HLA-A69 explained

Distribution

HLA A*6901 frequencies

		freq
ref.	Population	(%)
^[1]	North Isl. (Cape Verde)	4.0
^[2]	Druse-Arab (Israel)	3.0
	South Isl. (Cape Verde)	2.4
^[3]	Mossi (Burkino Faso)	1.9
^[4]	Bulgaria	1.8
^[5]	Jew (Israel)	1.2
^[6]	Tunis (Tunisia)	1.1
^[7]	Bergamo (Italy)	1.1
^[8]	N. Delhi (India)	1.1
^[9]	Amman (Jordon)	1.0
^[10]	Sardinia (Italy)	1.0
^[11]	Central Portugal	1.0
	Shanghai (China)	0.7
^[12]	Girona (Catalon, Spain)	0.6
^[13]	Baloch (Iran)	0.6
	Greece	0.6
	Czech	0.5
	SE France	0.4
^[14]	Kampala (Uganda)	0.3
	N. Greece	0.3
	Romania	0.3
	Sudanese	0.25
	U. Arab Emerates	0.25
	Japan	0.0
	Croatia	0.0
	N. Ireland	0.0
	Zambia	0.0
	Luo (Kenya)	0.0
	Nandi (Kenya)	0.0
	Bandiagara (Mali)	0.0

Distribution of A69 places nodal center in the Levant, but high levels in West Africa. The model of human genetic origin places first migrations from Eastern Africa. However, in many east African populations the frequency of A69 is zero. A more consistent model of A69 distribution is either a subsequent migration from West Africa, supported by A36 and HLA DR3-DQ2. The higher levels in the Gaza Palestinians supports this hypothesis.

Disease associations

A69 may be associated with sarcoidosis.^[15]

Notes and References

1. Spínola H, Bruges-Armas J, Middleton D, Brehm A . HLA polymorphisms in Cabo Verde and Guiné-Bissau inferred from sequence-based typing . Hum. Immunol. . 66 . 10 . 1082–1092 . 2005 . 16386651 . 10.1016/j.humimm.2005.09.001.
2. Proceedings of IHW Workshop, Seattle 2002, via http://www.allelefrequencies.net via Middleton . D. . Menchaca . L. . Rood . H. . Komerofsky . R. . New allele frequency database: http://www.allelefrequencies.net . . 61 . 5 . 403–407 . 2003 . 12753660 . 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00062.x. free .
3. Modiano D, Luoni G, Petrarca V, etal . HLA class I in three West African ethnic groups: genetic distances from sub-Saharan and Caucasoid populations . . 57 . 2 . 128–137 . 2001 . 11260507 . 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057002128.x .
4. Ivanova M, Rozemuller E, Tyufekchiev N, Michailova A, Tilanus M, Naumova E . HLA polymorphism in Bulgarians defined by high-resolution typing methods in comparison with other populations . Tissue Antigens . 60 . 6 . 496–504 . 2002 . 12542743 . 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2002.600605.x .
5. Maccabi Healthcare Services Histocompatibility Dept. Israel, bone marrow registry, via http://www.allelefrequencies.net
6. Hajjej A, Kâabi H, Sellami MH, etal . The contribution of HLA class I and II alleles and haplotypes to the investigation of the evolutionary history of Tunisians . Tissue Antigens . 68 . 2 . 153–162 . 2006 . 16866885 . 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00622.x.
7. Book: DW, Gjertson . PI, Terasaki . HLA 1998: proceedings of the twelfth International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference. ASHI . 1998 . via http://www.allelefrequencies.net
8. Rani R, Marcos C, Lazaro AM, Zhang Y, Stastny P . Molecular diversity of HLA-A, -B and -C alleles in a North Indian population as determined by PCR-SSOP . International Journal of Immunogenetics . 34 . 3 . 201–208 . 2007 . 17504510 . 10.1111/j.1744-313X.2007.00677.x.
9. Sánchez-Velasco P, Karadsheh NS, García-Martín A, Ruíz de Alegría C, Leyva-Cobián F . Molecular analysis of HLA allelic frequencies and haplotypes in Jordanians and comparison with other related populations . Hum. Immunol. . 62 . 9 . 901–909 . 2001 . 11543892 . 10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00289-0 .
10. Grimaldi MC, Crouau-Roy B, Amoros JP, etal . West Mediterranean islands (Corsica, Balearic islands, Sardinia) and the Basque population: contribution of HLA class I molecular markers to their evolutionary history . . 58 . 5 . 281–292 . 2001 . 11844138 . 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.580501.x .
11. Middleton . D. . Menchaca . L. . Rood . H. . Komerofsky . R. . New allele frequency database: http://www.allelefrequencies.net . . 61 . 5 . 403–407 . 2003 . 12753660 . 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00062.x. free .
12. Comas D, Mateu E, Calafell F, etal . HLA class I and class II DNA typing and the origin of Basques . Tissue Antigens . 51 . 1 . 30–40 . 1998 . 9459501 . 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1998.tb02944.x . free .
13. Farjadian S, Naruse T, Kawata H, Ghaderi A, Bahram S, Inoko H . Molecular analysis of HLA allele frequencies and haplotypes in Baloch of Iran compared with related populations of Pakistan . Tissue Antigens . 64 . 5 . 581–587 . 2004 . 15496201 . 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2004.00302.x.
14. Cao K, Moormann AM, Lyke KE, etal . Differentiation between African populations is evidenced by the diversity of alleles and haplotypes of HLA class I loci . Tissue Antigens . 63 . 4 . 293–325 . 2004 . 15009803 . 10.1111/j.0001-2815.2004.00192.x .
15. Bilir M, Sipahi S, Yilmaz E, etal . Analysis of HLA antigens in Turkish sarcoidosis patients . South. Med. J. . 100 . 4 . 356–359 . 2007 . 17458393 . 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31802f3763 .