist on the Challenger (1879). W.J.J. Spry, The cruise of the Challenger (1876).

To enable her to probe the depths, all but two of Challengers guns had been removed and her spars reduced to make more space available for scientific instruments.^[7] Laboratories, extra cabins and a special dredging platform were installed as well.^[8]

She was loaded with specimen jars, ethanol for preserving samples acquired, microscopes and other chemical apparatus, trawls, dredges, thermometers, water sampling bottles, sounding leads and devices to collect sediment from the sea bed and great lengths of rope with which to suspend the equipment into the ocean depths.^{[8] [9]} In all she was supplied with 181 miles (291 km) of Italian hemp for sounding, trawling and dredging.^{[10] [8]} Challengers crew was the first to sound the deepest part of the ocean, which was thereafter named the Challenger Deep.^[8]

Later service and decommissioning

She was commissioned as a His Majesty's Coastguard and Royal Naval Reserve training ship at the Harwich Dockyard in July 1876.^[1] In 1878, Challenger went through an overhaul by the Chief Constructor at Chatham Dockyard with a view to converting the vessel into a training ship for boys of the Royal Navy. She was found suitable and it was planned to take the place of HMS Eurydice which sank off the Isle of Wight on 24 March 1878.^[11]

The Admiralty did not go ahead with the conversion and she remained in reserve until 1883, when she was converted into a receiving hulk in the River Medway, where she stayed until she was sold to J B Garnham on 6 January 1921 and broken up for her copper bottom that same year.^[1] Only her figurehead now remains, kept at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton.^[12]

See also

• European and American voyages of scientific exploration

Further reading

• Book: Thomson . C. W. . Murray . J. . Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the Years 1873–1876, under the Command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N., F.R.S., and Captain Frank Tourle Thomson R.N. . Her Majesty's Stationery Office . 1880–1895 . 10354084 . 10.5962/bhl.title.6513 . free.

Notes and References

1. Book: Bastock . J. . Ships on the Australia Station . 1988 . Child & Associates Publishing . Frenchs Forest . 978-0-86777-348-4 . 47–48.
2. News: Fiji . The Sydney Mail . IX . 429 . 19 September 1868 . 9 April 2018 . 11 . NLA Trove.
3. Web site: Orbiter Vehicles: Challenger (STA-099, OV-99) . Grinter . K. . Kennedy Space Center . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . 15 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090203035705/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/Challenger.html . 3 February 2009 . Merritt Island . 3 October 2000 . dead.
4. Book: Rice, A. L. . Understanding the Oceans: Marine Science in the Wake of HMS Challenger . UCL Press . London . 1999 . 27 - 48 . The Challenger Expedition . 978-1-85728-705-9.
5. Book: Narrative of the Cruise of H.M.S. Challenger – Chapter 1 . https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1885/publication-4749.pdf . T. H. . Tizard . H. N. . Moseley . J. Y . Buchanan . J. . Murray . 1965 . 1885 . Thomson . C. W. . Murray . J. . Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873–1876 . I, first part . facsimile . Johnson Reprint Corporation . New York . 19–20.
6. Web site: Admiralty service record: Thomson, Frank Tourle . The National Archives . Kew . ADM 196/13/348 . registration.
7. Web site: Bishop . T. . Tuddenham . P. . Tuddenham . P. . Payne . D. . Babb . I. . Then and Now: The HMS Challenger Expedition and the "Mountains in the Sea" Expedition . Ocean Explorer . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce . 31 January 2018.
8. Book: Aitken . F. . Foulc . J.-N. . The First Explorations of the Deep Sea by H.M.S. Challenger (1872–1876) . From Deep Sea to Laboratory . 1 . 2019 . ISTE . London . 978-1-78630-374-5 . 10.1002/9781119610953 . 146750038 . Chapter 4.
9. Web site: Scientific Equipment on HMS Challenger. HMS Challenger Project. 31 January 2018. 2 June 2015.
10. Rice . A. L. . H.M.S. Challenger: Midwife to Oceanography . Sea Frontiers . September–October 1972 . 18 . 5 . 295–296 . registration . International Oceanographic Foundation . Miami, Florida . 0897-2249.
11. News: Naval. The Cornishman. 27. 16 January 1879. 6.
12. Web site: Figurehead of the HMS Challenger . Royal Museums Greenwich . 19 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191215200315/http://figureheads.ukmcs.org.uk/hms-challenger/ . 15 December 2019 . London . dead.