Sannine Formation Explained
The Sannine Formation, also called the Sannine Limestone, is a Cretaceous geologic formation in Lebanon. It is a Konservat-Lagerstätte that contains a high diversity of well-preserved fish, reptiles, and invertebrates from the Tethys Ocean within its three main localities: Haqel (alternatively Hakel or Haqil), Hjoula (alternatively Hadjoula, Hajoula, or Hgula), and Nammoura (alternatively Namoura).
It is one of three major Cretaceous lagerstätte in Lebanon, alongside the older (Barremian-aged) Lebanese amber and the younger (Santonian-aged) Sahel Aalma site. The Sannine Formation localities, combined with Sahel Alma, are together referred to as the "Fish Beds" of Lebanon.
Description
It is primarily Cenomanian in age, with Haqel and Hjoula being late Cenomanian, while the slightly older Nammoura site is middle Cenomanian. Although Lebanon is now a part of Asia, the depositional environment for both formations would have been located off the coast of northern Africa during the Cretaceous, which would technically make their biota African rather than Asian.[1]
The Cretaceous formations of Lebanon laterally vary from east to west; the western lowland "coastal" sequence (containing Sahel Aalma) is over 2000 metres thick and primarily consists of deep water limestone and chalk, while the eastern "mountain" sequence (containing the Sannine Formation) is 500–700 metres thick and consists of shallow water limestone.[2] Two different shallow-water environments are preserved by the formation: Nammoura preserves a nearshore inner continental shelf environment with significant terrestrial input, while Haqel & Hjoula preserve an outer continental shelf environment. The neritic nature of these habitats contrasts with the other major marine lagerstätte of the region, Sahel Aalma, which is thought to have been deposited in a deepwater continental slope environment.Pterosaur fossils have been recovered from the formation, including those of Mimodactylus[3] and Microtuban.[4] The pythonomorphs Pontosaurus, Eupodophis and probably Aphanizocnemus are known from the formation.[5] Insects are also known from compression fossils, including those of a dragonfly,[6] enigmatic pond-skater like insect Chresmoda.[7] and a mesoblattinid cockroach.[8] Compression fossils of angiosperm Sapindopsis are also known.[9] Numerous species of fossil fish are known,[10] including the ionoscopid Spathiurus dorsalis[11] and pycnodontid Flagellipinna rhomboides.[12] An incredible diversity of fossil pycnodonts of various, highly unusual body plans is known, in addition to the earliest representatives of modern fish groups such as acanthomorphs, African butterflyfish and eels.[13]
History
The Sannine Formation and its fossil fishes have been known of since Roman Phoenicia. The earliest mention of them is in the Chronicon by Eusebius around 314 CE (references to earlier mentions by Herodotus are thought to be apocryphal), who mentions fossil fishes commonly being found during quarrying operations in the mountains, and cites them as evidence of the Biblical Flood. The site that these fish were recovered from is thought to correspond to the modern Haqel site. Around 1250, fossil fishes were presented to Louis IX during the Seventh Crusade and documented by Jean de Joinville, although it remains uncertain whether these originated from Haqel or the younger Sahel Alma site.[14]
The first European to visit a Lebanese fossil fish locality in person was Cornelis de Bruijn in 1698, who illustrated a fossil fish that corresponds with the species Prionolepis cataphractus from Haqel. The first scientific presentation on the fossil fishes of Haqel was in 1703 at the French Academy of Sciences, and the first scientific studies were conducted by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1818. Lady Hester Stanhope collected and circulated fossil fishes from Haqel and Sahel Alma during the early 19th century, contributing to the study of these specimens by scientists such as Louis Agassiz. The Hadjoula site was only discovered in the late 19th century, and the Nammoura site in the early 20th century.
Paleobiota
Vertebrates
Cartilaginous fish
Ray-finned fish
Notes and References
- López-Arbarello . Adriana . The record of Mesozoic fishes from Gondwana (excluding India and Madagascar) . Mesozoic Fishes 3 – Systematics, Paleoenvironments and Biodiversity.
- Book: Walley, Christopher D.. The Lithostratigraphy of Lebanon: A Review. 1997. 1–20.
- Kellner. Alexander W. A.. Caldwell. Michael W.. Holgado. Borja. Vecchia. Fabio M. Dalla. Nohra. Roy. Sayão. Juliana M.. Currie. Philip J.. 2019-11-29. First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity. Scientific Reports. en. 9. 1. 17875. 10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z. 2045-2322. 6884559. 31784545. 2019NatSR...917875K.
- Elgin. Ross A.. Frey. Eberhard. December 2011. A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) of Lebanon. Swiss Journal of Geosciences. en. 104. S1. 21–33. 10.1007/s00015-011-0081-1. 128405107. 1661-8726. free.
- Campbell Mekarski. Michelle. Pierce. Stephanie E.. Caldwell. Michael W.. 2019-09-24. Spatiotemporal Distributions of Non-ophidian Ophidiomorphs, With Implications for Their Origin, Radiation, and Extinction. Frontiers in Earth Science. 7. 245. 10.3389/feart.2019.00245. 2019FrEaS...7..245M. 2296-6463. free.
- Azar. Dany. Maksoud. Sibelle. Huang. Diying. Nel. André. January 2019. First Lebanese dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata, Aeshnoptera, Cavilabiata) from the Arabo-African mid-Cretaceous paleocontinent. Cretaceous Research. en. 93. 78–89. 10.1016/j.cretres.2018.08.025. 2019CrRes..93...78A . 134308438 .
- Nel. Andre. Azar. Dany. Martinez-Delclos. Xavier. Makhoul. Edouard. 2004-03-25. A new Upper Cretaceous species of Chresmoda from Lebanon - a latest representative of Chresmodidae (Insecta: Polyneoptera inc. sed.): first record of homeotic mutations in the fossil record of insects. European Journal of Entomology. 101. 1. 145–151. 10.14411/eje.2004.019. free.
- P. Vršanský and E. Makhoul. 2013. Mieroblattina pacis gen. et sp. n. - Upper Cretaceous cockroach (Blattida: Mesoblattinidae) from Nammoura limestone of Lebanon. Insect Evolution in an Ambiferous and Stone Alphabet 167-172
- D. L. Dilcher and P. W. Basson. 1990. Mid-Cretaceous angiosperm leaves from a new fossil locality in Lebanon. Botanical Gazette 151(4):538-547
- Forey. Peter L.. Yi. Lu. Patterson. Colin. Davies. Cliff E.. January 2003. Fossil fishes from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Namoura, Lebanon. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. en. 1. 4. 227–330. 10.1017/S147720190300107X. 2003JSPal...1..227F . 85606708. 1477-2019.
- El Hossny. Tamara. Maksoud. Sibelle. Azar. Dany. Saad. Pierre Abi. Cavin. Lionel. August 2020. Spathiurus dorsalis Davis, 1887, from the Upper Cretaceous of Haqel, Lebanon, and the evolutionary history of Ionoscopiformes. Cretaceous Research. 116. en. 104619. 10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104619. 2020CrRes.11604619E . 224978290 .
- Cawley. John Joseph. Kriwet. Jürgen. 2019-03-04. A new genus and species of pycnodontid fish Flagellipinna rhomboides, gen. et sp. nov. (Neopterygii, Pycnodontiformes), from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon, with notes on juvenile form and ecology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. en. 39. 2. e1614012. 10.1080/02724634.2019.1614012. 0272-4634. 6817322. 31709027. 2019JVPal..39E4012C .
- George . Hady . Bazzi . Mohamad . Hossny . Tamara El . Ashraf . Nida . Saad . Pierre Abi . Clements . Thomas . 2024-04-29 . The famous fish beds of Lebanon: the Upper Cretaceous Lagerstätten of Haqel, Hjoula, Nammoura, and Sahel Aalma . Journal of the Geological Society . 181 . 5 . en . 10.1144/jgs2023-210 . 0016-7649. free .
- Capasso . Luigi . 2017 . The history and the situation of the world famous fossil fish quarries in Lebanon . Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona . 41 . 53–76.
- Miyashita . Tetsuto . Coates . Michael I. . Farrar . Robert . Larson . Peter . Manning . Phillip L. . Wogelius . Roy A. . Edwards . Nicholas P. . Anné . Jennifer . Bergmann . Uwe . Palmer . A. Richard . Currie . Philip J. . 2019-02-05 . Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea and a reconciliation of the morphological–molecular conflict in early vertebrate phylogeny . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . en . 116 . 6 . 2146–2151 . 10.1073/pnas.1814794116 . 0027-8424 . 6369785 . 30670644 . free. 2019PNAS..116.2146M .
- Book: Ancient fishes and their living relatives: a tribute to John G. Maisey . 2021 . Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil . 978-3-89937-269-4 . Pradel . Alan . München . Denton . John S. S. . Janvier . Philippe . Maisey . John G..
- Greenfield . T. . 2022 . Additions to "List of skeletal material from megatooth sharks", with a response to Shimada (2022) . Paleoichthys . 6 . 6–11 .
- Egerton, Philip Grey (1845). "Description of a Fossil Ray from Mount Lebanon (Cyclobatis oligodactylus)". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 1 (1): 225–229. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1845.001.01.60. S2CID 128842555.
- Web site: 2019-04-29 . A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii) (project) . 2022-07-22 . MorphoBank datasets.
- Jambura; Stumpf; Kriwet . Patrick L.; Sebastian; Jürgen . September 2021 . Skeletal remains of the oldest known pseudocoracid shark Pseudocorax kindlimanni sp. nov. (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon . Cretaceous Research . 125 . 104842 . 10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104842 . 7611798 . 34642522. 2021CrRes.12504842J .
- Georges Kachacha . Gilles Cuny . 2017 . Revision of the fossil batomorphs from the Cretaceous of Lebanon, and their impact on our understanding of the early step of the evolution of the clade . Research & Knowledge . 3 . 2 . 10.14456/RANDK.2017.22.
- Amalfitano . Jacopo . Giusberti . Luca . Fornaciari . Eliana . Carnevale . Giorgio . 2020-04-03 . UPPER CENOMANIAN FISHES FROM THE BONARELLI LEVEL (OAE2) OF NORTHEASTERN ITALY . Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia . en . 126 . 2 . 10.13130/2039-4942/13224 . 2039-4942.
- Than-Marchese . Bruno Andrés . Alvarado-Ortega . Jesús . 2022-10-01 . Armigatus felixi sp. nov. An Albian double armored herring (Clupeomorpha, Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Tlayúa lagerstätte, Mexico . Journal of South American Earth Sciences . en . 118 . 103905 . 10.1016/j.jsames.2022.103905 . 2022JSAES.11803905T . 0895-9811.
- Alvarado-Ortega . Jesús . Díaz-Cruz . Jesús Alberto . 2021-01-01 . Hastichthys totonacus sp. nov., a North American Turonian dercetid fish (Teleostei, Aulopiformes) from the Huehuetla quarry, Puebla, Mexico . Journal of South American Earth Sciences . 105 . 102900 . 10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102900 . 2021JSAES.10502900A . 0895-9811.
- Taverne . L. . 2022 . The Pantodontidae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon. 4°. Capassopiscis pankowskii gen. and sp. nov. . Geo-Eco-Trop. . 46 . 1 . 149–158.
- Taverne . L. . 2022 . The Pantodontidae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon. 6°. Cretapantodon polli gen. and sp. nov. . Geo-Eco-Trop. . 46 . 1 . 149–158.
- Delbarre . Daniel J. . Davesne . Donald . Friedman . Matt . 2016-07-02 . Anatomy and relationships of † Aipichthys pretiosus and †' Aipichthys ' nuchalis (Acanthomorpha: Lampridomorpha), with a review of Late Cretaceous relatives of oarfishes and their allies . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology . en . 14 . 7 . 545–567 . 10.1080/14772019.2015.1078538 . 2016JSPal..14..545D . 1477-2019.
- Marramà, Giuseppe; Villier, Boris; Dalla Vecchia, Fabio M.; Carnevale, Giorgio (2016-06). "A new species of Gladiopycnodus (Coccodontoidea, Pycnodontomorpha) from the Cretaceous of Lebanon provides new insights about the morphological diversification of pycnodont fishes through time". Cretaceous Research. 61: 34–43. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.12.022. ISSN 0195-6671.
- Kriwet . Jürgen . 2004-09-10 . A new pycnodont fish genus (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes) from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Mount Lebanon . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 24 . 3 . 525–532 . 10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0525:anpfgn]2.0.co;2 . 129294502 . 0272-4634.
- Murray . Alison M. . 2014 . Mid-Cretaceous acanthomorph fishes with the description of a new species from the Turonian of Lac des Bois, Northwest Territories, Canada . Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology . en . 1 . 101–115 . 10.18435/B5CC78 . 2292-1389. free .
- Taverne . L. . 2021 . The Pantodontidae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon. 3°. Palaeopantodon vandersypeni gen. and sp. nov. . Geo-Eco-Trop. . 45 . 4 . 699–708.
- Taverne . L. . 2021 . The Pantodontidae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon. 1°. Pankowskipiscis haqelensis gen. and sp. nov. . Geo-Eco-Trop. . 45 . 4 . 551–562.
- El Hossny . Tamara . Cavin . Lionel . Kaplan . Ulrich . Schwermann . Achim H. . Samankassou . Elias . Friedman . Matt . The first articulated skeletons of enigmatic Late Cretaceous billfish-like actinopterygians . Royal Society Open Science . 2023 . 10 . 12 . 231296 . 10.1098/rsos.231296 . 2054-5703 . 10698480 . 38077217. 2023RSOS...1031296E .
- Murray . Alison M. . Chida . Mori . Holmes . Robert B. . 2022-06-30 . New enchodontoid fish (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . en . 42 . 1 . 10.1080/02724634.2022.2101370 . 2022JVPal..42E1370M . 0272-4634.
- El Hossny . Tamara . Cavin . Lionel . July 2023 . A New Enigmatic Teleost Fish from the Mid-Cretaceous of Lebanon . Diversity . en . 15 . 7 . 839 . 10.3390/d15070839 . 1424-2818 . free .
- Cau, A. . Arduini, P. . 2008 . Enantiophoenix electrophyla gen. et sp. nov. (Aves, Enantiornithes) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon and its phylogenetic relationships . Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Ivico di Storia Naturale in Milano . 149 . 2 . 293–324.
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267979192_Rhinochelys_Chelonioidea_Protostegidae_from_the_Late_Cretaceous_Cenomanian_of_Nammoura_Lebanon Rhinochelys (Chelonioidea: Protostegidae) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Nammoura, Lebanon
- Book: Sylvain Charbonnier . Fossil Crustacea of Lebanon . Denis Audo . Alessandro Garassino . Matúš Hyžný . . 2017 . 978-2-85653-785-5 . 1–252.
- Garassino . A. . 2000 . New decapod crustaceans from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon . Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano. 88896292 .
- Haug . Joachim T. . Audo . Denis . Charbonnier . Sylvain . Palero . Ferran . Petit . Gilles . Abi Saad . Pierre . Haug . Carolin . 2016-03-01 . The evolution of a key character, or how to evolve a slipper lobster . Arthropod Structure & Development . Special Issue: Fossils as Living Beings . 45 . 2 . 97–107 . 10.1016/j.asd.2015.08.003 . 26319267 . 2016ArtSD..45...97H . 1467-8039.
- Larghi . Cristiano . 2004 . Brachyuran decapod Crustacea from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon . Journal of Paleontology . en . 78 . 3 . 528–541 . 10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0528:BDCFTU>2.0.CO;2 . 2004JPal...78..528L . 0022-3360.
- Pasini . Giovanni . Poore . Gary C. B. . Garassino . Alessandro . 2020-08-28 . A new ghost shrimp (Axiidea, Callianopsidae) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Hadjoula, Lebanon . Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen . en . 297 . 2 . 217–225 . 10.1127/njgpa/2020/0922.
- Azar . Dany . Nel . André . 2024 . The youngest and first Gondwanan representative of the anisopteran family Aktassiidae from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon (Odonata, Petalurida) . Cretaceous Research . 154 . 105744 . 10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105744 . 2024CrRes.15405744A . 0195-6671.
- Azar . Dany . Nel . André . 2023-08-01 . Libanogomphidae, a new extraordinary dragonfly family from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon (Odonata, Anisoptera) . Cretaceous Research . 148 . 105501 . 10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105501 . 2023CrRes.14805501A . 0195-6671.
- Garassino . Alessandro . Pasini . Giovanni . 2020-10-02 . A new furry lobster (Crustacea, Decapoda, Synaxidae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon . Palaeodiversity . 13 . 1 . 10.18476/pale.v13.a10 . 1867-6294 . free.
- Pasini . Giovanni . Garassino . Alessandro . 2011 . Predation on brachyuran (Crustacea, Decapoda): an unique direct evidence from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Hadjoula (Lebanon) . Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano . 152 . II . 233–245.
- Devillez . Julien . Charbonnier . Sylvain . 2022-03-03 . A synthesis of the evolutionary history of erymoid lobsters (Crustacea, Decapoda, Erymoidea) . Geodiversitas . 44 . 9 . 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a9 . 1280-9659.
- Garassino . A. . Angeli . Antonio De . Pasini . Giovanni . 2009 . A new hermit crab (Crustacea, Anomura, Paguroidea) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon . Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano . 150 . II . 215–228. 130639300 .
- Lamsdell . James C. . McKenzie . Scott C. . 2015-12-01 . Tachypleus syriacus (Woodward)—a sexually dimorphic Cretaceous crown limulid reveals underestimated horseshoe crab divergence times . Organisms Diversity & Evolution . en . 15 . 4 . 681–693 . 10.1007/s13127-015-0229-3 . 2015ODivE..15..681L . 1618-1077.
- Wippich . Max G. E. . Lehmann . Jens . September 2004 . Allocrioceras from the Cenomanian (mid-Cretaceous) of the Lebanon and its bearing on the palaeobiological interpretation of heteromorphic ammonites . Palaeontology . 47 . 5 . 1093–1107 . 10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00408.x . 2004Palgy..47.1093W . 129293243 . 0031-0239.
- Fuchs; Larson, Dirk; Neal L (March 2011). "Diversity, Morphology, and Phylogeny of Coleoid Cephalopods from the Upper Cretaceous Plattenkalks of Lebanon–Part I: Prototeuthidina". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (2): 234–249.
- Jattiot . Romain . Brayard . Arnaud . Fara . Emmanuel . Charbonnier . Sylvain . 2015 . Gladius-bearing coleoids from the Upper Cretaceous Lebanese Lagerstätten: diversity, morphology, and phylogenetic implications . Journal of Paleontology . en . 89 . 1 . 148–167 . 10.1017/jpa.2014.13 . 2015JPal...89..148J . 0022-3360.
- Whalen . Christopher D. . Landman . Neil H. . 2022-03-08 . Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution . Nature Communications . en . 13 . 1 . 1107 . 10.1038/s41467-022-28333-5 . 35260548 . 2041-1723. 8904582 . 2022NatCo..13.1107W .
- Fuchs . D. . Weis . R. . 2009-08-01 . A new Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) coleoid (Cephalopoda) from Hâdjoula, Lebanon . Fossil Record . English . 12 . 2 . 175–181 . 10.1002/mmng.200900005 . 2009FossR..12..175F . 2193-0066. free .
- Fuchs; Bracchi; Weis . Dirk; Giacomo; Robert . 31 December 2008 . NEW OCTOPODS (CEPHALOPODA: COLEOIDEA) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS (UPPER CENOMANIAN) OF HÂKEL AND HÂDJOULA, LEBANON . Palaeontology . 52 . 1 . 65–81. 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00828.x . 129082916 . free .
- Jattiot . Romain . Brayard . Arnaud . Fara . Emmanuel . Charbonnier . Sylvain . January 2015 . Gladius-bearing coleoids from the Upper Cretaceous Lebanese Lagerstätten: diversity, morphology, and phylogenetic implications . Journal of Paleontology . en . 89 . 1 . 148–167 . 10.1017/jpa.2014.13 . 2015JPal...89..148J . 0022-3360.
- Fuchs . Dirk . Larson . Neal . 2011 . Diversity, Morphology, and Phylogeny of Coleoid Cephalopods from the Upper Cretaceous Plattenkalks of Lebanon–Part II: Teudopseina . Journal of Paleontology . en . 85 . 5 . 815–834 . 10.1666/10-159.1 . 2011JPal...85..815F . 0022-3360.
- Klug . Christian . Pohle . Alexander . Roth . Rosemarie . Hoffmann . René . Wani . Ryoji . Tajika . Amane . 2021-07-23 . Preservation of nautilid soft parts inside and outside the conch interpreted as central nervous system, eyes, and renal concrements from the Lebanese Cenomanian . Swiss Journal of Palaeontology . en . 140 . 1 . 15 . 10.1186/s13358-021-00229-9 . free . 1664-2384 . 8549922 . 34721283. 2021SwJP..140...15K .
- Web site: Lebanese Fossils . 2024-07-10 . www.fossilmuseum.net.
- Reich . M. . 2004-12-15 . Nebelsick . J . Heinzeller . T . Echinoderms: Munchen: Proceedings of the 11th International Echinoderm Conference, 6-10 October 2003, Munich, Germany . Echinoderms: Milnchen - Heinzeller & Nebelsick (Eds) . en . Taylor & Francis . 10.1201/9780203970881 . 978-0-415-36481-2.
- Web site: WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species . 2024-07-10 . www.marinespecies.org.
- Parry . Luke A. . Wilson . Paul . Sykes . Dan . Edgecombe . Gregory D. . Vinther . Jakob . 2015-11-17 . A new fireworm (Amphinomidae) from the Cretaceous of Lebanon identified from three-dimensionally preserved myoanatomy . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 15 . 1 . 256 . 10.1186/s12862-015-0541-8 . free . 1471-2148 . 4650273 . 26577802. 2015BMCEE..15..256P .
- Krassilov, Valentin; Bacchia, Flavio (2000-12). "Cenomanian florule of Nammoura, Lebanon". Cretaceous Research. 21 (6): 785–799. doi:10.1006/cres.2000.0229. ISSN 0195-6671.
- 1945-, Forey, Peter L. (Peter Lawrence), (2003). Fossil fishes from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Namoura, Lebanon. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 66582935.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) and Haqel[23] |A clupeomorph||-|A. brevissimus|Haqel and Hjoula|An armigatid clupeomorph||-|A. namourensis|Nammoura|A clupeomorph||-| rowspan="2" |Belonostomus|B. "sp. 1" | rowspan="2" |Nammoura| rowspan="2" |An aspidorhynchid. 2 unnamed species awaiting better material| rowspan="2" ||-|B. "sp. 2"|-|Benthesikyme|B. serpentina|Haqel & Hjoula|A dercetid aulopiform.[24] ||-|Berycopsis|B. pulcher|Hjoula|A beardfish.||-|Capassopiscis|C. pankowskii|Haqel|A pantodontid.[25] ||-|Charitopsis|C. spinosus|Haqel & Hjoula|A gonorynchid.||-|Chirocentrites|C. sp.|Nammoura|A cladocyclid ichthyodectiform.||-| rowspan="2" |Coccodus|C. armatus|Haqel| rowspan="2" |A coccodontid pycnodont.||-|C. insignis|Hjoula||-|Corusichthys|C. megacephalus|Haqel|A coccodontid pycnodont.||-|Cretapantodon|C. polli|Haqel|A pantodontid.[26] ||-|Cryptoberyx|C. minimus|Hjoula|An indeterminate acanthopterygian.||-|Ctenodentelops|C. striatus|Nammoura|An elopid.||-| rowspan="3" |Ctenothrissa|C. protodorsalis|Haqel| rowspan="3" |A ctenothrissiform acanthomorph.||-|C. signifer|Hjoula||-|C. vexillifer|Haqel||-|?Cylindracanthus|?C. libanicus|Haqel & Hjoula|An indeterminate ray-finned fish known only from rostral spines.||-|Davichthys|D. gardnieri|Haqel|An elopid.||-|Dercetidae indet.|nov. gen. nov. sp.|Hjoula|A dercetid aulopiform.||-|Diplomystus|D. birdi|Haqel & Hjoula|An armigatid clupeomorph.||-|Ducrotayichthys|D. cornutus|Haqel|A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont.||-|Enchelion|E. montium|Haqel & Hjoula|An eel.||-| rowspan="4" |Enchodus|E. marchesetti|Haqel & Hjoula| rowspan="4" |An enchodontid aulopiform.| rowspan="2" ||-|E. mecoanalis|Nammoura|-|E. "sp. 1."|Haqel ||-|E. "sp. 2."|Nammoura||-|Eubiodectes|E. libanicus|Haqel, Hjoula & Nammoura|A cladocyclid ichthyodectiform.||-|Eurypholidae indet.|nov. gen. nov. sp.|Nammoura|An enchodontid aulopiform.||-|Eurypholis|E. boissieri|Haqel, Hjoula & Nammoura|An enchodontid aulopiform.||-| rowspan="3" |Eusebichthys|E. byblosi|Haqel| rowspan="3" |A protobramid tselfatiiform.||-|E. "sp. 1" |Haqel||-|E. "sp. 2"|Hjoula ||-|Exocoetoides|E. minor|Haqel & Hjoula|A cheirothricid.||-|Flagellipinna|F. rhomboides|Haqel|A pycnodontid pycnodont.||-| rowspan="2" |Gebrayelichthys|G. uyenoi|Haqel| rowspan="2" |A gebrayelichthyid pycnodont.| rowspan="2" ||-|G. vexillarius|Haqel|-|Gaudryella|G. gaudryi|Haqel, Hjoula & Nammoura|An indeterminate euteleost.||-|Gharbouria|G. libanica|Nammoura|An indeterminate euteleost.||-|Gigapteryx|G. tethyestris|Nammoura|A lamprimorph.[27] ||-| rowspan="2" |Gladiopycnodus|G. byrnei|Hjoula| rowspan="2" |A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont.[28] ||-|G. karami|Haqel||-|Ginsburgia|G. operta|Haqel & Hjoula|An indeterminate euteleost.||-|Hajulia|H. multidens|Haqel & Hjoula|A bonefish.||-|Hakelia|H. laticauda|Haqel & Hjoula|An indeterminate neoteleost.||-|Hakeliosomus|H. hakelensis|Haqel & Hjoula|A gonorynchid.||-|Haqelpycnodus|H. picteti|Haqel|A pycnodontid pycnodont.||-|Hastichthys|H. gracilis|Haqel & Nammoura|A dercetid aulopiform.||-|Hayenchelys|H. germanus|Hjoula|An eel.||-|Hayolperichthys|H. pectospinus|Haqel|A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont.||-|Hemisaurida|H. hakelensis|Haqel|A halecid aulopiform.||-|Hensodon|H. spinosus|Haqel|A coccodontid pycnodont[29] ||-|Heterothrissa|H. signeuxae|Haqel|A ctenothrissiform acanthomorph.||-|Hgulichthys|H. spinus|Hjoula|A trachichthyiform.||-|Humilichthys|H. orientalis|Hjoula|A ctenothrissiform acanthomorph.||-|Ichthyoceros|I. spinosus|Haqel|A coccodontid pyncodont.||-|Ichthyotringa|I. delicata|Haqel & Hjoula|An ichthyotringid aulopiform.||-| rowspan="2" |Joinvillichthys|J. kriweti|Haqel & Hjoula| rowspan="2" |A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont.||-|J. lindstroemi|Haqel||-| rowspan="2" |Lebonichthys|L. lewisi|Hjoula| rowspan="2" |A bonefish.||-|L. namourensis|Nammoura||-|Lebrunichthys|L. nammourensis|Nammoura|A pachyrhizodontid.||-|Libanoberyx|L. spinosus||A trachichthyiform.||-| rowspan="3" |Lissoberyx|L. arambourgi| rowspan="3" |Hjoula| rowspan="3" |A trachichthyiform.| rowspan="3" ||-|L. dayi|-|L. denticulatus|-|Luenchelys|L. minimus|Nammoura|An eel.||-|Maraldichthys|M. verticalis|Haqel|A gebrayelichthyid pycnodont.||-|Microcapros|M. libanicus|Hjoula|A quaesitoberycid beryciform.[30] ||-|Monocerichthys|M. scheuchzeri|Haqel & Hjoula|A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont.||-| rowspan="2" |Nematonotus|N. bottae|Haqel & Nammoura| rowspan="2" |A flagfin.||-|N. longispinus|Hjoula||-| rowspan="2" |'Nursallia'|N.' goedeli|Haqel, Hjoula & Nammoura| rowspan="2" |A pycnodontid pycnodont.||-|N.' tethysensis|Nammoura and Hjoula ||-|Omosoma|O. sp./gen. nov. sp. nov.|Nammoura|Possibly an indeterminate beardfish, potentially a new genus.||-|Ornategulum|O. sardinioides|Haqel & Nammoura|A clupeomorph.||-|Palaeopantodon|P. vandersypeni|Haqel[31] |A pantodontid.||-|Pankowskichthys|P. libanicus|Haqel & Nammoura|A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont.||-|Pankowskipiscis|P. haqelensis|Haqel[32] |A pantodontid.||-| rowspan="2" |Paracentrus|P. lebanonensis| rowspan="2" |Nammoura| rowspan="2" |A holocentriform||-|P. sp. nov.||-| rowspan="2" |Paraclupeidae indet.|nov. gen. 1|Nammoura| rowspan="2" |A paraclupeid clupeomorph; two different genera.||-|nov. gen. 2.|Hjoula||-|Paracoccodus|P. woodwardi|Haqel|A coccodontid pyncodont.||-| rowspan="2" |Pateroperca|P. libanica| rowspan="2" |Hjoula| rowspan="2" |A ctenothrissiform acanthomorph.||-|P. robusta||-|Pattersonichthys|P. delicatus|Hjoula|A ctenothrissiform acanthomorph.||-|Pattersonoberyx|P. pharsus|Haqel|A potential holocentriform.||-|Petalopteryx|P. syriacus|Haqel|An aphanepygid.||-|Petersichthys|P. libanicus|Haqel|A pantodontid.||-| rowspan="2" |Pharmacichthys|P. numismalis| rowspan="2" |Haqel| rowspan="2" |A pharmacichthyid lamprimorph.||-|P. venenifer||-|Phoenicolepis|P. arcuatus|Hjoula|A ctenothrissiform acanthomorph.||-|Phylactocephalus|P. microlepis|Haqel & Hjoula|A halecid aulopiform.||-|Plectocretacicus|P. clarae|Haqel|A potential tetraodontiform.||-| rowspan="2" |Plesioberyx|P. discoides| rowspan="2" |Haqel| rowspan="2" |An indeterminate acanthopterygian.||-|P. maximus||-|Prognathoglossum|P. kalassyi|Haqel|A pantodontid.||-|Prionolepis|P. cataphractus|Haqel & Hjoula|A prionolepid aulopiform.||-| rowspan="2" |Protobrama|P. avus|Haqel & Hjoula| rowspan="2" |A protobramid tselfatiiform.| rowspan="2" ||-|P. woodwardi|Haqel|-|Protobramidae indet.|nov. gen. nov. sp.|Nammoura|A protobramid tselfatiiform.||-| rowspan="3" |Pseudoberyx|P. bottae|Haqel & Hjoula| rowspan="3" |An indeterminate teleost.||-|P. grandis|Haqel||-|P. syriacus|Haqel & Hjoula||-|Pycnosteroides|P. levispinus|Hjoula|A pycnosteroidid lamprimorph.||-|Quaesitoberyx|Q. minutus|Hjoula|A quaesitoberycid beryciform.||-|Rhamphoichthys|R. taxidiotis|Haqel[33] |A billfish-like plethodid tselfatiiform.||-|Rhinopycnodus|R. gabriellae|Haqel|A pycnodontid pycnodont.||-|Rhynchodercetis|R. hakelensis|Haqel & Hjoula|A dercetid aulopiform.||-|Rostropycnodus|R. gayeti|Haqel|A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont.||-| rowspan="3" |Sardinioides|S. attenuatus| rowspan="3" |Haqel & Hjoula| rowspan="3" |A sardinioidid myctophiform.| rowspan="3" ||-|S. minimus|-|S. pontivagus|-|Saurorhamphus|S. giorgiae|Nammoura|An enchodontid aulopiform.||-| rowspan="2" |Scombroclupea|S. diminuta|Nammoura| rowspan="2" |A clupeomorph.||-|S. macrophthalma|Haqel & Hjoula||-|Scutatoclupea|S. bacchiai|Nammoura|A paraclupeid clupeomorph.||-| rowspan="3" |Sedenhorstia|S. dayi|Hjoula| rowspan="3" |A tarpon.||-|S. libanica|Haqel||-|S. orientalis|Hjoula||-| rowspan="2" |Serrilepis|S. minor| rowspan="2" |Nammoura| rowspan="2" |A halecid aulopiform.||-|S. prymnostrigos||-|Sigmapycnodus|S. giganteus|Haqel|A pycnodontid pycnodont.||-|Sorbinichthys|S. elusivo|Nammoura|A sorbinichthyid clupeomorph.||-|Spathiurus|S. dorsalis|Haqel|An ionoscopiform.||-|Spinascutichthys|S. pankowskiae|Nammoura|An enchodontoid aulopiform.[34] ||-|Stanhopeichthys|S. libanicus|Hjoula|A pachyrhizodontid.||-|Stenoprotome|S. hamata|Haqel|A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont.||-| rowspan="4" |Stichocentrus|S. elegans| rowspan="4" |Hjoula| rowspan="4" |A holocentriform.| rowspan="4" ||-|S. liratus|-|S. spinulosus|-|S. sp.|-|Stichopteryx|S. lewisi|Haqel & Hjoula|A trachichthyiform.||-|Telepholis|T. tenuis|Haqel & Hjoula|A cheirothricid.||-|Trewavasia|T. carinata|Haqel|A coccodontid pycnodont.||-|Tricerichthys|T. wenzi|Haqel|A gladiopycnodontid pycnodont.||-| rowspan="2" |Triplomystus|T. noorae | rowspan="2" |Nammoura| rowspan="2" |A paraclupeid clupeomorph.||-|T. oligoscutatus||-|Volcichthys|V. sp.|Haqel|An indeterminate aulopiform or sardinioid myctophiform.||-|Ypsiloichthys|Y. sibelleae|Haqel[35] |A teleost of uncertain affinities.||}
Amniotes
Invertebrates
Arthropods
Molluscs
Echinoderms
Annelids
Plants
See also
References
Lebanon