Hölder condition explained

In mathematics, a real or complex-valued function on -dimensional Euclidean space satisfies a Hölder condition, or is Hölder continuous, when there are real constants,, such that | f(x) - f(y) | \leq C\| x - y\|^ for all and in the domain of . More generally, the condition can be formulated for functions between any two metric spaces. The number

\alpha

is called the exponent of the Hölder condition. A function on an interval satisfying the condition with is constant (see proof below). If, then the function satisfies a Lipschitz condition. For any, the condition implies the function is uniformly continuous. The condition is named after Otto Hölder.

We have the following chain of inclusions for functions defined on a closed and bounded interval of the real line with :

where .

Hölder spaces

Hölder spaces consisting of functions satisfying a Hölder condition are basic in areas of functional analysis relevant to solving partial differential equations, and in dynamical systems. The Hölder space, where is an open subset of some Euclidean space and k ≥ 0 an integer, consists of those functions on Ω having continuous derivatives up through order and such that the -th partial derivatives are Hölder continuous with exponent, where . This is a locally convex topological vector space. If the Hölder coefficient \left| f \right|_ = \sup_ \frac

, is finite, then the function is said to be (uniformly) Hölder continuous with exponent in . In this case, the Hölder coefficient serves as a seminorm. If the Hölder coefficient is merely bounded on compact subsets of, then the function is said to be locally Hölder continuous with exponent in .

If the function and its derivatives up to order are bounded on the closure of Ω, then the Hölder space

Ck,\alpha(\overline{\Omega})

can be assigned the norm \left\| f \right\|_ = \left\|f\right\|_ + \max_
= k
\left| D^\beta f \right|_where β ranges over multi-indices and\|f\|_ = \max_
\leq k
\sup_ \left |D^\beta f (x) \right |.

These seminorms and norms are often denoted simply

\left|f\right|0,\alpha

and

\left\|f\right\|k,\alpha

or also

\left|f\right|0,

and

\left\|f\right\|k,

in order to stress the dependence on the domain of . If is open and bounded, then

Ck,\alpha(\overline{\Omega})

is a Banach space with respect to the norm

Compact embedding of Hölder spaces

Let Ω be a bounded subset of some Euclidean space (or more generally, any totally bounded metric space) and let 0 < α < β ≤ 1 two Hölder exponents. Then, there is an obvious inclusion map of the corresponding Hölder spaces:C^(\Omega)\to C^(\Omega),which is continuous since, by definition of the Hölder norms, we have:\forall f \in C^(\Omega): \qquad | f |_\le \mathrm(\Omega)^ | f |_.

Moreover, this inclusion is compact, meaning that bounded sets in the norm are relatively compact in the norm. This is a direct consequence of the Ascoli-Arzelà theorem. Indeed, let be a bounded sequence in . Thanks to the Ascoli-Arzelà theorem we can assume without loss of generality that uniformly, and we can also assume . Then\left|u_n - u\right|_ = \left| u_n \right|_ \to 0,because\frac

^\alpha
= \left(\frac
^\beta
\right)^ \left | u_n(x)-u_n(y) \right |^ \leq |u_n|_^ \left(2\|u_n\|_\infty\right)^ = o(1).

Examples

C0,\beta(\overline{\Omega})

Hölder continuous functions on a bounded set Ω are also

C0,\alpha(\overline{\Omega})

Hölder continuous. This also includes and therefore all Lipschitz continuous functions on a bounded set are also Hölder continuous.

[0,infty)

, it would be Hölder continuous only for .

f

is

\alpha

 - Hölder continuous on an interval and

\alpha>1,

then

f

is constant.Consider the case

x<y

where

x,y\inR

. Then

\left|

f(x)-f(y)
x-y

\right|\leqC|x-y|\alpha

, so the difference quotient converges to zero as

|x-y|\to0

. Hence

f'

exists and is zero everywhere. Mean-value theorem now implies

f

is constant. Q.E.D.

Alternate idea: Fix

x<y

and partition

[x,y]

into

\{xi\}

n
i=0
where

xk=x+

k
n

(y-x)

. Then

|f(x)-f(y)|\leq|f(x0)-f(x1)|+|f(x1)-f(x2)|+\ldots+|f(xn-1)-f(xn)|\leq

n
\sum
i=1

C\left(

|x-y|
n

\right)\alpha=C|x-y|\alphan1-\alpha\to0

as

n\toinfty

, due to

\alpha>1

. Thus

f(x)=f(y)

. Q.E.D.

0<a<1,b

is an integer,

b\geq2

and

ab>1+\tfrac{3\pi}{2},

is -Hölder continuous with[1] \alpha = -\frac.

\alpha\le\tfrac{log2}{log3},

and for no larger one. In the former case, the inequality of the definition holds with the constant .

\alpha>\tfrac{1}{2}

the image of a

\alpha

-Hölder continuous function from the unit interval to the square cannot fill the square.

\alpha

-Hölder for every

\alpha<\tfrac{1}{2}

.
\int_ u(y) \, dy and satisfies \int_ \left |u(y) - u_ \right |^2 dy \leq C r^, then is Hölder continuous with exponent .[2]

n<p\leqinfty

then there exists a constant, depending only on and, such that: \forall u \in C^1 (\mathbf^n) \cap L^p (\mathbf^n): \qquad \|u\|_\leq C \|u\|_, where

\gamma=1-\tfrac{n}{p}.

Thus if, then is in fact Hölder continuous of exponent, after possibly being redefined on a set of measure 0.

Properties

U\subsetRn

under an  - Hölder function has Hausdorff dimension at most

\tfrac{\dimH(U)}{\alpha}

, where

\dimH(U)

is the Hausdorff dimension of

U

.

C0,\alpha(\Omega),0<\alpha\leq1

is not separable.

C0,\beta(\Omega)\subsetC0,\alpha(\Omega),0<\alpha<\beta\leq1

is not dense.

f(t)

and

g(t)

satisfy on smooth arc the

H(\mu)

and

H(\nu)

conditions respectively, then the functions

f(t)+g(t)

and

f(t)g(t)

satisfy the

H(\alpha)

condition on, where

\alpha=min\{\mu,\nu\}

.

See also

References

Notes and References

  1. Hardy . G. H. . Weierstrass's Non-Differentiable Function . Transactions of the American Mathematical Society . 17 . 3 . 1916 . 301–325 . 10.2307/1989005 . 1989005 .
  2. See, for example, Han and Lin, Chapter 3, Section 1. This result was originally due to Sergio Campanato.