Grove Road Cemetery, Harrogate Explained

Grove Road Cemetery, Harrogate
Established:[1]
Closed:-->
Location:Grove Road, Harrogate
Country:England
Coordinates:54.0003°N -1.5358°W
Type:Public, Anglican, military graves, memorial
Owner:Harrogate Borough Council
Website:Grove Road Cemetery
Findagraveid:2437158

Grove Road Cemetery, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, was formerly known as Harrogate Cemetery. It was established in 1864 after the spa town expanded and the graveyard at Christ Church became full. The cemetery once had a pair of chapels with spires, designed by Thomas Charles Sorby. Although they were admired by local residents who felt it enhanced the town view, they were demolished in 1958. However the lodge and gates, also designed by Sorby, remain.

The cemetery contains more than thirty military graves and memorials of those who died in service, including those who did heroic deeds, those who suffered accidents, and those who died of the 1918 influenza, many of them in their twenties or thirties. They include the grave of Sergeant Major Robert Johnston, who took part in the Charge of the Light Brigade. There is also the "Bilton Boys" monument to eleven soldiers from Bilton and High Harrogate, who died in the First World War. There are various elaborate memorials in the cemetery, dedicated to the town's worthies, such as Robert Ackrill, George Dawson, Richard Ellis and David Simpson, who contributed much to the town, besides gravestones of significant local artists, architects and historians. Also of interest are the gravestones of former slave Thomas Rutling and long-distance kayaker Fridel Dalling-Hay.

Grove Road Cemetery has suffered several issues in the past three decades, such as the death of six-year-old Reuben Powell, who was killed by a falling tombstone while playing there. The incident initiated the felling of thousands of cemetery memorials across England, which continued for several years until the panic ceased and councils were advised to use discretion regarding historical monuments and consideration of the bereaved. There has also been an issue of dog-fouling across the graveyard.

Early history

By 1861, Harrogate was a growing town which needed a second cemetery in addition to the one attached to Christ Church. On 20 June 1861 the Harrogate Improvement Commissioners discussed the matter at the Town Hall, and approved the site between the present Grove Road, and the line of the former North Eastern Railway Company. The 4.5acres site for Harrogate Cemetery (later to be called Grove Road Cemetery) was purchased in 1862. The commissioners specified "two chapels, a lodge [and] a surrounding wall with gates". It was to be laid out as per their instructions, with the western half of the plot reserved for Anglican interments, and the eastern half for non-denominational burials. The competition for the design was announced in August 1862, and Thomas Charles Sorby won a premium of £20 for his design of "delightful little gothic buildings". The total cost by 1863 was £5,000 .[2]

Chapels and lodge

The cemetery once had two chapels with spires, designed by Thomas Charles Sorby (1836–1924) of London,[3] at a cost of £5,000. The chapel doors faced roughly south towards the main graveyard area, with the cemetery gates on Grove Road behind the two buildings. John Peele Clapham laid the foundation stone for the non-denominational chapel (the right hand one in the picture) on 23 May 1863. One of the ministers who spoke at the ceremony was Rev. John Henry Gavin, the first minister of West Park Congregational Church, Harrogate.[4] Gavin was to be buried there himself at age 38 in 1868. Having processed from the National School to the cemetery with interested parties including eleven clergymen and various Burial Board members, the Bishop of Ripon consecrated the episcopalian half of the cemetery and the Anglican chapel (on the left in the picture) on 23 April 1864.[5] Although the Harrogate Historical Society noted that the chapels formed an "attractive feature in the landscape",[6] they were both demolished in 1958 to create more burial space.[7]

The lodge was sold following a resolution by Harrogate Borough Council in 2016.[8]

21st-century events

Graveyard incident

At 7:30pm on Friday, 7 July 2000, six-year-old Reuben Powell died when playing in Grove Road Cemetery with "many" other children. A 5feet, hundred-year-old gravestone "fell to the ground, trapping him underneath ... it took three men to lift the slab off Reuben's body".[9] Safety officers said later that, "only a small push or tug would have been needed to dislodge the heavy sandstone slab".[10] There had been previous such incidents in graveyards, but it was this one which had far-reaching consequences.

Harrogate Council had already carried out a safety survey of Grove Road Cemetery in 1999. This was "part of a memorial safety audit on all ten council-run cemetery sites in Harrogate".[11] In consequence, the council had been "carrying out a programme of improving safety in cemeteries [which] was expected to take several years". Soon after the incident, Councillor Michael Johnston said, "Parents should discourage their children from playing in graveyards". An enquiry into the incident was instigated.[9] The inquest took place on 18 April 2001. The coroner Jeremy Cave ruled that it was an accidental death, and said that he "hoped lessons will be learned". Councils then feared a "legal test case over unsafe gravestones", because the child's parents had said that, "the council had failed to act soon enough to prevent their son's death, and possibly others". Harrogate Council hastened to speed up their five-year safety programme in cemeteries,[10] and it promptly "had 6,000 potentially unsafe slabs placed on the ground".[12]

The incident at Grove Road Cemetery affected many other graveyards, whose gravestones were soon lying flat in response to Coroner Cave's ruling that lessons should be learned. For example, at St Andrew's Church, Aysgarth, Richmondshire, many of its hundreds of gravestones were uprooted and laid down, causing distress to the bereaved of the parish. However its congregation, assisted by the researches of Alastair Dinsdale, argued that the safety problem had been caused by modern limestone mortar or cement which was soon weakened by weathering. They advocated a return to the 19th-century, deep, gravel-filled trench, into which the stone was "battered" in, making it as "solid as a rock". They said the solution was urgent because "If they are left face upwards the water and ice gets into the inscriptions and damages them".[12]

Following the Grove Road Cemetery incident, an improvement notice was served on Harrogate Council, "requiring it to accelerate its memorial testing programme". Seeing this, many councils feared claims of maladministration if they did not lay down their gravestones quickly. A 2010 study by Luke Bennett and Carolyn Gibbeson suggested that some over-zealous councils, possibly spurred on by the insurance industry, had risked damaging historical artefacts and distressing the bereaved, because the monuments were left lying and were not reinstated. On some occasions there had been complaints, by the bereaved and by newspapers, of desecration. By 2010 the panic was subsiding. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE), which had advised the laying down of the stones, revised its position to say that "cemetery owners should have regard to their own industry best practice on the issue", and later revised it again, to say that "the memorial safety risk should be seen in context – and the issue handled with the utmost sensitivity", supporting a consistory court decision in Leicester, 2006. However, as of 2022, many gravestones were still not reinstated.[13] Grove Road Cemetery was tidied by the council in 2021, but it still had some monuments lying down.[14]

Dog fouling

In February 2022, a mother tending the 1997 grave of her five-year-old daughter in Grove Road Cemetery was distressed to see a dog "defecating over all the graves". The dog had been brought into the cemetery by its owner who let the animal off its lead and sat on a cemetery bench.[15] Although only guide dogs are permitted in the cemetery, and other dogs are banned by Harrogate Council signs, as of 2022 there were "multiple complaints of fouling" on the site by dogs who were let off their leads. Council dog wardens responded:[16]

Please remember this is not an area for walking your dog. It is a graveyard where people will want to pay their respects to their loved ones. Please be considerate of this ... Our aim is to keep the district clear of dog fouling and stray dogs through an effective cleaning regime, encouragement, education and enforcement of responsible dog ownership. We regularly clean up badly fouled public areas and streets and maintain more than 250 dog waste bins and 1,000 litter bins.[16]

Bilton Boys War Memorial

In 2018, the "Bilton Boys" monument to eleven soldiers of Bilton and High Harrogate, who were killed during the First World War, was discovered by councillor Paul Haslam in the undergrowth of Grove Road Cemetery. It had originally stood in the grounds of the former Methodist chapel in Grove Road, and had been relocated across the road to the cemetery when the chapel was converted into flats. The white marble monument was in a degraded and dismantled condition, lying "almost forgotten" on a pallet, with its bronze soldier figure missing.[17] Following a campaign by Haslam, the monument was restored at an estimated cost of £25,000,[17] and reinstated inside the cemetery. Its bronze soldier was replaced with a cap. Wreaths were laid on the monument on Remembrance Day, 2021.[18] The names recorded on the monument are: Fred W.C. Horner, Reginald Jones, Charles V. Bell, John W. Fishburn, Percie Balme, Willie Hutchinson, Herbert Gibson, Geoffrey G. Hewson, Henry M. Partridge, C.A. Arrowsmith, and Reginald Burnett.[19]

Individual military memorials

Grove Road Cemetery contains 37 identified casualties from the First and Second World Wars,[20] including at least 32 Commonwealth war graves relating to the First World War, and four from the Second World War, plus other military graves and memorials.[21]

Gustaaf Adolphe Bekaert

Soldaat 1 kl Gustaaf Adolphe Bekaert (25 September 1880 – 4 March 1915), of the 6th Belgian Light Infantry, or Belgian Land Component,[22] a master linen weaver of Ghent in civil life, is buried in Grove Road Cemetery. He was "struck in the neck and lungs by shrapnel" while defending a fort at Antwerp. He was taken to hospital at Ostend, then transferred to Harrogate Hospitals, where his cousin was one of his fellow refugees.[23] His decease at Beaulieu Hospital was the first death of a wounded soldier at the Harrogate Military Hospitals. His funeral included a two-and-a-half-hour mass at St Robert's Church, Harrogate, and was the second military funeral of the war, to take place in Harrogate. His wife and child had been left behind in Ghent.[24] His funeral was attended by "many of the Belgian refugees, as well as many of the Belgian soldiers in the town".[23] [25]

The cortege was preceded by a number of Belgian soldiers from hospitals in the town, at the head of whom floated the Belgian flag, surmounted by a pennon of black crêpe. About a 100 Belgian refugees, mostly wearing black armlets crossed by the Belgian national colours, took part in the procession. The Mayor of Harrogate was among those who followed ... The procession from (St Robert's Catholic Church) to the cemetery was headed by the Yorkshire Hussars band playing the Dead March in Saul. Volleys were fired over the grave by a detachment of the Yorkshire Hussars, and the buglers gave The Last Post.[25]

Lieutenant Donald Simpson Bell

See main article: Donald Simpson Bell. In 2016, a privately owned memorial stone dedicated to First World War casualty Lieutenant Donald Simpson Bell VC (1890–1916),of the Yorkshire Regiment, was discovered in a dilapidated state, in Grove Road Cemetery, by William Thompson. Bell was a Harrogate-born teacher, and a professional footballer for Bradford Park Avenue, who won the VC by taking out a machine gun position and killing its operators.[26] He is buried at Gordon Dump Cemetery.[27] [28] [29]

4th Officer Alfred Morris Briglin

Fourth Officer Alfred Morris Briglin, of the Merchant Navy, served on the PSS Franz Ferdinand, and died of disease at Simla on 25 July 1916, aged 46 years.[30] [31] He is listed on the Basra Memorial.[32]

Private Alfred Bruce

Private Alfred Bruce (– 19 February 1915) of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry drowned aged 21 years in Lincolnshire.[33] He was one of seven soldiers who died in the gyme, at Morton near Gainsborough, while under training to construct pontoons next to deep water in the River Trent.[34] Although coroner Gamble's verdict at the inquest was "accidentally drowned", Gamble said he "was astounded that the work should be carried out at such a dangerous place". The jury regretted that "Captain Hirst and the men under him were inexperienced in raft-building, that the area of the raft was insufficient for the number of men carried, and that the provision for life-saving was inadequate", although they commended the efforts of those who tried to save them.[35]

Bruce had been a promising student, an amateur footballer, a member of two choirs, and a soldier. The funeral took place with military honours on 23 February 1915. "A vast crowd of sympathetic people assembled along King's Road to St Luke's Church", where a "special service" took place. "The firing party from the Yorkshire Hussars lined up in front of the north entrance to the church, and as the cortège drew up presented arms. The coffin was enveloped in the Union Jack and surmounted by a number of choice wreaths". The Harrogate Herald described Bruce's last journey:[36]

On leaving the church the clergy and surpliced choir headed the procession to the cemetery, which also included a detachment of the 11th Batt. K.O.Y.L.I. stationed at Harrogate, comprising Lieutenant Swann, a sergeant, corporal, and 20 men, the firing party from the Yorkshire Hussars with reversed arms, buglers from the 11th Batt. K.O.Y.L.I., and a bearer party from the deceased's regiment, the 4th Battalion K.O.Y.L.I. The paths along both sides of Grove Road to the cemetery gates were crowded with people, and a large number gathered in the cemetery. [After the graveside service] the firing party then shot three rounds over the open grave, and the Last Post was sounded by the buglers.[36]

3rd Class Walter Ernest Cartman

Air Mechanic 3rd Class Walter Ernest Cartman (31 July 1889 – 26 October 1918) of the Royal Air Force was from Harrogate, and had been an assistant music hall manager before his military career. He was killed in the First World War, aged 29.[37]

Private Arthur Halliday

Private Arthur Halliday (– 2 December 1917), of the Canadian Expeditionary Force,[38] had been a Saskatchewan barber in civil life. He died aged 27 years in No.11 Canadian General Hospital, Moore Barracks, Shorncliffe, Kent. He had been sent home from the front after receiving a "gunshot wound in the back". He recovered physically, but was transferred from the Bromley Convalescent Hospital with "a neurasthetic condition, and required observation as to his nervous condition". During World War I, being "shot in the back" was a synonym for cowardice (which today might be understood to be PTSD),[39] and Halliday "begged very hard not to be sent home" to Canada. At the Canadian General Hospital he made several attempts at suicide, first with poison, and then by taking a razor from a fellow patient and cutting his own throat. The inquest returned a verdict of "suicide whilst temporarily insane".[40]

Private Albert Ernest Hart

Private Albert Ernest Hart (1880 – 5 May 1917) of the Army Service Corps (ASC), worked for Harrogate Gas Company and was a member of the Harrogate Temperance Band for twenty years. He joined the ASC in January 1917, and in May he was still in training in the south of England. He died aged 37 years at Leeds railway station on his way home to Mayfield Terrace, Harrogate, on leave.[41] [42] The inquest found that he had died of coma-pneumonia and pleurisy, with a judgement of natural causes. He left a widow and children who had no other support.[41]

Captain Henry Hall Jackson

The career military man, and Harrogate-born, Captain Henry Hall Jackson MC (28 October 1890 – 28 November 1918), of the 15th The King's Hussars, and later of the RAF, is buried in Grove Road Cemetery.[43] He is also listed on the memorial at Charterhouse School, Godalming.[44] [45]

Sergeant Major Robert Johnston

Sergeant Major Robert Johnston (1833 – 28 November 1882), a "Balaclava hero" of the 8th KRI Hussars, was born in Dublin and took part in the Charge of the Light Brigade. After serving in the military for nearly 23 years, and receiving the Crimea Medal, Johnston retired to the Cottage Hospital in the spa town of Harrogate to improve his health. Although the population of Harrogate was about 12,000 at the time, Johnston's funeral was attended by around 20,000 people.[46] He was buried in Grove Road Cemetery with full military honours. His 2.5-ton monument, sculpted in Bolton Wood stone by Thomas Potts of Harrogate and funded by subscription, was erected in Grove Road Cemetery in December 1885. The monument was described by the Harrogate Advertiser as follows:[47]

At the base of the stone is an elaborate carving of the famous War picture after Landseer, and the manner in which this particular part of the work has been done reflects the greatest credit upon the sculptor, who has spared neither labour nor pains to give the tombstone an imposing and attractive appearance. It is surmounted by a Maltese cross, and stands nearly eight feet in height. The top is worked in "broken ornament" pattern, and the stone is further beautified by small green granite pillars, placed on each side of the description, which reads as follows: This monument was erected by voluntary subscriptions to the memory of Sergeant Major Johnston, late of the 8th KRI Hussars, who died November 28th, 1882, aged 49 years. He was one of the survivors of 'The gallant Six Hundred', in 'The Charge of the Light Brigade', October 25th, 1854, and served in the following engagements with his regiment: Alma, Balaclava, Inkerman, Tchernaya, Bulganak, McKenzie's Farm, Kertch, Tennakale, Kotah, Chundares, Kotahkeserai, Gwalior, Powree, Sindwhad, Koorwye, Koondrye, and Boordah.[47]

John William Kirkbride

Private John William Kirkbride (– 10 April 1916) of the West Yorkshire Regiment (Prince of Wales's Own).[48] Kirkbride, a native of Starbeck, Harrogate, was wounded "in the fighting for the international trench in France". He died, aged 23 years, in the Birminham No.1 Hospital, Rubery Hill.[49]

Lance Corporal John Hector Neil Macmillan

Lance Corporal John Hector Neil Macmillan (29 December 1891 – 12 November 1915), of the Canadian Expeditionary Force,[50] is buried in Grove Road Cemetery. He was a hairdresser and choral singer, and a native of Harrogate. He emigrated to Canada, joined the Canadian infantry, and was shot in the head in the trenches in France. He was brought to England, where he died. He was buried with military honours, with a troop of the Yorkshire Hussars joining the cortège, and two buglers playing the Last Post over the grave. Besides friends and relatives at the funeral were "a large number of members of the congregation of Harrogate Presbyterian Church" and the St Paul's Church Choir.[51]

Sergeant Major Fred Rayner

Sergeant Major Fred Rayner DCM (1880 – 1 May 1918) of the West Yorkshire Regiment won the DCM in January 1917 for "digging men out of demolished trenches under shell fire".[52] He was wounded in France or Belgium during the First World War, and died of his wounds in England, aged 38. He was buried at Grove Road Cemetery with full military honours. He was a clerk from Leeds and Harrogate who served in the army for 22 years, in the South African War and as a Territorial Army instructor.[53] [54]

Willie Rowling

Private James W. "Willie" Rowling (– 11 December 1918), of the West Yorkshire Regiment (Prince of Wales's Own),[55] was "hit on the head by a piece of heavy German shell" in May 1917, but survived the wound. Rowling died at 1 Montpellier Gardens, Harrogate, aged 31, of pneumonia, after catching influenza.[56]

John Stott

Shoeing Smith John Stott (1887 – 12 June 1917), of the Army Service Corps (ASC),[57] lived at 38 Birch Grove, Harrogate, and had a wife and four children. He was a farrier, and served two years on the staff of the ASC in London. He was then kicked by a horse before being diagnosed with tuberculosis, and died in hospital.[58]

Other military memorials

Besides those described in more detail above, others memorialised here who died in service in the First World War are:[59] [60]

Notable civilian burials and memorials

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Burials . harrogate.gov.uk . Harrogate Borough Council . 11 December 2022.
  2. Book: Neesam . Malcolm G. . Wells & Swells, the golden age of Harrogate Spa, 1842–1923, vol.1 . 2022 . Carnegie Publishing . Lancaster, England . 9781859362389 . 1.
  3. Web site: Sorby, Thomas Charles . dictionaryofarchitecturecanada.org . Biographical dictionary of architects in Canada 1800–1950 . 13 December 2022.
  4. News: New cemetery for Harrogate . 13 August 2020 . York Herald . British Newspaper Archive . 2 May 1863 . 5 col.4.
  5. News: Consecration of a new cemetery at Harrogate . 18 August 2020 . Liverpool Daily Post . British Newspaper Archive . 27 April 1864 . 10 col.3.
  6. Web site: Cheal . Tony . The new cemetery . harrogatepeopleandplaces.info . Harrogate Historical Society: Harrogate people and places . 19 August 2020 . 2004.
  7. Book: Old Harrogate Photographs Published In The Harrogate Herald . 1935 . R. Ackrill Ltd . Harrogate.
  8. Web site: Grove Road Cemetery Lodge, Harrogate . democracy.harrogate.gov.uk . Harrogate Borough Council . 11 December 2022 . 2016.
  9. News: Inquiry after boy dies in graveyard . 11 December 2022 . The Northern Echo . 9 July 2000.
  10. News: Wainwright . Martin . Test case likely after boy dies in graveyard . 11 December 2022 . The Guardian . 19 April 2001.
  11. News: Gravestone kills child . 12 December 2022 . The York Press . 8 July 2000.
  12. News: The faithful put country churchyard on road to resurrection . 11 December 2022 . Yorkshire Post . 30 June 2010.
  13. Bennett . Luke . Gibbeson . Carolyn . Perceptions of occupiers' liability risk by estate managers – A case study of memorial safety in English cemeteries . International Journal of Law & the Built Environment . 2010 . 2 . 1 . 76–93 . 10.1108/17561451011036531 . 12 December 2022. (For Grove Road Cemetery reference, see 3.2 Memorial safety: a policy history, page 8)
  14. Web site: Supporting biodiversity across the Harrogate district . harrogate.gov.uk . Harrogate Borough Council . 11 December 2022 . 14 September 2021.
  15. News: Scheer . Victoria . Grieving Harrogate mum's anger as woman lets her dog poo 'over all the graves' in cemetery . 11 December 2022 . Yorkshire Live . 14 February 2022.
  16. News: Dog wardens issue plea after complaints of dog fouling in Harrogate cemetery . 11 December 2022 . Your Harrogate . 2022.
  17. News: Plummer . John . Campaign to restore Harrogate's 'forgotten' First World War memorial . 11 December 2022 . Stray Ferret . 16 December 2020.
  18. News: War Memorial restored at Grove Road Cemetery in Harrogate . 11 December 2022 . General News, Harrogate . 11 November 2021.
  19. Web site: Grove Road Cemetery Memorial – Harrogate, UK . waymarking.com . Waymarking . 11 December 2022.
  20. Web site: Harrogate (Grove Road) Cemetery . cwgc.org . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . 11 December 2022 . 2022.
  21. Web site: Commonwealth War Graves Grove Road Cemetery . tracesofwar.com . Traces of War . 11 December 2022 . 2022.
  22. Web site: Gustaaf Adolphe Bekaert . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 17 December 2022.
  23. News: Belgian soldier's death. Fatal result of wounds received at Antwerp . 21 December 2022 . Leeds Mercury . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 6 March 1915 . 4 col.3.
  24. News: To our boys on service. The first death of a wounded soldier . 21 December 2022 . Harrogate Herald . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 10 March 1915 . 4 col.2.
  25. News: Military honours at Belgian soldier's funeral . 1 June 2024 . Dundee Evening Telegraph . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 8 March 1915 . 4 col.3.
  26. News: Thompson . William . Letter: Such a sad sight at Grove Road cemetery . 11 December 2022 . Harrogate Advertiser . 29 July 2016.
  27. Web site: 2nd Lieutenant Donald Simpson Bell VC . britishempire.co.uk . The Yorkshire Regiment . 16 December 2022.
  28. Web site: Thomas . Gareth . Donald Simpson Bell: Footballer & VC Recipient . thefootballhistoryboys.com . The Football History Boys . 16 December 2022 . 24 January 2022.
  29. Web site: White . Mr . Remembering the first footballer to earn the V.C. – Donald Simpson Bell . forces-war-records.co.uk . Forces War Records . 16 December 2022 . 4 July 2019.
  30. News: Deaths: Briglin . 16 December 2022 . Leeds Mercury . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 9 August 1916 . 2 col.1.
  31. News: Indian forces casualties . 16 December 2022 . Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore) . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 11 August 1916 . 4 col.3.
  32. Web site: Briglin, Alfred Morris . twgpp.org . The War Graves Photographic Project . 11 December 2022 . 2022.
  33. Web site: A. Bruce . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 17 December 2022.
  34. Web site: A training exercise goes horribly wrong: The tragedy at Gainsborough, 19 February 1915 . westernfrontassociation.com . Western Front Association . 22 December 2022.
  35. News: Harrogate soldier drowned at Gainsboro'. Promising youth cut off . 17 December 2022 . Harrogate Herald . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 24 February 1915 . 8 cols.7–8.
  36. News: Military funeral at Harrogate . 17 December 2022 . Harrogate Herald . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 24 February 1915 . 3 col.5.
  37. Web site: Air Mechanic 3rd Class W E Cartman . astreetnearyou.org . A Street Near You . 15 December 2022.
  38. Web site: Arthur Halliday . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 18 December 2022.
  39. Book: Moore . William . Thin Yellow Line (Wordsworth Military Library) . 1 March 1974 . Leo Cooper Ltd . 978-0850521399 . 1.
  40. News: A soldier's suicide. A sad case. . 21 December 2022 . Folkestone, Hythe, Sandgate & Cheriton Herald . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 8 December 1917 . 7 col.3. Note: the inquest gives Halliday's age at death as 27 years.
  41. News: Our weekly photographic record . 20 December 2022 . Harrogate Herald . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 16 May 1917.
  42. News: The Yorkshire Roll of Honour . 20 December 2022 . Yorkshire Evening Post . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 14 May 1917 . 3 col.4.
  43. Web site: Henry Hall Jackson 1890 – 28/11/1918 . surreyinthegreatwar.org.uk . Surrey in the Great War (Surrey County Council) . 12 December 2022.
  44. Web site: Godalming, Charterhouse School – Chapel WW1 and WW2 . surreyinthegreatwar.org.uk . Surrey in the Great War: A County Remembers . 16 December 2022 . 2017–2019.
  45. Web site: Captain Henry Hall Jackson . cwgc.org . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . 16 December 2022 . 2022.
  46. News: Neesam . Malcolm . Malcolm Neesam History: the colourful past of what could become Harrogate's first mosque . 21 December 2022 . The Stray Ferrett . 11 February 2022.
  47. News: The Late Sergeant Major Johnston . 12 December 2022 . Harrogate Advertiser . 8 December 1885. (This link is a faithful copy of the 1885 newspaper text, which is out of copyright.)
  48. Web site: John W. Kirkbride . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 18 December 2022.
  49. News: Pte John William Kirkbride . 20 December 2022 . Leeds Mercury . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 18 April 1916 . 4 col.6.
  50. Web site: John Hector Neil McMillan . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 18 December 2022.
  51. News: Starbeck hero's death from wounds . 20 December 2022 . Harrogate Herald . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 17 November 1915 . 5 cols 3–4.
  52. News: Regimental Sergt-Major Rayner winds the D.C.M. . 18 December 2022 . Harrogate Herald . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 17 January 1917 . 5 col.4.
  53. News: Obituary of St Major F. Rayner . 15 December 2022 . Yorkshire Evening Post . Lives of the First World War . May 1918.
  54. Web site: Regimental Serjeant Major F Rayner . astreetnearyou.org . A Street Near You . 15 December 2022.
  55. Web site: Willie Rowling . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 18 December 2022.
  56. News: Deaths: Rowling . 18 December 2022 . Yorkshire Evening Post . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 12 December 1918 . 3 col.7.
  57. Web site: John Stott . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 18 December 2022.
  58. News: Farrier John Stott . 18 December 2022 . Harrogate Herald . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 27 June 1917 . 6 col.3.
  59. Web site: Grove Road Cemetery, Harrogate, Yorkshire . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Lives of the First World war (Imperial War Museums) . 11 December 2022.
  60. Web site: Harrogate (Grove Road) Cemetery . astreetnearyou.org . A Street Near You . 11 December 2022.
  61. Web site: George Allinson . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum. Lives of the First World War . 17 December 2022.
  62. Web site: Alfred G. Amos . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 17 December 2022.
  63. Web site: F.H. Botterill . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 17 December 2022.
  64. Web site: Reginald Burnett . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 17 December 2022.
  65. Web site: Fred Coates . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 17 December 2022.
  66. Web site: Alfred Cooke . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 17 December 2022.
  67. Web site: Harold Elliott . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 17 December 2022.
  68. Web site: J.E.J. Farrell . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 17 December 2022.
  69. News: Meath gentleman's death . 17 December 2022 . Drogheda Argus and Leinster Journal . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 24 November 1917. 4 col.1.
  70. News: Recent deaths . 17 December 2022 . Irish Independent . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 22 November 1917 . 6 col.6.
  71. Web site: William Firth . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 17 December 2022.
  72. Web site: George Hainsworth . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 17 December 2022.
  73. News: Air Ministry daily list of December 18th. Died. . 21 December 2022 . Weekly Casualty List (War Office & Air Ministry) . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 24 December 1918.
  74. News: A father's loss . 21 December 2022 . Star Green 'un . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 14 December 1918 . 4 col.1.
  75. Web site: Harry Hainsworth . livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk . Imperial War Museum, Lives of the First World War . 18 December 2022.
  76. Web site: Record details for Harry Hainsworth (Royal Army Ordnance Corps) . forces-war-records.co.uk . Forces War Records . 21 December 2022.
  77. News: Deaths . 21 December 2022 . Yorkshire Evening Post . British Newspaper Archive . subscription . 3 December 1918 . 3 col.6.
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