| Guanzhong dialect | |
| Also Known As: | Xi'anese |
| Nativename: | 西安話 Xǐ'ngǎnhuā |
| States: | China |
| Region: | Guanzhong, Shaanxi |
| Speakers: | ? |
| Familycolor: | Sino-Tibetan |
| Fam2: | Sinitic |
| Fam3: | Chinese |
| Fam4: | Mandarin |
| Fam5: | Central Plains |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
| Glotto: | xian1253 |
The Guanzhong dialect (Chinese: s=关中话|t=關中話|p=Guānzhōnghuà) is a dialect of Central Plains Mandarin spoken in Shaanxi's Guanzhong region, including the prefecture-level capital city of Xi'an. Since the speech of Xi'an is considered the prototypical Guanzhong speech, the Guanzhong dialect is sometimes referred to as Xi'anese (or).
The varieties spoken in northern and southern Shaanxi differ from that of Guanzhong, such as that of Hanzhong, which is a Southwestern Mandarin lect, more closely related to Sichuanese.[1]
In general, the Guanzhong dialect can be classified into two sub-dialects: the Xifu dialect, or the 'dialect of the western prefectures', which is spoken in the west of Xi'an, in Baoji of Shaanxi Province; Tianshui, Qingyang, Pingliang, Longnan of Gansu Province; and south of Guyuan of Ningxia Province, and the Dongfu dialect, or the 'dialect of the eastern prefectures', spoken in Xi'an, Weinan, Tongchuan, Xianyang and Shangluo of Shaanxi Province.
Due to the prevalence of Standard Mandarin in urban areas such as Xi'an, the younger generations tend to speak Standard Mandarin or Guanzhong-accented Standard Mandarin. Due to the lexical and grammatical similarities between Northern Mandarin varieties, attrition of these dialects is more serious. Authorities have moved in to document the local dialects to preserve them.[2] [3]
Although Xi'an was established by the 11th century BCE,[4] the modern Mandarin dialect spoken likely has very little relation to Zhou, Qin, or Han Dynasty speech, as Old Mandarin originated in the Yuan Dynasty.[5] A recorded 73.5% of young people in Xi'an city can proficiently utilise the dialect.[6] The remainder of this article describes the urban variety of Xi'an.
Note: The following is a description of the lect of urban Xi'an, and should not be used as a generalization of all of Guanzhong.
Like other Mandarin dialects, Xi'anese is tonal has a strict CGVN syllable structure. The following is an outline of phonemes as seen in the speech of younger speakers, with romanization adapted from Hanyu Pinyin.[7]
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ ⟨m⟩ | pronounced as /link/ ⟨n⟩ | pronounced as /link/ ⟨ng⟩ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | Aspirated | pronounced as /link/ ⟨p⟩ | pronounced as /link/ ⟨t⟩ | pronounced as /link/ ⟨k⟩ | ||
| Unaspirated | pronounced as /link/ ⟨b⟩ | pronounced as /link/ ⟨d⟩ | pronounced as /link/ ⟨g⟩ | |||
| Affricate | Aspirated | pronounced as /link/ ⟨c⟩ | pronounced as /link/ ⟨ch⟩ | pronounced as /link/ ⟨q⟩ | ||
| Unaspirated | pronounced as /link/ ⟨z⟩ | pronounced as /link/ ⟨zh⟩ | pronounced as /link/ ⟨j⟩ | |||
| Fricative | Voiceless | pronounced as /link/ ⟨f⟩ | pronounced as /link/ ⟨s⟩ | pronounced as /link/ ⟨sh⟩ | pronounced as /link/ ⟨x⟩ | pronounced as /link/ ⟨h⟩ |
| Voiced | pronounced as /link/ ⟨v⟩ | pronounced as /link/ ⟨r⟩ | ||||
Older speakers may also have a pair of labiodental affricates pronounced as //pf pfʰ//.
| Glide / Nucleus | ∅ | ɑ | ɛ | ɤ | o | ei | ɑu | ou | ẽ | æ̃ | əŋ | ɑŋ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∅ | ɿ ⟨i⟩ | ʅ ⟨i⟩ | ɑ ⟨a⟩ | ɛ ⟨ai⟩ | ɤ ⟨e⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ | ei ⟨ei⟩ | ɑu ⟨au⟩ | ou ⟨ou⟩ | ẽ ⟨en⟩ | æ̃ ⟨an⟩ | əŋ ⟨eng⟩ | ɑŋ ⟨ang⟩ | |
| i | i ⟨i⟩ | iɑ ⟨ia⟩ | iɛ ⟨ie⟩ | iɑu ⟨iao⟩ | iou ⟨iu⟩ | iẽ ⟨in⟩ | iæ̃ ⟨ian⟩ | iŋ ⟨ing⟩ | iɑŋ ⟨iang⟩ | |||||
| u | u ⟨u⟩ | uɑ ⟨ua⟩ | uɛ ⟨uai⟩ | uo ⟨uo⟩ | uei ⟨ui⟩ | uẽ ⟨un⟩ | uæ̃ ⟨uan⟩ | uŋ ⟨ung⟩ | uɑŋ ⟨uang⟩ | |||||
| y | y ⟨ü⟩ | yɛ ⟨üe⟩ | yo ⟨üo⟩ | yẽ ⟨ün⟩ | yæ̃ ⟨üan⟩ | yŋ ⟨üng⟩ | ||||||||
Some older speakers may have an irregular pronounced as //ɯ// rime for some words with the pronounced as //ɤ// (e) final.
Erhua in Xi'an's local variety is rhotic. All rimes have the potential to undergo erhua aside from er and pronounced as //ɯ//. Note that, as per Sinological IPA, pronounced as //r// refers to an approximant pronounced as /[ɹ ~ ɻ]/.
| Plain rime | Erhua rime | |
|---|---|---|
| i (pronounced as //ɿ ʅ//), ei, en, eng | pronounced as //ər// | |
| i (pronounced as //i//), in, ing | pronounced as //iər// | |
| u, ui, uen, ung | pronounced as //uər// | |
| ü, üen, üng | pronounced as //yər// | |
| a, ai, an, ang | pronounced as //ɑr// | |
| ia, ian, iang | pronounced as //iɑr// | |
| uo, uai, uan, uang | pronounced as //uɑr// | |
| üan | pronounced as //yɑr// | |
| ie | pronounced as //iɛr// | |
| üe | pronounced as //yɛr// | |
| e | pronounced as //ɤr// | |
| o | pronounced as //or// | |
| uo | pronounced as //uor// | |
| üo | pronounced as //yor// | |
| au | pronounced as //ɑur// | |
| iau | pronounced as //iɑr// | |
| ou | pronounced as //our// | |
| iu | pronounced as //iour// |
The speech of Xi'an has four tones and one neutral tone. It also has tone sandhi system.
| Traditional name | Tone value | Diacritic | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dark level | 21 /˨˩/ | caron (ǎ) | |
| Light level | 24 /˨˦/ | acute (á) | |
| Rising | 53 /˥˧/ | grave (à) | |
| Departing | 44 /˦/ | macron (ā) |
Like many other Northern Mandarin varieties, the variety lacks a checked tone, and instead distributes it regularly in its other tone categories.
Two syllables with dark level tones spoken in succession results in the prior's tone mutating into 24 /˨˦/.
| Term | Pinyin | IPA | Gloss | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kěhuǎ → kéhuǎ | pronounced as /kʰɛ˨˩꜕꜓ xua˨˩/ | 'to blossom' | ||
| dǒngběi → dóngběi | pronounced as /tuŋ˨˩꜕꜓ pei˨˩/ | 'northeast' |
Two syllables with rising tones spoken in succession or a rising tone followed by a neutral tone results in the prior's tone mutating into 21 /˨˩/.
| Term | Pinyin | IPA | Gloss | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| shòubiào → shǒubiào | pronounced as /ʂou˥˧꜕꜖ piau˥˧/ | 'wristwatch' | ||
| bàoxiàn → bǎoxiàn | pronounced as /pau˥˧꜕꜖ ɕiæ̃˥˧/ | 'insurance' | ||
| làohu → lǎohu | pronounced as /lau˥˧꜕꜖ xu/ | 'tiger' |
A departing tone that has an erhua suffix is realised as 53 /˥˧/.
| Term | Pinyin | IPA | Gloss | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| jīngr → jìngr | pronounced as /tɕiŋr˦꜒꜔/ | 'mirror' | ||
| yǐpānr → yǐpànr | pronounced as /i˨˩ pæ̃r˦꜒꜔/ | 'half' |
Certain tones, in syllables that are reduplicated and with erhua applied, undergo sandhi on the second syllable. The dark level and rising tones both is realised as 24 /˨˦/ and the departing tone becomes 53 /˥˧/.
| Term | Pinyin | IPA | Gloss | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| qǐngqǐngr → qǐngqíngr | pronounced as /tɕʰiŋ˨˩ tɕʰiŋr˨˩꜕꜓/ | 'light' | ||
| duànduànr → duànduánr | pronounced as /tuæ̃˥˧ tuæ̃˥˧꜕꜓/ | 'short' | ||
| dādār → dādàr | pronounced as /ta˦ tar˦꜒꜔/ | 'large' |
Note: The following is a description of the lect of urban Xi'an, and is largely irrelevant to other lect areas.
The speech in all districts of Xi'an except for Yanliang is often considered part of Xi'an's urban variety. This lect, like other Sinitic languages, shows differences between urban and suburban dialects. Generational differences are also present.
The varieties in suburban parts of Xi'an have certain phonological differences to that of the urban center.
The urban alveolar plosives pronounced as //t tʰ//, when followed by pronounced as //i//, palatalize in some parts of Baqiao District.
| Urban | Dizhai Subdistrict | Gloss | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pronounced as /tiæ̃˨˩/ | pronounced as /tɕiæ̃˨˩/ | 'to take' | ||
| pronounced as /ti˦/ | pronounced as /tɕi˦/ | 'ground' |
In Dizhai, the labiodental affricates pronounced as //pf pfʰ// are realised as pronounced as //tsʮ tsʰʮ//.
| Urban (Old) | Dizhai Subdistrict | Gloss | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pronounced as /pfu˨˩/ | pronounced as /tsʮ˨˩/ | 'pig' | ||
| pronounced as /pfʰʮ˨˩/ | pronounced as /tsʰʮ˨˩/ | 'to go out' |
In many parts of suburban Xi'an, the pronounced as //i// vowel breaks into pronounced as //ei// after labiodental fricatives pronounced as //f v//.
The speech of the youth shows clear influence from Standard Mandarin. The two most noticeable differences are as follows:
Young people's speech merges the labiodental pronounced as //pf pfʰ f v// initials with the retroflex pronounced as //tʂ tʂʰ ʂ ʐ// series in certain situations.
| Old | New | Beijing | Gloss | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pronounced as /pfu˨˩/ | pronounced as /tʂu˨˩/ | zhū | 'pig' | ||
| pronounced as /pfʰæ̃˨˩/ | pronounced as /tʂʰuæ̃˨˩/ | chuān | 'to wear' | ||
| pronounced as /fu˨˩/ | pronounced as /ʂu˨˩/ | shū | 'book' | ||
| pronounced as /væ̃˥˧/ | pronounced as /ʐæ̃˥˧/ | ruǎn | 'soft' |
Young people's speech breaks the pronounced as //i// vowel after labiodental fricatives pronounced as //f v//.
| Old | New | Beijing | Gloss | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pronounced as /fi˨˦/ | pronounced as /fei˨˦/ | féi | 'fat' | ||
| pronounced as /vi˦/ | pronounced as /vei˦/ | wèi | 'flavor' |
The Muslim Hui people differ from the speech of the Han Chinese primarily in terms of vocabulary. These differences can be seen in, for instance, familial terms and terminology from the Qur'an.