HLA-A24 explained
| Isoformgroup: | HLA-A24 |
| Polymer Type: | MHC Class I, A cell surface antigen |
| Image Source: | Rendering of :,, and . |
| Protein Type: | transmembrane receptor/ligand |
| Structure: | αβ heterodimer |
| Subunit Genes: | HLA-A
|
| Linkout: | HAwA |
| Alias: | HL-A9 |
| Isoformcount: | 2 |
| Subunit1: | allele |
| Nick1: | A24 |
| Allele1a: | 2402 |
| Nick2: | A9.3 |
| Allele2a: | 2403 |
HLA-A24 (A24) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α24 subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A24, the alpha, "A", chain are encoded by the HLA-A allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus.[1] This group currently is dominated by A*2402. A24 and A are almost synonymous in meaning.A24 is a split antigen of the broad antigen HLA-A9 and it is a sister serotype of HLA-A23.
A*2402 has one of the highest "A" frequencies identified for a number of peoples, including Papua New Guineans, Indigenous Taiwanese (Eastern Tribals), Yupik and Greenland [Aleuts]. It is common over much of Southeastern Asia. In Eurasia it is least common in Ireland, and A24 is relatively uncommon in Africa except North Africa and Kenya.
Serotype
There are over 90 known A*24 alleles, 69 code for different isoforms and 7 are nulls. A*2403 can also be detected as A2403 serotype.
Associated disease
A24 has a secondary risk factor for myasthenia gravis,[2] Buerger's disease.[3] It is also associated with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)[4] [5] and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)[6] .
Alleles
A*2402 is a secondary risk factor,[7] alters type 1 diabetes risk,[8] [9] and allele associated with thymoma-induced myasthenia gravis.
Haplotypes
HLA A24-B35 haplotype by Cw frequencies | | freq | | Rank in |
| ref. | Population | (%) | | Pop. |
| [10] | Java (Indonesia) | 8.0 | 1 | 4 |
| S. Amer. Native | 6.3 | 1 | 3 |
| N. Amer. Native | 5.4 | 1 | 5 |
| Mexican | 4.7 | 1 | |
| Inuit | 4.2 | 1 | |
| Brazilian | 3.8 | 1 | |
| Austria | 3.5 | 1 | |
| Portuguese | 3.1 | 1 | 3 |
| Yakut | 2.9 | 1 | |
| Mongolian | 2.7 | 1 | |
| Timor | 2.5 | 1 | 5 |
| Bharghavas (India) | 2.4 | 1 | |
| Greek | 2.3 | 1 | |
| Italian | 2.2 | 1 | |
| Mongolian | 1.9 | 1 | |
| Vietnamese | 1.8 | 1 | |
| Japanese | 1.6 | 2 | |
| French | 1.2 | 2 | |
| 1 Cw4. 2 Cw9. | |
A24-Cw7-B39
A24-Cw10-B60
A24-Cw10-B61
A24-B48
A24-Cw4-B35
This particular haplotype is common across a fairly wide region, possibly the most widely spread A-Cw-B haplotype in humans. Cw4-B35 has a node within the region once referred to as Thracia/Dacia.
A24-Cw*14-B51
HLA A24-CBL-B51 (CBL=1402) haplotype frequencies | | freq |
| ref. | Population | (%) |
| Korean | 3.5 |
| Iyers | 3.4 |
| Mongolian | 2.9 |
| Japanese | 2.6 |
| Romanian | 2.2 |
| Greek | 2.1 |
| Hungarian | 2.0 |
| Italian | 0.6 | |
Notes and References
- Arce-Gomez B, Jones EA, Barnstable CJ, Solomon E, Bodmer WF . The genetic control of HLA-A and B antigens in somatic cell hybrids: requirement for beta2 microglobulin . Tissue Antigens . 11 . 2 . 96–112 . February 1978 . 77067 . 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1978.tb01233.x .
- Machens A, Löliger C, Pichlmeier U, Emskötter T, Busch C, Izbicki JR . Correlation of thymic pathology with HLA in myasthenia gravis . Clinical Immunology . 91 . 3 . 296–301 . June 1999 . 10370374 . 10.1006/clim.1999.4710 .
- Numano F, Sasazuki T, Koyama T, Shimokado K, Takeda Y, Nishimura Y, Mutoh M . HLA in Buerger's disease . Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics . 3 . 4 . 195–200 . 1986 . 3274054 .
- Adamashvili I, McVie R, Gelder F, Gautreaux M, Jaramillo J, Roggero T, McDonald J . Soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with type I diabetes and their family members . Human Immunology . 55 . 2 . 176–83 . July 1997 . 9361970 . 10.1016/S0198-8859(97)00096-7 .
- Kronenberg D, Knight RR, Estorninho M, Ellis RJ, Kester MG, de Ru A, Eichmann M, Huang GC, Powrie J, Dayan CM, Skowera A, van Veelen PA, Peakman M . Circulating preproinsulin signal peptide-specific CD8 T cells restricted by the susceptibility molecule HLA-A24 are expanded at onset of type 1 diabetes and kill β-cells . Diabetes . 61 . 7 . 1752–9 . July 2012 . 22522618 . 3379678 . 10.2337/db11-1520 .
- Adamashvili I, Wolf R, Aultman D, Milford EL, Jaffe S, Hall V, Pressly T, Minagar A, Kelley R . Soluble HLA-I (s-HLA-I) synthesis in systemic lupus erythematosus . Rheumatology International . 23 . 6 . 294–300 . November 2003 . 12879264 . 10.1007/s00296-003-0306-3 .
- de Juan MD, Reta A, Belzunegui J, Figueroa M, Maruri N, Cuadrado E . HLA-A*2402 and a microsatellite (D6S248) are secondary independent susceptibility markers to ankylosing spondylitis in Basque patients . Human Immunology . 65 . 2 . 175–80 . February 2004 . 14969772 . 10.1016/j.humimm.2003.11.006 .
- Noble JA, Valdes AM, Bugawan TL, Apple RJ, Thomson G, Erlich HA . The HLA class I A locus affects susceptibility to type 1 diabetes . Human Immunology . 63 . 8 . 657–64 . August 2002 . 12121673 . 4049513 . 10.1016/S0198-8859(02)00421-4 .
- Nakanishi K, Inoko H . Combination of HLA-A24, -DQA1*03, and -DR9 contributes to acute-onset and early complete beta-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes: longitudinal study of residual beta-cell function . Diabetes . 55 . 6 . 1862–8 . June 2006 . 16731854 . 10.2337/db05-1049 . free .
- Book: Sasazuki, Takehiko . Tsuji, Kimiyoshi . Aizawa, Miki . HLA 1991: proceedings of the eleventh International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference, held in Yokohama, Japan, 6-13 November, 1991 . Oxford University Press . Oxford [Oxfordshire] . 1992 . 978-0-19-262390-4 .
