Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase explained

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 1 (soluble)
Hgncid:5007
Symbol:HMGCS1
Altsymbols:HMGCS
Entrezgene:3157
Omim:142940
Refseq:NM_002130
Uniprot:Q01581
Ecnumber:2.3.3.10
Chromosome:5
Arm:p
Band:14
Locussupplementarydata:-p13
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 2 (mitochondrial)
Hgncid:5008
Symbol:HMGCS2
Entrezgene:3158
Omim:600234
Refseq:NM_005518
Uniprot:P54868
Chromosome:1
Arm:p
Band:13
Locussupplementarydata:-p12
Symbol:HMG_CoA_synt_N
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase N terminal
Pfam:PF01154
Pfam Clan:CL0046
Interpro:IPR013528
Prosite:PDOC00942
Symbol:HMG_CoA_synt_C
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase C terminal
Pfam:PF08540
Pfam Clan:CL0046
Interpro:IPR013746
Prosite:PDOC00942

In biochemistry, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase or HMG-CoA synthase is an enzyme which catalyzes the reaction in which acetyl-CoA condenses with acetoacetyl-CoA to form 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA). This reaction comprises the second step in the mevalonate-dependent isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway. HMG-CoA is an intermediate in both cholesterol synthesis and ketogenesis. This reaction is overactivated in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 if left untreated, due to prolonged insulin deficiency and the exhaustion of substrates for gluconeogenesis and the TCA cycle, notably oxaloacetate. This results in shunting of excess acetyl-CoA into the ketone synthesis pathway via HMG-CoA, leading to the development of diabetic ketoacidosis.


The 3 substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA, H2O, and acetoacetyl-CoA, whereas its two products are (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA and CoA.

In humans, the protein is encoded by the HMGCS1 gene on chromosome 5.

Classification

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases that convert acyl groups into alkyl groups on transfer.

Nomenclature

The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:acetoacetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, carboxymethyl-forming). Other names in common use include (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA acetoacetyl-CoA-lyase, (CoA-acetylating), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthetase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthetase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA synthase, acetoacetyl coenzyme A transacetase, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase, and hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A-condensing enzyme.

Mechanism

HMG-CoA synthase contains an important catalytic cysteine residue that acts as a nucleophile in the first step of the reaction: the acetylation of the enzyme by acetyl-CoA (its first substrate) to produce an acetyl-enzyme thioester, releasing the reduced coenzyme A. The subsequent nucleophilic attack on acetoacetyl-CoA (its second substrate) leads to the formation of HMG-CoA.[1]

Biological role

This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, and butanoate metabolism.

Species distribution

HMG-CoA synthase occurs in eukaryotes, archaea, and certain bacteria.[2]

Eukaryotes

In vertebrates, there are two different isozymes of the enzyme (cytosolic and mitochondrial); in humans the cytosolic form has only 60.6% amino acid identity with the mitochondrial form of the enzyme. HMG-CoA is also found in other eukaryotes such as insects, plants, and fungi.[3]

Cytosolic

The cytosolic form is the starting point of the mevalonate pathway, which leads to cholesterol and other sterolic and isoprenoid compounds.

Mitochondrial

The mitochondrial form is responsible for the biosynthesis of ketone bodies. The gene for the mitochondrial form of the enzyme has three sterol regulatory elements in the 5' flanking region.[4] These elements are responsible for decreased transcription of the message responsible for enzyme synthesis when dietary cholesterol is high in animals: the same is observed for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA and the low density lipoprotein receptor.

Bacteria

In bacteria, isoprenoid precursors are generally synthesised via an alternative, non-mevalonate pathway, however a number of Gram-positive pathogens utilise a mevalonate pathway involving HMG-CoA synthase that is parallel to that found in eukaryotes.[5] [6]

Structural studies

As of late 2007, 4 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes,,, and .

References

Notes and References

  1. Theisen MJ, Misra I, Saadat D, Campobasso N, Miziorko HM, Harrison DH . 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase intermediate complex observed in "real-time" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 101 . 47 . 16442–7 . November 2004 . 15498869 . 534525 . 10.1073/pnas.0405809101 . free .
  2. Bahnson BJ . An atomic-resolution mechanism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 101 . 47 . 16399–400 . November 2004 . 15546978 . 534547 . 10.1073/pnas.0407418101 . 2004PNAS..10116399B . free .
  3. Bearfield JC, Keeling CI, Young S, Blomquist GJ, Tittiger C . Isolation, endocrine regulation and mRNA distribution of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase (HMG-S) gene from the pine engraver, Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) . Insect Molecular Biology . 15 . 2 . 187–95 . April 2006 . 16640729 . 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00627.x . 46317830 .
  4. Goldstein J.L., Brown M.S. (1990) Regulation of the mevalonate pathway. Nature 343, 425-430
  5. Steussy CN, Robison AD, Tetrick AM, Knight JT, Rodwell VW, Stauffacher CV, Sutherlin AL . A structural limitation on enzyme activity: the case of HMG-CoA synthase . Biochemistry . 45 . 48 . 14407–14 . December 2006 . 17128980 . 10.1021/bi061505q .
  6. Steussy CN, Vartia AA, Burgner JW, Sutherlin A, Rodwell VW, Stauffacher CV . X-ray crystal structures of HMG-CoA synthase from Enterococcus faecalis and a complex with its second substrate/inhibitor acetoacetyl-CoA . Biochemistry . 44 . 43 . 14256–67 . November 2005 . 16245942 . 10.1021/bi051487x .