| Conflict: | Grovestins' cavalry raid in 1712 |
| Partof: | the War of the Spanish Succession |
| Date: | 10 June 1712 - 21 June 1712 |
| Place: | Champage, Three Bishoprics |
| Result: | Dutch victory |
| Commander1: | Frederik Sirtema van Grovestins |
| Commander2: | Pomponne de Refuge |
| Strength1: | 1,833 men-strong raiding party |
| Strength2: | 200 men-strong Metz garrison |
Grovestins' Cavalry Raid was a cavalry expedition in Northern France by a brigade of the Dutch States Army between 10 June 1712 and 28 July 1712 under the command of Major-General Frederik Sirtema van Grovestins during the final stages of the War of the Spanish Succession.
Cavalry raids were part of a strategy used by both sides in the war known by the French term Petite Guerre. They were used to intentionally terrorize the civilian population in disputed areas, or areas under enemy occupation; to attack the supply lines of the enemy and his supply stores; and to capture war booty to help finance the own war effort. One of the methods used in the context of this strategy was to exact so-called Contributions. These can be defined as extorted sums of money that the authorities in affected communities were forced to promise to pay to ward off the pillage and burning of their villages and cities (also called brandschatting in Dutch). Such promises were laid down in formal treaties between the extorted authorities and the raiders and usually were secured by the taking of hostages, or the threat of actual violence in case of non-compliance. The practice was so widespread that local authorities usually allowed the afflicted citizens to offset the contributions with the taxes they normally paid. In that way only the government was affected by lost revenue.[1] The motivation for the Grovestins' Raid was such a case of "non-compliance" with a "contribution" agreed in 1708 with the Intendant des finances of the French province of Champagne and the areas of the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun. The dioceses claimed they owed their contributions to the Palatinate, and not to the Dutch Republic. This, however, failed to persuade the Dutch. The perceived default motivated the States General of the Netherlands to order the incursion in the areas mentioned to exact payment of the overdue "contributions".
The raid was planned by Grovestins and authorized by Prince Eugene who was supreme commander of the Allied forces at this time. The action took place just before the Battle of Denain, that would be catastrophic for the Allied cause. Grovestins' brigade of cavalry of about 1800 troopers (hussars and dragoons) departed from the Allied camp near Le Cateau-Cambrésis in the evening of 10 June 1712, and followed the following route through the North of France: Proisy, Vervins, Crécy-sur-Serre, Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne, Suippes, Sainte-Menehould, Saint-Mihiel, Xivray, Pont-à-Mousson, Nomeny, Metz, Boulay, Trarbach, Lötzbeuren, Koblenz, Andernach, Bonn, Aachen, Maastricht, Leuven, Brussels, to finally end up in Tournai, where the Allied army was encamped after Denain, on 28 July 1712.[2] They traveled a total of 800 km (500 miles) in 48 days.
The actual "fighting part" of the Raid took, however, only 11 days and ended on 21 June in the town of Lötzbeuren in the Rhineland-Palatinate, which was beyond the reach of the French. The remaining 37 days were spent at a leisurely pace, with a number of rest days interspersed.[3] The first action took place on 11 June when the town of Vervins, after initially having refused entry, was persuaded to submit to the contribution, without a fight.[4] Next day a detachment of the brigade reached Crécy-sur-Serre where the annual fair was coincidentally just being held. Hussars started looting the town causing a panic. The population threatened armed resistance, but the colonel commanding the detachment ordered the town to be put to the torch. The looting that followed resulted in the capture of 80 fat oxen. But in hindsight the action was more of a failure, as a number of important personages, among whom the Archbishop of Reims, who had been at the fair, were able to escape, depriving Grovestins of valuable hostages.[5]
Also on 12 June the town of Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne was reached by the main force of the brigade. Initially there was a stand-off as the inhabitants raised the drawbridge. But then the inhabitants sent out the priest to negotiate. It was agreed that the troops would be able to march unmolested through the town, with the priest as a voluntary hostage for good behavior. So the affair ended without unpleasantness. Something similar happened later in the day in Suippes, which town surrendered without a fight after intercession by the local priest, and submitted to the contribution the next morning.[6]
On 13 June the town of Sainte-Menehould was reached which also initially appeared to be ready to offer resistance. But with a lot of threats and intimidation the magistrate was persuaded to submit after all, and to give up a few hostages. The next day the territory of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, who was considered friendly to the Dutch, was reached. To avoid endangering these good relations Grovestins ordered his troops to be on their best behavior, and not to harm the people in any way. When near St. Mihiel a trooper disobeyed this order, he was summarily executed as an example.[7]
In St. Mihiel Grovestins was received with great honors by the local governor and after a few hours of exchanges of pleasantries the brigade passed through the city without incident. In Xivray a messenger of the Duke promised assistance with revictualling and the brigade marched peacefully on until on 15 June the Moselle was crossed again without incident at Pont-à-Mousson. The same day Nomeny, was reached where the Selle was crossed.[8]
On 16 June the brigade reached the heights of St. Barbe, overlooking the fortress city of Metz. The acting governor of Metz, the Marquis de Refuge, let his troops man the Covertway, and opened fire on the Dutch with his cannon. Grovestins therefore first tried to negotiate, sending a parlimentaire, which led to an exchange of polite, but threatening, letters, but not to the desired result. Grovestins thereupon posted a blocking force on the road to the fortress city of Verdun where a large French force was known to be present. Next he sent a detachment of hussars to torch the suburbs of Metz. Other detachments did the same to the surrounding countryside where several chateaus and villages were put to the torch. The French garrison had to look on, powerless to do anything about it, as several sorties were easily repulsed by the Dutch. The main Dutch force remained on St. Barbe, where a number of local landowners came by to ask for Safe conduct, which was in all cases granted. The troops that were stationed in Verdun (about 1200 troopers in three detachments in Grovestins estimation) the whole day made no attempt to intervene. When the detachments that Grovestins had sent out to pillage and burn returned that evening they brought a large number of hostages and rich booty. That day 18 castles and 35 villages were destroyed in the countryside around Metz. After these depradations the brigade left St. Barbe in the evening without having been molested.[9]
On 17 June the brigade reached the Saar. The river was flanked by a number of redoubts, intended to prevent its crossing. Grovestins summoned the nearest one to keep quiet, and the garrison agreed, so that the Dutch vanguard could start fording the river. The current was strong, and only got stronger when the governor of the fortress at Saarlouis had the sluices opened. But that night the crossing was successfully concluded. The next day the 25 soldiers in the redoubt that had agreed not to open fire the previous day, opened fire anyway, which led to a number of losses. But the withering fire the Dutch returned soon put an end to this.[10] The brigade then continued along the Hunsrück, giving Saarlouis a wide berth. The commander of Saarlouis sent out strong patrols to reconnoiter, but these left the Dutch unmolested. After two more days (one of which they used to rest up) they reached Lötzbeuren on 21 June.[11]
They amassed a large amount of war booty and new "contributions" on the way. On the other hand, Grovestins had about 40 villages put to the torch without mercy,[12] to follow up on the threat of brandschatting that had been ignored by the French Intendant.[13] Meanwhile, the threat of the expedition was even felt by king Louis XIV of France himself, who even appears to have considered moving from Versailles to the safety of Chambord when the panic was greatest.
The Dutch losses were relatively light: 165 men and 359 horses.[14]
After the Raid Grovestins was ordered to take up the governorship of the fortress of Bouchain again, where he soon was besieged by Villars. He was forced to surrender and made a prisoner of war. The French so admired his conduct, however, that Villars allowed him to be paroled and to travel back to the Dutch Republic for three months, after which he returned to comfortable imprisonment.[15]
The Raid itself was avenged by Jacques Pastur who between 24 and 28 August 1712 conducted his own cavalry raid to the Generality Lands of the Dutch Republic with 1500 dragoons, where he also took hostages to enforce his own contributions, imposed on the North Brabant countryside, and put the city of Tholen to the torch in retaliation.[16]