H1426+428 Explained

H1426+428
Epoch:J2000.0
Constellation Name:Boötes
Z:0.129265
H Radial V:38,753 km/s
Dist Ly:1.911 Gly (585.91 Mpc)
Appmag V:16.45
Appmag B:16.95
Type:BL LAC
Names:1ES 1426+428, LEDA 2203750, 4FGL J1428.5+4240, 1ES 1426+42.8, TeV J1428+426, 1RXS J142832.6+424028, RX J1428.5+4240

H1426+428 also known as 1ES 1426+428, is a high-frequency peaked BL Lacertae object (HBL)[1] [2] located in the constellation of Boötes. It is located at a relatively high[3] redshift of (z) 0.129,[4] and was discovered in 1984 by astronomers who presented a catalogue of X-ray sources taken with the HEAO 1 satellite.[5]

H1426+428 is classified as a blazar.[6] It is also a distant source of TeV gamma rays.[7] [8] It has low power and a synchrotron peak that is above 100 KeV.[9] Furthermore, H1426+428 is possibly hosted in an elliptical galaxy and is luminous in X-ray bands. It has a 2-6 keV luminosity of ~1044 erg s-1.[10]

The gamma emission in H1426+428 is found to have an average flux. Its spectrum is very steep and shows a differential spectral index of γ = -3.60 ± 0.57, when observed by the Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope (CAT) in Very High energy gamma ray bands between 1998 and 2000.[11] This steep spectrum is mainly contributed by the absorption of gamma rays in the intergalactic medium[12] or by diffused cosmic infrared background.

In 2002, H1426+428 exhibited variability in the 3-24 keV X-ray spectra.[13] However in 2006, it was in a period of X-ray inactivity, showing no gamma rays, when observed by CELESTE Cherenkov telescope .[14] The Tev activity in H1426+428 only increased just before 2008, with it experiencing flare activity for four days in 2009.[15] A long-term X-ray flare was detected in H1426+428 in January 2021 by the X-ray telescope onboard Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory.[16] This was followed by a very high energy gamma ray flux in March 2021.[17]

H1426+428 has a compact radio core with a ~ 17 mJy flux density. In additional, it has a faint radio jet extending towards northwest with a project position angle of -25°.[18] There is also a faint radio halo that is surrounding the radio core as well[19] but it has weak radio and optical polarization.[20]

References

  1. 10.1051/0004-6361/201833621 . free . Long-term optical monitoring of TeV emitting blazars . 2018 . Nilsson . K. . Lindfors . E. . Takalo . L. O. . Reinthal . R. . Berdyugin . A. . Sillanpää . A. . Ciprini . S. . Halkola . A. . Heinämäki . P. . Hovatta . T. . Kadenius . V. . Nurmi . P. . Ostorero . L. . Pasanen . M. . Rekola . R. . Saarinen . J. . Sainio . J. . Tuominen . T. . Villforth . C. . Vornanen . T. . Zaprudin . B. . Astronomy & Astrophysics . 620 . A185 . 1810.01751 .
  2. Mueller . C. . Akhter . N. . Ball . J. . Bramel . D.A. . Carson . J. . Covault . C.E. . Driscoll . D. . Fortin . P. . Gingrich . D.M. . Hanna . D.S. . Jarvis . A. . Kildea . J. . Lindner . T. . Mukherjee . R. . Ong . R.A. . April 2011 . Very high-energy observations of the two high-frequency peaked BL Lac objects 1ES 1218+304 and H 1426+428 . Astroparticle Physics . 34 . 9 . 674–678 . 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2011.01.010 . 1104.2770 . 2011APh....34..674M . 0927-6505.
  3. Fan . Y. Z. . Dai . Z. G. . Wei . D. M. . February 2004 . Strong GeV emission accompanying TeV blazar H1426+428 . Astronomy & Astrophysics . 415 . 2 . 483–486 . 10.1051/0004-6361:20034472 . astro-ph/0310893 . 2004A&A...415..483F . 0004-6361.
  4. Horan and the VERITAS Collaboration . D. . 2001 . Observations of the BL Lac object, 1H1426+428 at TeV gamma-ray energies . AIP Conference Proceedings . AIP . 587 . 324–328 . 10.1063/1.1419423. 2001AIPC..587..324H .
  5. Nugent . J. J. . Jensen . K. A. . Nousek . J. A. . Garmire . G. P. . Mason . K. O. . Walter . F. M. . Bowyer . C. S. . Stern . R. A. . Riegler . G. R. . January 1983 . HEAO A-2 soft X-ray source catalog . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 51 . 1 . 10.1086/190838 . 1983ApJS...51....1N . 0067-0049.
  6. Web site: Nowakowski . Tomasz . Phys.org . Observers detect intraday variability of blazar 1ES 1426+42.8 . 2024-10-21 . phys.org . en.
  7. Horan . D. . Bond . I. H. . Boyle . P. J. . Bradbury . S. M. . Buckley . J. H. . Carter-Lewis . D. . Celik . O. . Cui . W. . Daniel . M. . D'Vali . M. . de la Calle Perez . I. . Duke . C. . Falcone . A. . Fegan . D. J. . Fegan . S. J. . 2003-07-01 . Observations of H1426+428 from 1999 to 2002 with the Whipple Observatory 10 m Telescope . International Cosmic Ray Conference . 5 . 2647 . astro-ph/0305579 . 2003ICRC....5.2647H .
  8. Aharonian . F. . Akhperjanian . A. . Barrio . J. . Beilicke . M. . Bernlöhr . K. . Börst . H. . Bojahr . H. . Bolz . O. . Contreras . J. . Cornils . R. . Cortina . J. . Denninghoff . S. . Fonseca . V. . Girma . M. . Gonzalez . J. . 2002-03-01 . TeV gamma rays from the blazar H 1426+428 and the diffuse extragalactic background radiation . Astronomy & Astrophysics . en . 384 . 3 . L23–L26 . 10.1051/0004-6361:20020206 . 2002A&A...384L..23A . 0004-6361. astro-ph/0202072 .
  9. Chang . X . Xiong . D R . Yi . T F . Liu . C X . Bhatta . G . Xu . J R . Gong . Y L . 2024-08-07 . Optical intraday variability analysis for the BL Lacertae object 1ES 1426+42.8 . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 533 . 1 . 120–130 . 10.1093/mnras/stae1839 . free . 0035-8711. 2409.06983 .
  10. Horan . D. . Badran . H.M. . Bond . I.H. . Bradbury . S.M. . Buckley . J.H. . Carson . M.J. . Carter-Lewis . D.A. . Catanese . M. . Cui . W. . Dunlea . S. . Das . D. . Calle Perez . I. de la . D'Vali . M. . June 2002 . Detection of the BL Lacertae Object H1426+428 at TeV Gamma-Ray Energies . The Astrophysical Journal . 571 . 2 . 753–762. 10.1086/340019 . astro-ph/0202185 . 2002ApJ...571..753H .
  11. Djannati-Ataï . A. . Khelifi . B. . Vorobiov . S. . Bazer-Bachi . R. . Chounet . L. M. . Debiais . G. . Degrange . B. . Espigat . P. . Fabre . B. . Fontaine . G. . Goret . P. . Gouiffes . C. . Masterson . C. . Piron . F. . Punch . M. . 2002-08-09 . Detection of the BL Lac object 1ES 1426+428 in the Very High Energy gamma-ray band by the CAT Telescope from 1998–2000 . Astronomy & Astrophysics . 391 . 3 . L25–L28 . 10.1051/0004-6361:20021034 . astro-ph/0207618 . 2002A&A...391L..25D . 0004-6361.
  12. Petry . D. . Bond . I.H. . Bradbury . S.M. . Buckley . J.H. . Carter-Lewis . D.A. . Cui . W. . November 2002 . The TeV Spectrum of H1426+428 . The Astrophysical Journal . 580 . 1 . 104–109 . 10.1086/343102. astro-ph/0207506 . 2002ApJ...580..104P .
  13. Falcone . A.D. . April 2004 . X-ray and TeV observations of the extreme BL Lac AGN H1426+428 during 2002 . New Astronomy Reviews . 48 . 5–6 . 415–417 . 10.1016/j.newar.2003.12.051 . 2004NewAR..48..415F . 1387-6473.
  14. Smith . D. A. . Brion . E. . Britto . R. . Bruel . P. . Bussons Gordo . J. . Dumora . D. . Durand . E. . Eschstruth . P. . Espigat . P. . Holder . J. . Jacholkowska . A. . Lavalle . J. . Le Gallou . R. . Lott . B. . Manseri . H. . 2006-09-12 . Mrk 421, Mrk 501, and 1ES 1426+428 at 100 GeV with the CELESTE Cherenkov telescope . Astronomy & Astrophysics . 459 . 2 . 453–464 . 10.1051/0004-6361:20065884 . astro-ph/0608247 . 2006A&A...459..453S . 0004-6361.
  15. Strigunov . K. S. . Zhovtan . A. V. . March 2015 . Long-term observations of the blazar 1ES 1426+428 with the GT-48 Cerenkov telescope . Astronomy Reports . 59 . 3 . 175–182 . 10.1134/s1063772915020079 . 2015ARep...59..175S . 1063-7729.
  16. Kapanadze . Bidzina . 2021-04-01 . Long-Term X-ray Flaring Activity of the TeV-Detected Blazar H1426+428 . The Astronomer's Telegram . 14560 . 1. 2021ATel14560....1K .
  17. Quinn . John . March 2021 . VERITAS detection of an elevated VHE flux from the blazar H 1426+428 . The Astronomer's Telegram. 14501 . 1 . 2021ATel14501....1Q .
  18. Piner . B. Glenn . Pant . Niraj . Edwards . Philip G. . May 2008 . The Parsec-Scale Jets of the TeV Blazars H1426+428, 1ES 1959+650, and PKS 2155−304: 2001–2004 . The Astrophysical Journal . 678 . 1 . 64–77 . 10.1086/533521 . 0801.2749 . 2008ApJ...678...64P . 0004-637X.
  19. Giroletti . M. . Giovannini . G. . Taylor . G. B. . Falomo . R. . October 2004 . A Sample of Low-Redshift BL Lacertae Objects. I. The Radio Data . The Astrophysical Journal . 613 . 2 . 752–769 . 10.1086/423231 . astro-ph/0406255 . 2004ApJ...613..752G . 0004-637X.
  20. Kollgaard . R. I. . Gabuzda . D. C. . Feigelson . E. D. . March 1996 . Parsec-Scale Radio Structure of Four X-Ray--selected BL Lacertae Objects . The Astrophysical Journal . 460 . 174 . 10.1086/176959 . 1996ApJ...460..174K . 0004-637X.

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