| Tupelo, Mississippi | |
| Official Name: | City of Tupelo |
| Settlement Type: | City |
| Motto: | "All-America City" |
| Mapsize: | 250x200px |
| Pushpin Label: | Tupelo |
| Pushpin Map: | USA |
| Pushpin Relief: | yes |
| Pushpin Label Position: | left |
| Pushpin Map Caption: | Location in the United States |
| Coordinates: | 34.2597°N -88.7258°W |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: |  United States |
| Subdivision Type1: | State |
| Subdivision Type2: | County |
| Subdivision Name2: | Lee |
| Subdivision Type3: | Districts |
| Subdivision Name3: | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
| Established Title: | Founded |
| Established Title1: | Incorporated |
| Named For: | Tupelo |
| Government Footnotes: | [1] [2] |
| Government Type: | Mayor–Council |
| Leader Party: | R |
| Leader Title: | Mayor |
| Leader Name: | Todd Jordan |
| Leader Title1: | Council |
| Leader Name1: | Board of Aldermen |
| Unit Pref: | Imperial |
| Area Total Sq Mi: | 64.68 |
| Area Total Km2: | 167.53 |
| Area Land Sq Mi: | 64.38 |
| Area Land Km2: | 166.75 |
| Area Water Sq Mi: | 0.30 |
| Area Water Km2: | 0.78 |
| Population As Of: | 2020 |
| Population Total: | 37923 |
| Population Metro: | 140,460 (US: 4th) |
| Population Density Km2: | 227.42 |
| Population Density Sq Mi: | 589.02 |
| Timezone: | CST |
| Utc Offset: | -6 |
| Timezone Dst: | CDT |
| Utc Offset Dst: | -5 |
| Elevation M: | 85 |
| Elevation Ft: | 279 |
| Postal Code Type: | ZIP code(s) |
| Postal Code: | 38801, 38804, 38826, 38866 |
| Area Code Type: | Area code(s) |
| Area Code: | 662 |
| Blank Name: | FIPS code |
| Blank1 Name: | GNIS feature ID |
| Blank2 Name: | Highways |
| Blank3 Name: | Major airport |
| Blank3 Info: | Memphis Airport (MEM) |
| Area Footnotes: | [3] |
Tupelo is a city in and the county seat of Lee County, Mississippi, United States. Founded in 1860, the population was 37,923 at the 2020 census. It is the 7th most populous city in Mississippi and is considered a commercial, industrial, and cultural hub of northern Mississippi.
Tupelo was incorporated in 1870. The area had earlier been settled as "Gum Pond" along the Mobile and Ohio Railroad.[4] On February 7, 1934, Tupelo became the first city to receive power from the Tennessee Valley Authority, thus giving it the nickname "The First TVA City".[5] [6] Much of the city was devastated by a major tornado in 1936 that still ranks as one of the deadliest tornadoes in American history.[7] Following electrification, Tupelo boomed as a regional manufacturing and distribution center and was once considered a hub of the American furniture manufacturing industry.[8] Although many of Tupelo's manufacturing industries have declined since the 1990s, the city has continued to grow due to strong healthcare, retail, and financial service industries. Tupelo is the smallest city in the United States that is the headquarters of more than one bank with over $10 billion in assets.[9]
Tupelo has a deep connection to Mississippi's music history, being known as the birthplace of Elvis Presley. The city is home to multiple art and cultural institutions, including the Elvis Presley Birthplace and the 10,000-seat Cadence Bank Arena, the largest multipurpose indoor arena in Mississippi. Tupelo is the only city in the Southern United States to be named an All-America City five times, most recently in 2015.[10] Its Main Street program, Downtown Tupelo Main Street Association, was the winner of the national Main Street's Great American Main Street Award in 2020.
The Tupelo micropolitan area contains Lee, Itawamba, and Pontotoc counties and had a population of 140,081 in 2017.[11]
Indigenous peoples, including the Chickasaw and Choctaw, occupied the area prior to European settlement. The French and British traded with these indigenous peoples and tried to form alliances with them. The French established towns in Mississippi mostly on the Gulf Coast. At times, the European powers came into armed conflict. On May 26, 1736, the Battle of Ackia was fought near the site of present-day Tupelo; British and Chickasaw soldiers repelled a French and Choctaw attack on the then-Chickasaw village of Ackia. The French, under Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, governor of French Louisiana, had sought to link Louisiana with Acadia and the other northern colonies of New France.[12]
In the early 19th century, after years of trading and encroachment by European-American settlers from the United States, conflicts increased as the US settlers tried to gain land from these nations. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and authorized the relocation of all the Southeast Native Americans to federal territory west of the Mississippi River, which was completed by the end of the 1830s.
In the early years of settlement, European-Americans named this town "Gum Pond", supposedly due to its numerous tupelo trees, known locally as "blackgum". The city still hosts the annual Gumtree Arts Festival.
During the Civil War, Union and Confederate forces fought in the area in 1864 in the Battle of Tupelo or battle of oldtown Creek. Designated the Tupelo National Battlefield, the battlefield is administered by the National Park Service (NPS). In addition, the Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield, about ten miles north, commemorates another American Civil War battle.
After the war, a cross-state railroad for northern Mississippi was constructed through the town, which encouraged industry and growth. With expansion, the town changed its name to Tupelo, in honor of the battle. It was incorporated in 1870.[13]
By the early twentieth century the town had become a site of cotton textile mills, which provided new jobs for residents of the rural area. Under the state's segregation practices, the mills employed only white adults and children. Reformers documented the child workers and attempted to protect them through labor laws.[14]
The last known bank robbery by Machine Gun Kelly, a Prohibition-era gangster, took place on November 30, 1932, at the Citizen's State Bank in Tupelo; his gang netted $38,000 ($ in current dollar terms). After the robbery, the bank's chief teller said of Kelly, "He was the kind of guy that, if you looked at him, you would never thought he was a bank robber."[15]
During the Great Depression, Tupelo was electrified by the new Tennessee Valley Authority, which had constructed dams and power plants throughout the region to generate hydroelectric power for the large, rural area. The distribution infrastructure was built with federal assistance as well, employing many local workers. In 1935, President Franklin Roosevelt visited this "First TVA City".
Tupelo had only 20 Jewish residents at the beginning of the Great Depression, out of 20,000 total residents.[16] Temple B'nai Israel was established in Tupelo in 1939.[17] The congregation first met in Tupelo City Hall.[16] [18] [19] It later rented space on South Spring Street above the Fooks' Chevrolet dealership.[16] In 1953, it moved to space over Biggs Furniture Store.[19] [20] A synagogue building was dedicated in 1957, with then-Mayor James Ballard giving the remarks.[19]
Into the late 1950s several long-distance trains served Tupelo. These included the Gulf, Mobile & Ohio's Gulf Coast Rebel (St. Louis - Mobile) and the Frisco Railroad's Kansas City-Florida Special (Kansas City - Memphis - Jacksonville), Memphian (Memphis - Birmingham) and its Sunnyland (Kansas City to the west; sections east to Birmingham and Pensacola).[21] [22] [23] [24] The Frisco's Southland ceased running on December 9, 1967, marking the last passenger train in northeast Mississippi.[25] [26]
In 2007, the nearby village of Blue Springs was selected as the site for Toyota's 11th automobile manufacturing plant in the United States.
In 2013 Gale Stauffer of the Tupelo Police Department died in a set up ambush following a bank robbery, possibly the first officer killed in the line of duty in the department's history.[27]
President Donald Trump visited the city of Tupelo twice, in 2018 and 2019. He held a campaign rally for Senator Cindy Hyde-Smith on November 26, 2018, at the Tupelo Regional Airport.[28] Nearly one year later, the president returned to Tupelo to hold another rally (this time for Governor Tate Reeves) on November 1, 2019, at the BancorpSouth Arena.[29] These campaign rallies were broadcast on national television and received attention from news networks, such as CNN and Fox News.[30] [31]
The spring of 1936 brought Tupelo one of its worst-ever natural disasters, part of the Tupelo-Gainesville tornado outbreak of April 5–6 in that year.[32] The storm leveled 48 city blocks and over 200 homes, killing 216 people and injuring more than 700 persons. It struck at night, destroying large residential areas on the city's north side. Among the survivors was Elvis Presley, then a baby. Obliterating the Gum Pond neighborhood, the tornado dropped most of the victims' bodies in the pond. The storm has since been rated F5 on the Fujita scale.[33] The Tupelo Tornado is recognized as one of the deadliest in U.S. history.[34]
The Mississippi State Geologist estimated a final death toll of 233 persons, but 100 whites were still reported as hospitalized at the time. Because the white newspapers did not publish news about blacks until the 1940s and 1950s, historians have had difficulty learning the fates of blacks injured in the tornado. Based on this, historians now estimate the death toll was higher than in official records.[35] [36] Fire broke out at the segregated Lee County Training School, which was destroyed. Its bricks were salvaged for other uses.
The area is subject to tornadoes. On May 8, 2008, one rated an EF3 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale struck the town. On April 28, 2014, another large EF3 tornado struck Tupelo and the surrounding communities, causing significant damage. On the night of May 2, 2021, two EF1 tornadoes formed near town with the second being a large tornado that directly struck the northwest side of downtown, prompting a tornado emergency to be issued by the National Weather Service.[37]
Tupelo is located in northeast Mississippi, north of Columbus, on Interstate 22 and U.S. Route 78, midway between Memphis, Tennessee (northwest) and Birmingham, Alabama (southeast). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 51.4sqmi, of which 51.1sqmi is land and 0.3sqmi (0.62%) is water.
Like the rest of the state, Tupelo has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification); it is part of USDA hardiness zone 7b.[38] The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from 43.4F in January to 82.3F in July, while, on average, there are 3.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing, 55 days with a low at or below freezing, and 67 days with a high at or above 90F per year. The all-time record low is NaNF, set on January 27, 1940, while the all-time record high is 109F, set on July 29, 1930. However, temperatures at or below 0F are rare, having last occurred December 23, 1989, the date of the all-time record low for December; additionally, while highs can reach 100F several days a row during severe heat waves, several years may pass between such readings.
Precipitation is high, averaging 57.74inches annually. On average, December is the single wettest month, and February through May are also especially wet; September and October are the driest months. The rainiest calendar day on record is March 21, 1955 when 9.4inches of rain fell; monthly precipitation has ranged from trace amounts in August 1983 to 19.89inches in December 1982. Snow is uncommon, with many years receiving trace amounts or no snowfall at all, and normal (1981 - 2010) winter snowfall stands at 2.1inches. The most snow in one calendar day was 8inches on January 24, 1940, contributing to the 9.2inches that fell that month, the snowiest on record; the snowiest winter was 1935 - 36 with 14.8inches.
| White | 20,063 | 52.9% | |
| Black or African American | 14,079 | 37.13% | |
| Native American | 59 | 0.16% | |
| Asian | 663 | 1.75% | |
| Pacific Islander | 7 | 0.02% | |
| Other/Mixed | 1,183 | 3.12% | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 1,869 | 4.93% |
As of the census of 2010, there were 35,456 people, 13,602 households, and 8,965 families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 58.7% White, 36.8% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.0% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. 3.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[40]
According to the 2007–2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, there were 13,395 households, 42.8% were married couples living together, 2.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 22.5% had a female householder with no husband present. 32.2% were non-family households, with 28.4% had a householder living alone and 3.8% having a householder not living alone.In addition, 39.7% of householders were living with related children under 18 and 60.3% with no related children under 18.[41] The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.08.
The median income for a household in the city was $39,415. The poverty rate was 20%.
Historically, Tupelo served as a regional transportation hub, primarily due to its location at a railroad intersection. More recently, it has developed as strong tourism and hospitality sector based around the Elvis Presley birthplace and Natchez Trace. The city has also been successful at attracting manufacturing, retail and distribution operations (see 'Industry' section below).[42]
Tupelo's current mayor is Todd Jordan. The Tupelo Council is made up of seven representatives, each elected from single-member districts. They annually elect the president of the council on a rotating basis. In 2021, the President of the Tupelo City Council is Travis Beard. Other council members are Janet Gaston, Rosie Jones, Chad Mims, Buddy Palmer, Lynn Bryan, and Nettie Davis.[50]
Tupelo Public School District is the school district for the vast majority of Tupelo.[51] It participates in the Chromebook Distribution Policy, which means students in grades 6 to 12 are each given a school-owned Google Chromebook to use during the school year. In 2008, Sports Illustrated ranked the high school athletic department as the third-best high school athletic program in the nation. Tupelo High School is the largest public high school in Mississippi with a total of 1,931 students enrolled during the 2018–2019 school year.[52] [53]
Some portions of Tupelo are zoned to the Lee County School District.[51]
For post-secondary education, the city has satellite campuses of the University of Mississippi, Itawamba Community College, and the Mississippi University for Women.
The local daily newspaper is the Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal. Tupelo is also served by the weekly Lee County Courier.[54]
Tupelo is home to three television stations serving the 133rd-ranked designated market area among 210 markets nationwide as determined by Nielsen Media Research: WTVA (9), an NBC and ABC affiliate; and WLOV (27), a CW affiliate. Both stations are located on Beech Springs Road and were controlled by Frank K. Spain until his death on April 25, 2006.
The Christian fundamentalist American Family Association is located in Tupelo, and operates the national American Family Radio network and the OneNewsNow news service.
Tupelo is served by BNSF Railway and Kansas City Southern Railway for freight transportation via rail.
U.S. Route 45, U.S. Route 78, U.S. Route 278, and Natchez Trace Parkway run through Tupelo; Interstate 22 runs north of the city on an east–west route.
The city is served by Tupelo Regional Airport, with service on Contour Airlines.
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