| Gutian | |
| Nativename: | Kŭ-chèng-uâ / 古田話 |
| States: | Southern China, Malaysia |
| Region: | Gutian, Ningde, Fujian; Sibu, Sarawak; Sitiawan, Manjung, Perak |
| Speakers: | ? |
| Familycolor: | Sino-Tibetan |
| Fam2: | Sinitic |
| Fam3: | Chinese |
| Fam4: | Min |
| Fam5: | Coastal Min |
| Fam6: | Eastern Min |
| Ancestor: | Proto-Sino-Tibetan |
| Ancestor2: | Old Chinese |
| Ancestor3: | Proto-Min |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
| Glotto: | none |
| Lingua: | 79-AAA-ich |
| Notice: | IPA |
The Gutian dialect (Eastern Min: 古田話) is a dialect of Eastern Min spoken in Gutian, Ningde in northeastern Fujian province, China.
The Gutian dialect has 15 initials, 52 rimes and 7 tones.
| Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | Tenuis voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Aspirated voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| Fricative | Voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Affricate | Tenuis voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Aspirated voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| pronounced as /link/ 嘉 | pronounced as /link/ 西 | pronounced as /link/ 初 | pronounced as /o/ 歌 |
| pronounced as /link/ 之 | pronounced as /link/ 孤 | pronounced as /link/ 須 | |
| pronounced as /ai/ 開 | pronounced as /oi/ 催 | pronounced as /au/ 郊 | pronounced as /ɛu/ 抖 |
| pronounced as /ia/ 遮 | pronounced as /ie/ 批 | pronounced as /iu/ 秋 | pronounced as /iau/ 燒 |
| pronounced as /ua/ 花 | pronounced as /uo/ 過 | pronounced as /uai/ 歪 | pronounced as /ui/ 輝 |
| pronounced as /uɔi/ 杯 | pronounced as /yø/ 橋 | ||
| pronounced as /aɳ/ 山 | pronounced as /iɳ/ 賓 | pronounced as /uɳ/ 春 | pronounced as /yŋ/ 銀 |
| pronounced as /iaŋ/ 聲 | pronounced as /ieŋ/ 天 | pronounced as /uaŋ/ 歡 | pronounced as /uoŋ/ 元 |
| pronounced as /yøŋ/ 香 | pronounced as /eiŋ/ 燈 | pronounced as /ouŋ/ 郎 | pronounced as /øyŋ/ 東 |
| pronounced as /ak/ 答 | pronounced as /ik/ 必 | pronounced as /uk/ 不 | pronounced as /yk/ 竹 |
| pronounced as /iak/ 揭 | pronounced as /iek/ 哲 | pronounced as /uak/ 撥 | pronounced as /uok/ 拙 |
| pronounced as /yøk/ 箬 | pronounced as /eik/ 八 | pronounced as /ouk/ 駁 | pronounced as /øyk/ 北 |
| pronounced as /aʔ/ 拍 | pronounced as /œʔ/ 嗝 | pronounced as /oʔ/ 桌 | pronounced as /iaʔ/ 壁 |
| pronounced as /uaʔ/ 劃 | pronounced as /uoʔ/ 剝 | pronounced as /yøʔ/ 藥 | |
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone name | dark level 陰平 | light level 陽平 | rising 上聲 | dark departing 陰去 | light departing 陽去 | dark entering 陰入 | light entering 陽入 |
| Tone contour | pronounced as /˥/ (55) | pronounced as /˧/ (33) | pronounced as /˦˨/ (42) | pronounced as /˨˩/ (21) | pronounced as /˧˨˦/ (324) | pronounced as /˨/ (2) | pronounced as /˥/ (5) |
The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:
| The Coda of the Former Syllable | The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable |
|---|---|
| Null coda or pronounced as //-ʔ// |
|
| pronounced as //-ŋ// |
|
| pronounced as //-k̚// | All initials remain unchanged. |
The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):
| dark level 55 | light level 33 | rising 42 | dark departing 21 | light departing 324 | dark entering 2 | light entering 5 | |
| dark level 55 | 21+55 | 21+33 | 21+42 | 24+21 | 24+544 | 24+2 | 21+5 |
| light level 33 | 21+42 | 21+21 | 21+324 | 21+2 | |||
| rising 42 | 21+55 | 21+24 | 21+42 | 24+21 | 24+544 | 24+2 | 21+5 |
| dark departing 21 | 33+55 | 33+544 | 33+53 | 24+21 | 55+33 | 55+2 | 33+5 |
| light departing 324 | 55+55 | 544+33 | 544+42 | 42+21 | 544+21 | 42+2 | 55+5 |
| dark entering 2 | 33+55 | 33+55 | 33+53 | 55+21 | 55+33 | 55+2 | 55+5 |
| light entering 5 | 33+55 | 21+33 | 21+42 | 21+21 | 21+324 | 21+2 | 33+5 |