| Hulunbuir | |
| Native Name: | Chinese: 呼伦贝尔市 |
| Settlement Type: | Prefecture-level city |
| Pushpin Map: | Inner Mongolia |
| Pushpin Map Caption: | Location of the city centre (Hailar) in Inner Mongolia |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: | People's Republic of China |
| Subdivision Type1: | Region |
| Subdivision Name1: | Inner Mongolia |
| Seat Type: | Municipal seat |
| Seat: | Hailar District |
| Area Total Km2: | 263953 |
| Area Blank1 Title: | Districts |
| Area Blank1 Km2: | 1518.9 |
| Area Urban Km2: | 252.00 |
| Area Urban Footnotes: | (2017)[1] |
| Population As Of: | 2010 |
| Population Total: | 2549278 |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Population Density Urban Km2: | auto |
| Population Blank1 Title: | Districts |
| Population Blank1: | 356000 |
| Population Urban: | 349400 |
| Population Urban Footnotes: | (2017) |
| Population Blank2 Title: | Major nationalities |
| Population Blank2: | Han 81.85% |
| Demographics Type2: | GDP[2] |
| Demographics2 Title1: | Prefecture-level city |
| Demographics2 Info1: | CN¥ 159.6 billion US$ 25.6 billion |
| Demographics2 Title2: | Per capita |
| Demographics2 Info2: | CN¥ 63,133 US$ 10,136 |
| Timezone: | China Standard |
| Utc Offset: | +8 |
| Coor Pinpoint: | Hulunbuir municipal government |
| Coordinates: | 49.2072°N 119.7711°W |
| Postal Code Type: | Postal code |
| Postal Code: | 021000 |
| Area Code: | 0470 |
| Iso Code: | CN-NM-07 |
| S: | 呼伦贝尔 |
| T: | 呼倫貝爾 |
| P: | Hūlúnbèi'ěr |
| Mong: | ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ |
| Monr: | Kölön Buyir qota |
| Mon: | Хөлөнбуйр хот |
| Order: | st |
Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir is a region that is governed as a prefecture-level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Its administrative center is located at Hailar District, its largest urban area. Major scenic features are the high steppes of the Hulun Buir grasslands, the Hulun and Buir lakes (the latter partially in Mongolia), and the Khingan range. Hulun Buir borders Russia to the north and west, Mongolia to the south and west, Heilongjiang province to the east and Hinggan League to the direct south. Hulunbuir is a linguistically diverse area: next to Mandarin Chinese, Mongolian dialects such as Khorchin and Buryat, the Mongolic language Daur, and some Tungusic languages, including Oroqen and Solon, are spoken there.
During the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912), Hulunbuir was part of Heilongjiang province. The 1858 Treaty of Aigun established today's approximate Sino-Russian border, at a great loss to Heilongjiang's territory. In 1901, the Chinese Eastern Railway linked Hulunbuir to the rest of northeast China and to Russian Far East. From 1912 to 1949, during the Republic of China (ROC) period, Hulunbuir was part of Xing'an and Heilongjiang provinces. In winter 1912, the Barga Mongol people of Hulunbuir expelled the Chinese troops and administration and proclaimed the independence of Barga (Hulunbuir); afterwards they declared allegiance to the Bogdo Khan of Mongolia; an agreement between the Russian Empire and the ROC on November 6/October 24, 1915 designated Hulunbuir a "special" region under direct subordination to the Central Government of China, but in practice Russia had partial control over day-to-day administration and economy.[3] [4] In 1929, the Soviet Union broke this agreement and invaded Hulunbuir.[5] After the Japanese invasion of China, Hulunbuir became part of the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo, which was not recognized by the Chinese. In the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Communist Party gained the support of Inner Mongol leaders like Ulanhu by promising the irredentist expansion of Inner Mongolia into areas that had majorities of Han and Manchu peoples.[6]
After the Chinese Communist Revolution, Hulunbuir was annexed into Inner Mongolia, but the region kept economic ties to the rest of the northeast via the Chinese Eastern Railway.[7] During the Cultural Revolution, the parts of historical Manchuria inside Inner Mongolia were briefly restored to their original provinces; Hulunbuir was given back to Heilongjiang from 1969 to 1979.[7] Until October 10, 2001, Hulunbuir was administered as a League. The area is 263953km² and had a population of 2.710 million in 2004, while the gross domestic product was RMB 21.326 billion. The jurisdiction area of the city is larger than all but 8 Chinese province-level divisions (and 42 U.S. states), although the actual urban agglomeration is just a very small part of the region, and the average population density of the area is very low.
The city was once a league (Chinese: 盟) of Inner Mongolia, until 10 October 2001. During the Qing Dynasty, it was known in Mandarin as Hūlúnbùyǔ'ěr .
Hulunbuir is divided into 13 different county-level jurisdictions: one district, five county-level cities, four banners and three autonomous banners.
| Map | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Mongolian | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) | |
| Hailar District | Chinese: 海拉尔区 | Hǎilā'ěr Qū | 344,947 | 1,440 | 181 | ||
| Jalainur District | Chinese: 扎赉诺尔区 | Zhālàinuò'ěr Qū | 97,000 | 272 | 357 | ||
| Manzhouli City | Chinese: 满洲里市 | Mǎnzhōulǐ Shì | 152,473 | 424 | 360 | ||
| Zalantun City | Chinese: 扎兰屯市 | Zhālántún Shì | 366,326 | 16,800 | 21.8 | ||
| Yakeshi City | Chinese: 牙克石市 | Yákèshí Shì | 352,177 | 27,590 | 12.8 | ||
| Genhe City (Gengol City) | Chinese: 根河市 | Gēnhé Shì | 110,441 | 19,659 | 5.6 | ||
| Ergun City | Chinese: 额尔古纳市 | É'ěrgǔnà Shì | 76,667 | 28,000 | 2.7 | ||
| Arun Banner | Chinese: 阿荣旗 | Āróng Qí | 278,744 | 12,063 | 23.1 | ||
| New Barag Right Banner (Xin Barag Barun Banner) | Chinese: 新巴尔虎右旗 | Xīnbā'ěrhǔ Yòu Qí | 36,356 | 25,102 | 1.4 | ||
| New Barag Left Banner (Xin Barag Jun Banner) | Chinese: 新巴尔虎左旗 | Xīnbā'ěrhǔ Zuǒ Qí | 40,258 | 22,000 | 1.8 | ||
| Old Barag Banner (Huqin Barag Banner) | Chinese: 陈巴尔虎旗 | Chénbā'ěrhǔ Qí | 58,244 | 21,192 | 2.7 | ||
| Oroqen Autonomous Banner | Chinese: 鄂伦春自治旗 | Èlúnchūn Zìzhìqí | 223,752 | 59,800 | 3.7 | ||
| Ewenki Autonomous Banner | Chinese: 鄂温克族自治旗 | Èwēnkèzú Zìzhìqí | 134,981 | 19,111 | 7.1 | ||
| Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner | Chinese: 莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗 | Mòlìdáwǎ Dáwò'ěrzú Zìzhìqí | 276,912 | 10,500 | 26.4 | ||
Hulunbuir itself (Hailar) has an extreme humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb). Winters are long, very dry and severe, due to the semi−permanent Siberian High, while summers are short, though very warm, and rather wet, due to the East Asian monsoon. At Hailar, the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from NaN°C in January to 20°C in July, while the annual mean is NaN°C. With at least 55% of possible sunshine in all months and an annual total greater than 2,700 hours, sunny weather dominates year-round. Approximately 70% of the annual rainfall occurs during the three summer months.
| Ethnic group | Population in 2000 | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Han | 2,199,645 | 81.85% |
| Mongols | 231,276 | 8.6% |
| Daur | 111,053 | 4.13% |
| Hui | 70,287 | 2.62% |
| Evenks | 30,950 | 1.15% |
| Oroqen | 8,355 | 0.31% |
| Russians | 4,741 | 0.18% |
Airports include: