Kautokeino Municipality Explained

Kautokeino
Native Name:Northern Sami: Guovdageainnu suohkan
Idnumber:5612
County:Finnmark
Capital:Kautokeino
Established:1851
Preceded:Kistrand Municipality
Demonym:Kautokeinoværing
Language:Bokmål
Sami Language:Northern Sami
Coatofarms:Kautokeino komm.svg
Flag:Flag of Kautokeino.png
Webpage:www.guovdageainnu.suohkan.no
Mayor:Anders S. Buljo
Mayor Party:LL
Mayor As Of:2023
Elevation Max M:973.9
Highest Point Ref:[1]
Area Rank:1
Area Total Km2:9707.35
Area Land Km2:8967.38
Area Water Km2:739.97
Area Water Percent:7.6
Population As Of:2024
Population Rank:236
Population Total:2848
Population Density Km2:0.3
Population Increase:-2.8
Coordinates:69.0117°N 23.0433°W
Utm Zone:34W
Utm Northing:7682882
Utm Easting:0598468
Geo Cat:adm2nd

Kautokeino (Norwegian: Kautokeino; Northern Sami: Guovdageaidnu in Northern Sami pronounced as /ˈkuo̯vːtaˌkea̯jːtnuː/; Koutokeino; Finnish: Koutokeino) is a municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino. Other villages include Láhpoluoppal and Máze.

The 9707km2 municipality is the largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Kautokeino is the 236th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,848. The municipality's population density is and its population has decreased by 2.8% over the previous 10-year period.[2] [3]

Guovdageainnu Municipality (Kautokeino) is one of two cultural centers of Northern Sápmi today (the other being the neighboring Kárášjoga Municipality). The most significant industries are reindeer herding, theatre/movie industry, and the public education system. Kautokeino is one of the coldest places in the Nordics.

General information

The municipality of Kautokeino was established in 1851 when the large Kistrand Municipality was divided in two: the southern part became Kautokeino Municipality and the northern part remained as Kistrand Municipality. Initially, there were 869 residents in the new municipality. The municipal boundaries have not changed since that time.[4]

On 1 January 2020, the municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county. Previously, it had been part of the old Finnmark county.[5] On 1 January 2024, the Troms og Finnmark county was divided and the municipality once again became part of Finnmark county.[6]

Name

The first element in Guovdageaidnu is which means "middle" or "half". The last element is which means "road" or "way". Combined it means "half way", since the location is halfway between two traditional migrating points. It is also the geographic centre of Northern Sápmi. Kautokeino is a Finnicized form of the Sámi name Northern Sami: Guovdageaidnu, and it is also adopted by the Norwegians.

The official name of the municipality was Kautokeino until 1987 when it was changed to the bilingual Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino.[7] It was the first municipality in Norway to get a Sami language name. In 2005, the name was again changed, such that either Guovdageaidnu or Kautokeino can be used interchangeably.[8] The spelling of the Sami language name changes depending on how it is used. It is called Northern Sami: Guovdageaidnu when it is spelled alone, but it is Northern Sami: Guovdageainnu suohkan when using the Sami language equivalent to "Kautokeino Municipality".[9]

Coat of arms

See main article: article and Coat of arms of Kautokeino. The coat of arms was granted on 4 September 1987. The official blazon is "Azure, a lavvo Or" (Norwegian: I blått en gul lavvo). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is a lavvo (also spelled lavvu). The lavvo has a tincture of Or which means it is commonly colored yellow, but if it is made out of metal, then gold is used. The lavvu (often spelled as 'lavvo') is still in use by reindeer herders who follow their herds according to the season and food availability of food for the animals, and so it was chosen as the symbol for the municipality. The arms were designed by Arvid Sveen.[10] [11] [12]

History

The ice age

The area where the Kautokeino settlement is located became ice-free approximately 10,500 years ago after the last Ice age. The northern part of today's Kautokeino municipality became ice-free first, approximately 500–800 years before the area where the settlement of Kautokeino is located today. The ice edge retreated south before disappearing completely from Fennoscandia 9,600 years ago, most recently in Sarek in Sweden.[13]

The Stone Age

In Kautokeino there are traces of human activity stretching back 7,000 - 9,000 years. The people entering the Kautokeino area when the ice retreated has belonged to one of the three main genetic groups in the postglacial period of early Europe; Eastern Hunter-Gatherers,Western Hunter-Gatherers or the Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers. At Kautokeino church, arrowheads have been found where the dating extends over a large period of time. The oldest arrowheads date to 5000 - 7000 BC, while the youngest date to 1000 - 000 BC.[14] In 2020, the University of Tromsø conducted archaeological excavations at Gáidnomanjávri I Kautokeino, approximately 300 meters northeast of the church. There, among other things, burnt bone remains were found, the oldest of which were dated to 4846-5009 BC.

In Juntevađđa, about 10 kilometers north of Kautokeino, archaeological excavations were carried out in 2018. The results from the samples show that there has been human activity in the area which has been dated back to 5560 - 5520 BC, mesolithic period. Among other things, bone remains of reindeer were identified.[15]

The Iron Age

Junttevađđa has traces of human activity spanning a long period of time. In 1967, the archaeologist Povl Simonsen excavated at Junttevađđa, where he uncovered a total of 10 stone piles that lay in a row at intervals of between 5 and 13 metres. He found layers of charcoal in the stone piles, and thought these were fire pits. These stone piles are dated to approximately AD 1050.[16] However, later research has concluded that it is not fire pits, but solid hearths associated with tent settlements that have been used by the Sami population.[17]

1550 - 1751

Until 1751, Kautokeino was part of Sweden.[18]

In 1695, Kautokeino was part of a [common district,] fellesdistriktet - which consisted of Kautokeino and Ávjovárre. The same year, the size of the population of fellesdistriktet was recorded as 36 families (recorded by the census performed by tax authorities, and that has later been estimated to likely indicate around 150–200 persons in fellesdistriktet).[19]

From 1553, Gustav Vasa's bailiffs began systematic taxation of the Sami in the Kautokeino area.[20] There are tax lists from 1553 to 1608, except for the year 1565. In addition, there is an overview of the population and accounting list for 1553. Peter Lorenz Smith writes in the book Kautokeino og Kautokeino lappene: a historical and ergological regional study from 1938 that the "lapp village" in Kautokeino had 8 people in the tax man count in 1553. Today, the term siida is used for what Smith called "lapp village". He further estimates the total population of the Kautokeino siida to 48 people based on an assumption of 6 people per household. In the Swedish tax accounts from 1553, Kautokeino is called the town of Kwothekyla. Smith believes it may be a combination of the words goahti (Sami for a large tent) and kylla(sic) (kylä, Finnish for hamlet).[21] The siida was located on Goahtedievva, which is near today's Kautokeino church.[22] Findings from the Stone Age to our time show that the area has been influenced by human activity for 9,000 years.

In addition to the siida in Kautokeino, there was also a siida at Lahpojávri within today's Kautokeino municipality. In 1553 there were 6 people in the tax census and with Smith's assumption of 6 people per household a population of 36 people.[23]

The first priest to hold a service in Kautokeino was Johannes Torneaus from Övertorneå. This happened in 1641. The service was held in a small log cabin that had just been set up. It is said to have been Kautokeino's first wooden building.[24] Today, the rest of this log cabin is preserved in the Kautokeino museum.[25]

The first resident priest was Swedish Amund Isaksen Curtelius. He wintered in Masi from 1674 to 1675.[26] He was succeeded by Johan Tornberg. In 1682 he was again succeeded by his brother, Anders Nicolai Tornensis.[27] Tornensis had a vicarage built in Kautokeino, and started construction of Kautokeino's old church in 1701. The church was consecrated on 11 February 1703, and was named "St. Charles' Church".[28] The old Kautokeino church was consecrated as a church for 241 years and 296 days before it was burned down by the German occupation forces on 3 December 1944,[29] and was then Finnmark's oldest Protestant church.[30]

There is little written source material about Kautokeino from before around 1550.

1752 - 1940

In 1752, church herder Johan Björkman was registered as the only permanent resident in Kautokeino. By 1756, it was reported that there were three permanent resident families at the church site: Matz Hinderson Hetta and his family, bell-ringer Michel Andersson Kemi and his family, and Oluf Andersson Tornensis and his family. The reindeer herding Sami around Kautokeino led a nomadic existence, following the migrations of the reindeer.[31] P.L Smith estimates in the book "Kautokeino og Kautokeino lappene" that the population in the area covering today's Kautokeino municipality was 481 people in 1754, based on church records, which he considers to be a fairly accurate census shortly after Kautokeino became part of Norway following the border drawing in 1751.[32]

In 1845, measurements were made for Struve Geodetic Arc at the mountain tops of Lodiken (Luvdiidcohkka) and Bealjasvarri in Kautokeino.[33]

Russia Bans Reindeer Migration Across the Border to Finland

Major Emigration from Kautokeino In 1852, the border to Finland was closed to reindeer migration. This led to a significant number of reindeer herding Sami moving from Kautokeino, with a particularly large emigration to Karesuando, but many also moved to Skjervøy Municipality. P.L Smith writes in the book Kautokeino og Kautokeino lappene that 310 people moved from Kautokeino to Karesuando and Skjervøy between 1852 and 1889, taking with them approximately 25 to 30 thousand reindeer. It is estimated that about 60 people later moved back to Kautokeino.[34]

In 1852, Kautokeino was the site of a Sami uprising against representatives of the Norwegian authorities. This was one of the few violent reactions by the Sami against the exploitation policies of the Norwegian government and was the only known confrontation between Samis and Norwegians with loss of human lives.

The first emigration to Alaska in 1894

On April 10, 1894, 19 people left Kautokeino for Alaska, consisting of 6 families and 1 bachelor. The journey was organized by Willian A Kjellmann from Talvik on behalf of Sheldon Jackson in Alaska. Sheldon Jackson's purpose was to use the Sami's expertise in reindeer herding to teach this knowledge to the Inuit in Alaska.[35] The names of those who left from Kautokeino are listed below, organized by families: Per Aslaksen Rist and his wife Berit Anne Andersdatter Spein with their daughters Marit and Inger.[36] Johan Speinsen Tornensis, his wife Marit Grete Salomonsdatter Näkkäläjärvi, and their daughter Marit.[37] Mikkel Josefsen Näkkälä and his wife Berit Anne Klemetsdatter Hætta.[38] Samuel Johnsen Kemi, his wife Kirsten Persdatter Bals, and their children Samuel and Karen.[39] Mathis Aslaksen Eira, his wife Berit Johannsedatter Hætta, and their son Aslak.[40] Aslak Larsen Somby and his wife Brita Olsdatter Nango.[41] Bachelor Fredrik Larsen.[42]

The 1898 Manitoba Journey

Departing from Alta on February 4, 1898, the vessel Manitoba set sail for New York. It carried 539 reindeer and 113 passengers, including 44 individuals from Kautokeino, all part of the Manitoba Journey. This expedition aimed to avert starvation among Klondike gold miners by moving reindeer from Finnmark to the Klondike. Additionally, it sought to establish reindeer farming in Alaska as a means to provide a consistent food source for Alaskans.[43] [44] [45]

Population Figures in 1900

The year 1900 saw Kautokeino home to 267 settled Sami individuals and 522 Sami engaged in reindeer herding, making up a total population of 789.[46] In total, 63 people traveled to Alaska from Kautokeino in 1894 and 1898. Relative to the population in 1900, 63 people would have constituted about 7% of the population in 1900. Some of those who traveled in 1894 and 1898 later returned to Kautokeino, so the number does not precisely indicate the proportion of the population in Kautokeino that emigrated to America permanently.[47]

Referendum on the dissolution of the union in 1905

In Kautokeino, 100% of those who voted in the referendum were in favour of Norway being a kingdom after the dissolution of the union with Sweden. Kautokeino was one of 2 municipalities in Norway where 100% voted for the kingdom.[48]

Reindeer Herding Project in Newfoundland 1908-1910

On 14 December 1907, the ship Anita departed from Alta bound for Newfoundland in America. Onboard were two families from Masi in Kautokeino, a married couple from Kvalsund, and 300 reindeer. In 1909, another family from Masi joined them. The purpose of the journey was to introduce reindeer herding in Newfoundland. A total of 12 individuals from Masi made the trip in 1908 and 1909. The project concluded in 1910, and the families returned to Masi. A child was born in Newfoundland, so in total, 13 people returned to Masi in 1910.[49] [50]

The Otto von Rosen affair

Between 15 and 20 January 1917, the Swedish Baron Otto von Rosen was arrested in what is now the Kautokeino municipality or in today's Karasjok municipality, near the border with Finland.[51] He was suspected of espionage.[52] [53] [54] He was sent to Kristiania (now Oslo) and released in February 1917 without conviction but expelled to Sweden. It turned out that when his luggage was searched, it contained spy equipment and a sugar cube containing anthrax bacteria. This was confirmed by analysis 80 years later.[55] Otto von Rosen had been mentioned in newspapers for suspicious activity in the Karesuando area earlier in January, and was then suspected of being a German spy.[56] Finland in 1917 was part of the Russian Empire and at war with Germany. The distance between Karesuando and Kautokeino is approximately 70 kilometers in a straight line.

The Spanish flu 1919

Kautokeino was severely affected by a wave of the Spanish flu in January 1919; that month, 24 people died in the municipality, corresponding to 2.2% of the population.[57] In 1920, Kautokeino had a population of 979 people.

Telephone to Kautokeino

Kautokeino was connected to the country's telephone network in October 1919 when the telephone line to Alta was completed.[58]

Reindeer Herding Project in Baffin Island 1921-1923

In 1921, 3 families from Masi and 1 bachelor from Kautokeino were recruited for a reindeer herding project in Baffin Island, Canada, under the auspices of the Hudson Bay Company. The group, consisting of 13 people and 600-700 reindeer, departed from Alta on 19 October 1921, aboard the ship Nascobie. Their destination was Amadjuak Bay on Baffin Island, and the purpose of this reindeer herding project was the same as previous ones involving reindeer in America, namely to introduce domestic reindeer herding and thus ensure a stable food supply for the residents. The project concluded in 1923, and all participants returned home to Masi and Kautokeino.[59]

Reindeer herding project at the mouth of the Mackenzie River from 1931

3 families from Kautokeino traveled to the northern coast of Canada, to the area where the Mackenzie River flows into the sea, near the present-day town of Inuvik, which was founded later in 1953. The group totaled 10 people.[60] The purpose of this project, too, was to introduce reindeer herding and secure a stable food supply for the local population.[60] Two of the families returned to Kautokeino after 5 and 7 years, while one family remained in Canada, and their descendants continued reindeer herding in the area until recently.[61] [62] The reindeer were sourced from Alaska, and the chief herder who led the reindeer from Alaska to the mouth of the Mackenzie River was Anders Bær, born in the mountains between Kautokeino Municipality and Karasjok Municipality, with a father from Kautokeino.[63] He had emigrated to Alaska in 1898. The journey from Alaska to the mouth of the Mackenzie River took 5 years, from 1929 to 1935. Anders Bær earned the nickname "the Arctic Moses" after leading the reindeer to Canada.[64]

Crown Prince couple visits Kautokeino

On Tuesday, 27 March 1934, Crown Prince Olav and Crown Princess Märtha arrived in Kautokeino. The Crown Prince couple stayed in Kautokeino until Thursday, 29 March (Maundy Thursday), before continuing to Karasjok. In Kautokeino, the royal couple was greeted by 80 children who sang three songs in Sami to honor their arrival. On Maundy Thursday, the Crown Prince couple attended a service at Kautokeino Old Church from 1701 before departing further to Karasjok.[65]

Nomadic life

Adolf Steen writes in his book Kautokeino Studies that in the 1930s there was one winter house in the eastern mountains, which means that the vast majority of reindeer-herding Sami still lived in lavvu (traditional Sami tents) and gamme (turf huts) all year round.[66]

World War 2

1940 - 1943

During the war at the Narvik front in the spring of 1940, at least four soldiers from Kautokeino took part; they belonged to the Alta Battalion.[67]

In August 1940, four German soldiers came to Kautokeino by riverboat; they were the first German soldiers on the scene. They traveled again, and there was no permanent German presence in Kautokeino until the winter of 1941. Then they requisitioned the boarding school for accommodation.

A Serbian prisoner of war named Bora Ivankovic was arrested by the Germans in autumn 1942 and executed in Kautokeino. Together with Petar Filipovic, he had managed to escape from the prison camp in Karasjok. After 28 days on the run, Petar Filipovic managed to get into Sweden.[68]

In 1942, the Germans planned to build a railway line through Kautokeino municipality. The line was to go via Reisadalen to Kautokeino and on to Karasjok. The railway was part of the German Polar Railway, which was planned to run all the way from Fauske to Kirkenes. The plan was stated in 1943.[69]

In 1943, the Germans built a field airport with a runway of 1,200 meters in Kautokeino. At the end of the runway there is still the wreckage of a German Junkers Ju 52.[70]

1944

See also: Liberation of Finnmark. The Sámi author Odd Mathis Hætta writes in the book Samebygder på Finnmarksvidda 2 about 3 Serbian prisoners who had escaped from a prison camp and who were surprised and taken by the Germans and executed. This happened at Áidejávri, 30 kilometers south of Kautokeino in August 1944. The bodies were dug up and transported to Kautokeino by Norwegian soldiers in the spring of 1945.[71] It is likely that they were not Serbian prisoners but from another nationality, this since the Serbian prisoners were held captive in Karasjok from 23 July 1942 to 15 December 1942, and this incident happened two years later.

A German Focke-Wulf Fw 189 reconnaissance aircraft made an emergency landing on 15 October 1944 at Flyvarjávri 13 kilometers south of Kautokeino. The water was named Flyvarjávri as a result of the accident, which means "plane lake" in Sámi.

In the autumn of 1944, the German 139th Mountain Brigade was stationed in and around Kautokeino. The force consisted of approximately 5,000 soldiers and had arrived in the Kautokeino area no later than 29 October 1944.[72] The 139th Mountain Brigade was formed on 5 June 1944 from the remnants of the 139th Mountain Regiment from the 3rd Mountain Division.[73] [74] The commander of the brigade in the Kautokeino area was Colonel Schirmbacker. He was on loan from the 6th SS Gebirgsjäger division.[75] The 139th Mountain Regiment was the German unit that was about to be defeated by Norwegian forces at Bjørnfjell in June 1940, during the battles of Narvik before Norway had to capitulate when the Allies withdrew. Alta Battalion, where soldiers from Kautokeino also participated, were among the Norwegian units that took part in the battles at Bjørnfjell. The Austrian soldier Toni Russold took part in the battle against the Alta battalion in Narvik in 1940, and was part of the force that made up the flank protection in Kautokeino in the autumn of 1944.

The brigade's mission in Kautokeino in the autumn of 1944 was to form the flank protection for the Sturmbock-Stellung line which ran across the Finnish wedge north of Karesuando. The Germans set up positions in Kautokeino due to concerns about a potential Allied landing at Hammerfest and a subsequent assault through Alta, moving directly south towards Finland across the Finnmarksvidda. Their objective woukld be to intercept the 20th Mountain Army's 18th Army Corps during their retreat from Finland through the Finnish wedge. Additionally, they aimed to prevent Finnish or, in the worst-case scenario, Russian forces from circumventing the Strumbuck-Stellung line in Karesuando, which would allow them to breach the German positions and proceed towards the Lyngen fjord in Norway.[76] South and southwest of Kautokeino, defensive positions were established at Máttavárri, Joppevárri, Áddjit, Gálggovárri and Junkkavárri.[77] The last German soldiers withdrew from the position in Kautokeino on 3 January 1945. The route they followed was a makeshift cart road that went south-west from Kautokeino to Goathteluoppal, on to Hirvas in Finland and finally the road through the Finnish wedge to Skibotn in Norway.[78] In June 2022, shells were found in the area around the German positions from 1944 at Máttavárri, 5 kilometers south of Kautokeino.[79] In the autumn of 1941, only 100 of the 2,000 soldiers were left from the 139th Mountain Regiment of those who had taken part in the campaign in Narvik, in that sense Toni Russold's period in the regiment and the brigade, from the campaign in Narvik all the way to Kautokeino in the autumn of 1944, must have been one of the longest.[80]

On 23 October 1944, a meeting was held in Kautokeino with representatives of the Germans, the Nazi police, police chief Hoem and representatives of Kautokeino municipality. The municipality reached an agreement with the Nazis and the Germans that the population of Kautokeino together with the large herds of reindeer should evacuate to the Helligskogen in Troms and meet the Germans there. The Germans wanted to take control of the reindeer herds because it constituted a large food reserve for the Germans, they wanted to prevent the Allies from getting hold of this food reserve, and because they feared that Soviet red army could use driving reindeer for transport, in a similar way to reindeer had been used for transport on the Murmansk front.[81] The agreement was announced to the population in Norwegian. However, the verbal order to the population was given in Sámi and there the population was asked to evacuate to Helligskogen at Anarjohka in the east. Police Chief Hoem was aware that the oral order in Sámi was different from the written order in Norwegian. The population had to leave Kautokeino by 30 November 1944. The result was that the population listened to the oral order in Sámi and failed to evacuate to the Helligskogen in Troms, instead they escaped to the Finnmarksvidda and spread out over a large area. The Germans missed out on the meat reserve that the reindeer herds would have represented, and the population avoided forced evacuation.[82] Of Kautokeino's 1,330 inhabitants, 47 were forcibly evacuated south. The fate of two women who fell ill and were forcibly evacuated south is still unknown.[83]

Kautokeino was burned down by retreating German forces. The Germans began the burning of the Kautokeino church site on 20 November 1944, and the burning was completed in the first week of December.[84] Of 220 buildings, 168 were burned, including the old Kautokeino church from 1701, which was burned on 3 December 1944.[85]

After world war 2

1945-1949

1950-1959

1960-1969

1970-1979

1980-1989

1990-1999

2000 to present

2000-2009

2010-2019

2020-onwards

Churches

The Church of Norway has one parish (Norwegian: sokn) within the municipality of Kautokeino. It is part of the Indre Finnmark prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland.

Churches in Kautokeino!Parish (Norwegian: sokn)!!Church name!!Location!!Year built
KautokeinoKautokeino ChurchKautokeino1958
Láhpoluoppal ChapelLáhpoluoppal1967
Masi ChurchMasi1965

Government

Kautokeino Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[175] The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Indre og Østre Finnmark District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

The municipal council Norwegian: (Kommunestyre) of Kautokeino is made up of 19 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.

Mayors

The mayors (Norwegian: ordfører) of Kautokeino:[176]

Geography

Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino is the southernmost municipality of Finnmark county and it shares a border with several municipalities: Alta Municipality to the north, Kárášjoga Municipality to the east, Nordreisa Municipality and Kvænangen Municipality (in Troms county) to the west, and Enontekiö Municipality (in Finland) to the south.

At, it is the largest municipality in Norway. A total of approximately 10,000 lakes cover . A significant part of the Finnmarksvidda plateau is located inside Kautokeino municipality. Anárjohka National Park is partially located in the municipality. The rivers Anarjohka and Karasjohka have their headwaters inside the park. The highest point in the municipality is the 973.9m (3,195.2feet) tall mountain Mollejus.

The Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino River runs from a lake at the Finnish border, north through the villages of Guovdageaidnu (Kautokeino) and Máze before it leaves into Alta municipality and changes name to Altaelva. The river is collectively known as the Kautokeino/Alta-vassdraget and was the site of a major political controversy in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The lake Šuoikkatjávri is located on the border of the municipality with Kvænangen. Other lakes in the municipality include Bajášjávri, Bajit Spielgajávri, Biggejávri, Čárajávri, Dátkojávri, Gahččanjávri, Gavdnjajávri, Geađgejávri, Geašjávri, Guolehis Suolojávri, Heammojávri, Iešjávri, Láhpojávri, Latnetjávri, Nuorbejávri, Rágesjávri, Sálganjávri, Soagŋojávri, Stuora Galbajávri, Stuorajávri, Šuoikkatjávri, Suolojávri, Virdnejávri, and Vuolit Spielgajávri.

Climate

Kautokeino has a subarctic climate (Dfc) with cool to mild summers and long, cold and fairly dry winters. Located quite far inland on the Arctic highlands of the Finnmarksvidda plateau of Northern Norway, Kautokeino generally has warmer summer days than the coast to the north, but also much colder winter temperatures.

Located above the Arctic Circle at 69°N latitude, Kautokeino experiences midnight sun and polar nights. The Sun does not set for nine weeks in the summer (21 May to 22 July), and does not rise for six weeks in the winter (1 December to 11 January).

Kautokeino is the coldest town in mainland Norway by annual mean temperature. The all-time low -50.3C was recorded in January 1999. The all-time high 30C was recorded in July 2018, which was the warmest month recorded with mean and average daily high . The coldest month on record is, as for much of Norway, February 1966. That month Kautokeino had mean, average daily high, average daily low - and the warmest high that February was .

Average precipitation ranges from 360mm to 424mm per year depending on normal period, which is among the lowest amounts in Norway.

During summer, daytime temperatures typically range between 10C and 20C. While this is nice for humans, the temperature, combined with 10,000 lakes, makes it a haven for mosquitos. Consequently, both humans and reindeer tend to flee to the coast for the summer. The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0°C) in spring is 31 May[178] and average date for first freeze in autumn is 19 August[179] giving an average frost-free season of 79 days (1981-2010 average).

While winter usually lasts from mid-October until well into April, the hard winter is only for December–February. During hard winter, temperatures can drop as far as -40C and beyond.


Birdlife

Lying south in the county, and bordering with Finland, Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino has a very interesting birdlife. There are virtually thousands of lakes in the municipality, and these combined with the Altaelva waterway system provide habitats for a whole host of wetland species. Whooper swan can sometimes be found while spotted redshank are not uncommon.

Transportation

The nearest airports are Alta Airport, about from Kautokeino, and Enontekiö Airport, about from Kautokeino. The small Kautokeino Airport is located in the village, but it has no commercial services. European route E45 runs through Kautokeino, part of the shortest and fastest route between western Finnmark and southern Scandinavia.

Population

In the village of Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino, about 1,300 of the 3,000 people in the municipality reside. The village of Máze has about 400 people, while the remaining people in the municipality live in 14 smaller villages scattered around the area. The population has been declining about 3% over the last 10 years.

Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino has different demographics than Finnmark county and Norway as a whole: more than 50% of the population is younger than 30 years. Also, the number of people older than 66 years is half of the national average. The gender ratio amounts to 86 women for every 100 men.[180] For the last couple of years, Kautokeino has been plagued by high rates of unemployment, peaking at 10% in 2006/2007.[181]

A survey conducted on behalf of the Sami Language Council in the year 2000 showed that 96 percent of the population are Sami speakers.[182]

Villages

In addition to the administrative centre of Guovdageaidnu (Kautokeino), the municipality has 15 smaller villages:

Institutions and media

Several Sámi institutions are located in Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino, including:

The Sámi are also internationally active with regards to indigenous people issues and reindeer husbandry. Therefore, the following institutions are also located in Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino:

Guovdageaidnu/ Kautokeino is home to the following Sami media companies:

Cultural events

Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino is perhaps the cultural center of Northern Sámi today, and hosts several of the most well known Sami cultural events. The biggest event is the Sámi Easter Festival. Easter has traditionally been the time when the Sámis gather to celebrate weddings and confirmations. Today, also the Sami culture is celebrated with many yoik concerts, Sami theater shows, reindeer races, snowmobile races, ice fishing competitions, parties, and the Sámi Grand Prix; a Sámi version of the Eurovision Song Contest where in addition to the best song, the best yoik is also selected. In addition, the Sami Film Festival is usually held during the Easter, which is notable for having an outdoor cinema made of snow.[183]

In June, the annual Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino Walk/Bicycle Ride, has Sámis return to Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino, just to walk a few kilometers, or ride a bicycle for twice the distance.

In August, there is the White Fish festival, as well as the Autumn Festival. The latter is a weekend-long party full of concerts, but also includes snowmobile skipping races on the (unfrozen) river. If the riders go too slow or make too sharp a turn, the snowmobile sinks.

Notable people

1852 Kautokeino uprising

Public Service

The Arts

Sport

External links

Notes and References

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  3. Web site: Statistisk sentralbyrå . Statistics Norway . 09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M) . no.
  4. Web site: Jukvam . Dag . 1999 . Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120901160307/http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/90/rapp_9913/rapp_9913.pdf . 1 September 2012 . 5 April 2013 . . no.
  5. Encyclopedia: Troms og Finnmark . . . 26 December 2019 . 24 December 2019 . Mæhlum . Lars . no . https://web.archive.org/web/20191027034837/https://snl.no/Troms_og_Finnmark . 27 October 2019 . live.
  6. Web site: 2022-07-05 . Fylkesinndelingen fra 2024 . Regjeringen.no . no.
  7. Web site: 5 July 2002 . Ot.prp. nr. 111 (2001-2002) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120210045906/http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/fad/dok/regpubl/otprp/20012002/Otprp-nr-111-2001-2002-.html?id=125740 . 10 February 2012 . 23 April 2007 . Regjeringen.no . no.
  8. Web site: Endring av skrivemåten for tospråklige kommuner. Endring av skrivemåten for tospråklige kommunenavn, Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328045747/http://www.lovdata.no/cgi-wift/wiztldles?doc=%2Fusr%2Fwww%2Flovdata%2Ffor%2Flf%2Fov%2Fov-20041210-1636.html . 28 March 2014 . 25 April 2007 . no.
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  11. Web site: Kautokeino, Finmark . 21 January 2023 . Flags of the World.
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