Grinnell, Iowa Explained

Grinnell, Iowa
Settlement Type:City
Motto:"Jewel of the Prairie"[1]
Mapsize:250px
Pushpin Map:USA
Pushpin Map Caption:Location in the United States
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Type2:County
Subdivision Name2:Poweshiek
Unit Pref:Imperial
Area Footnotes:[2]
Area Total Km2:14.84
Area Land Km2:14.74
Area Water Km2:0.11
Area Total Sq Mi:5.73
Area Land Sq Mi:5.69
Area Water Sq Mi:0.04
Population As Of:2020
Population Total:9564
Population Density Km2:649.06
Population Density Sq Mi:1681.14
Timezone:Central (CST)
Utc Offset:−6
Timezone Dst:CDT
Utc Offset Dst:−5
Elevation M:309
Elevation Ft:1014
Coordinates:41.7436°N -92.7247°W
Postal Code Type:ZIP Codes
Postal Code:50112, 50177
Area Code:641
Blank Name:FIPS code
Blank Info:19-33105
Blank1 Name:GNIS feature ID
Blank1 Info:0457150

Grinnell is a city in Poweshiek County, Iowa, United States. The population was 9,564 at the time of the 2020 census.[3] It is best known for being the home of Grinnell College, as well as being the location of the Merchants' National Bank building, designed by famous architect Louis Sullivan.

History

Grinnell was founded by settlers from New England who were descended from English Puritans of the 1600s.[4] [5] Grinnell was founded in 1854 by four men: Josiah B. Grinnell, a Congregationalist from Vermont; Homer Hamlin, a minister; Henry Hamilton, a surveyor; and Dr. Thomas Holyoke.[6] The city was to be named "Stella," but J. B. Grinnell convinced the others to adopt his name, describing it as rare and concise.[7] Grinnell was incorporated on April 28, 1865,[8] and by 1880, Grinnell had a population of around 2,000. Located at the junction of two railway lines (east–west line of the Rock Island Railroad and the north–south Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway), it is the largest community in Poweshiek County.

Grinnell was a stop on the Underground Railroad from its founding.[9] [10] One of the most famous events occurred in February 1859, when abolitionist John Brown, and 12 slaves he was helping escape to freedom, were hosted by J. B. Grinnell and several other community residents. Because of J. B. Grinnell's efforts to help slaves and end slavery, in 2013, the National Park Service included his gravesite at Hazelwood Cemetery on the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom listings.[11]

The Mormon Trail ran along the southern edge of Grinnell. The trail was traveled by an estimated 100,000 plus travelers from 1846 to 1869, including some 70,000 Mormons escaping religious persecution. The Pioneer Company of 1846–1847 established the first route; from Nauvoo, Illinois, to Salt Lake City. A stone marker memorializes the Mormon Handcart Trail and the grave of a child who died along the trail near Grinnell.[12]

Grinnell is home to Grinnell College, a private liberal arts college, which was established in 1846.

Two major events marked the early years of the community. On June 17, 1882,[13] a violent, estimated, F5 tornado destroyed most of the college campus and much of the community with a death toll of 68, causing up to $1.3 million in total damages (in 1882 USD).[14] [15] In June 1889, fire[16] destroyed most of the downtown area.[17]

Grinnell was home to the Spaulding Manufacturing Company. H. W. Spaulding began making carriages and spring wagons in Grinnell in 1876. In 1909, Spaulding Manufacturing added automobiles to its production line. At one time, the factory was the largest employer in the county. Automobile production ceased at the Spaulding factory in 1916 when it could no longer compete with the cheaper Ford automobile. The Spaulding factory site became home to the Spaulding Center for Transportation/Iowa Transportation Museum, as well as a 77 unit loft apartment complex which opened in 2017.[18]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.64sqmi, of which 5.6sqmi is land and 0.04sqmi is water.[19]

Climate

Grinnell has a humid continental climate with hot humid summers, and cold snowy winters. The precipitation averages 38.19 in (970 mm) yearly. Summers are the rainiest times of year, with over two thirds of the precipitation falling between April and September in an average year.[20]

Demographics

2010 census

As of the census[21] of 2010, there were 9,218 people, 3,567 households, and 2,026 families residing in the city. The population density was 1646.1PD/sqmi. There were 3,844 housing units at an average density of 686.4/sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 91.9% White, 2.0% African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.7% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.2% of the population.

There were 3,567 households, of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.2% were non-families. Of all households 36.8% were made up of individuals, and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.82.

The median age in the city was 35.6 years. 19% of residents were under the age of 18; 21.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.4% were from 25 to 44; 21.9% were from 45 to 64; and 19.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.3% male and 52.7% female.

2000 census

As of the census[22] of 2000, there were 9,105 people, 3,498 households, and 2,067 families residing in the city. The population density was 1825.7sp=usNaNsp=us. There were 3,725 housing units at an average density of 746.9sp=usNaNsp=us. The racial makeup of the city was 94.88% White, 1.04% African American, 0.29% Native American, 2.01% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0.37% from other races, and 1.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.57% of the population.

There were 3,498 households, out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.2% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.9% were non-families. Of all households, 34.7% were made up of individuals, and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.5% under the age of 18, 19.9% from 18 to 24, 22.2% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,625, and the median income for a family was $48,991. Males had a median income of $33,956 versus $23,864 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,939. About 8.9% of families and 13.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

In addition to Grinnell College,[23] other major employers include Grinnell Mutual Reinsurance Company, Grinnell Regional Medical Center, JELD-WEN and Brownell's.[24]

Downtown renovations

In the spring of 2005, Grinnell embarked upon a renovation project to make its downtown area more inviting. It encompassed new water mains, restoration of two-way traffic flow, brick crosswalks in the middle of each block, and more uniform parking spaces in front of downtown businesses. A median strip at each intersection was designed with Grinnell's distinctive Jewel Box pattern. Infrastructure upgrades and aesthetic renovations were also planned for the southern section of the downtown area, to include Commercial Street. Downtown street improvements have continued, and as of 2016, nearly all downtown streets have been redone. Improvements have been made to many business facades. Central Park underwent a major makeover during the summer of 2016, relocating the gazebo and adding a bandstand, public restrooms, and a large group picnic enclosure. In September 2017, Grinnell's first independently owned, boutique hotel (Hotel Grinnell) opened downtown across from Central Park giving visitors luxury accommodations.[25]

Retirement communities

Grinnell is home to two growing retirement communities, the Mayflower community[26] in the middle of town and Seeland Park[27] on the eastern edge. Both communities include housing options for independent living, including duplexes and apartments, and also assisted living accommodations.

Arts and culture

Arts

Architecture

See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Poweshiek County, Iowa.

Grinnell has several notable architectural landmarks:[30] Among them, includes the Merchants' National Bank, designed by architect Louis Sullivan in 1914. The bank is one in a series of small banks, referred to as "Jewel Boxes" designed by Sullivan in the Midwest. The Ricker House was designed by Walter Burley Griffin[31] Marion Mahony Griffin in 1911 and completed in 1912. It was the first of seven houses the Griffins designed for Iowa clients, six of which were built and the other five of which are in Mason City. Ricker House was purchased by Grinnell College in 2000 and is operated as a short-term residence for guests of the college for several years.[32] The house was sold in 2019 and became a private residence.[33]

Festivals and events

Grinnell Farmers Market features locally grown produce, freshly baked goods, honey, jams, plants and flowers, and handmade crafts. The market runs from May 16 through October 14 on Thursday and Saturdays. It is located in Grinnell's Central Park, located at 833 4th Avenue.

Grinnell Games is a weekend family sports festival. Community-organized events include Imagine Grinnell's Half Marathon and 5K Run, the Twilight Bike Criterium, The Amazing Chase, Twilight Trail Run, and the Warrior Run. Grinnell Games draws visitors from across the state with its family-friendly activities, sidewalk sales, live music, and a beer garden on Saturday night.

Media

The Grinnell Herald-Register is a semi-weekly newspaper in Grinnell, Iowa. It was formed on February 13, 1936, after the merger of the Grinnell Herald and Grinnell Register. The Herald was founded on August 16, 1871, as a semi-weekly newspaper, and the Register was founded in 1888. The Grinnell Herald, in turn, was founded as the Poweshiek County Herald on March 18, 1868.

The Poweshiek County Chronicle Republican[34] – often referred to as the Poweshiek County CR or simply The CR – was created in January 2009 as the result of a merger of two newspapers serving other communities in Poweshiek County, the Brooklyn Chronicle and the Montezuma Republican; the Pennysaver, a shopper that had operated in Grinnell, continued, and the new newspaper began incorporating Grinnell news along with its existing coverage of rural Poweshiek County and its communities.

Radio

Government and infrastructure

Education

The first school in Grinnell was founded in 1855.[35] Public schools within the Grinnell–Newburg Community School District[36] include Fairview Elementary School (K-2nd grade for the eastern side of town), Bailey Park Elementary School (K–2nd grade for the western side of town), Davis School (3rd–4th grade), Grinnell–Newburg Middle School (5th–8th grade) and Grinnell–Newburg High School[37] (9th–12th grade). There is one private school, Central Iowa Christian School,[38] which enrolls about 35 students in kindergarten through eighth grade. Grinnell is home to Grinnell College, a private liberal arts college. Iowa Valley Community College[39] also operates a satellite campus on the western edge of Grinnell.

Health care

In 2019, the local hospital became a part of the Unity Point Hospital system. Unity Point Grinnell, formerly known as Grinnell Regional Medical Center, is an acute care hospital licensed for 81 beds. GRMC was established in 1967 after the merger of two hospitals, one step in a century of providers joining to serve the community.[40] Nearly 60 physicians provide care at the medical center.

Library

Drake Community Library opened in November 2009.[41] The library serves as a center of community activities. It has 25 public computers, 3 large meetings rooms, two small study rooms, a variety of seating areas and offers a full range of reading and AV materials. The library is actively working to create a digital archive of local history and make archived photos and documents available on their website. A wide range of photos and documents are available for viewing as part of Digital Grinnell[42] and the Poweshiek History Preservation Project.[43] Area residents can also use the Grinnell College Libraries.[44] In 1901, Joel Stewart[45] funded the construction of the first library in Grinnell, the Stewart Library, which served in that capacity until 2009. The building remains in service today as the headquarters for the Grinnell Area Arts Council.[28] The library also has many eco-friendly structures like clerestory for natural light, flooring and furniture made from recycled materials, water-saving fixtures, permeable pavers, and native landscaping.

Parks and recreation

Grinnell has nine parks that are run by Parks and Recreations, including Arbor Lake, Bailey Park, Central Park, Jaycee Park, Lions Park, Merrill Park, Miller Park, Thomazin Park, and Van Horn Park. Ahrens and Paschall Memorial Park is privately run by the Claude & Dolly Ahrens Foundation.[46] The city boasts three aquatic centers. A small indoor pool is part of the Ahrens Family Center.[47] The Grinnell Mutual Family Aquatic Center[48] is open during the summer months. Area residents also have access to the College Natatoriaum[49] Grinnell and other college athletic facilities.

Museums and art galleries

Grinnell Historical Museum[50] was founded as a community collaborative effort through a contest for community development by the Grinnell Herald Register in 1950. Four women's groups—two chapters of the DAR, the Historical and Literary Club, and the Tuesday Club, took as their project the creation of a museum. People responded enthusiastically; donations included a rope bed, a hair wreath, and the twisted bell clapper from the ruins of the first High School, which had burned. The house the museum is currently situated in was generously donated by Rubie Burton. Displays are of interest to visitors of all ages. The kitchen holds an electric refrigerator made by the Grinnell Washing Machine Company, one of the first 50 made in 1932. There is a Military exhibit with uniforms from the Civil War to the Vietnam war. The Carriage House holds several horse-drawn vehicles built by the Spaulding Carriage Factory in Grinnell.[51]

The Grinnell Area Arts Council (GAAC) building, formerly Stewart Library, includes the Stewart Gallery and features works of local and regional artists. The gallery space includes high ceilings and nice light. The GAAC also includes the Loft Theater and is home to the Grinnell Community Theater. In 2008, the GAAC expanded to space across the street and opened The Stew Makerspace. The Stew Makerspace is a collaboration between the Grinnell Area Arts Council and the Wilson Center for Innovation and Leadership at Grinnell College. Located at 927 Broad Street, the Stew houses spaces for ceramics, woodworking, 3D printing, metal working, laser engraving, and much more.

The Faulconer Gallery (now called the Grinnell College Museum of Art)[52] on the Grinnell College campus features year-round exhibits of regional, national and international artists. The space is inside the Bucksbaum Center for the Arts.

Transportation

Highways

Rail

Grinnell is served by two freight-only railroad lines:

The two lines meet in a diamond near The Peppertree at the Depot Crossing, a railroad-themed restaurant.[54] The Union Pacific line sees 3 trains per day[55] while the IAIS line sees about 2 trains per day.[56]

Airport

See main article: Grinnell Regional Airport. The Grinnell Regional Airport, also known as Billy Robinson Field, is a city-owned airport located within city limits about 2 miles south of the town center.[57] The airport provides private and charter flights, and saw an average of 114 aircraft operations per week during 2019.[58]

Community organizations

The Imagine Grinnell Foundation[59] is a small, grassroots foundation that focuses on quality-of-life issues, such as a healthy and sustainable environment, that complement economic efforts.

The Claude & Dolly Ahrens Foundation[46] provides space and office support for the Greater Poweshiek Community Foundation, the Imagine Grinnell Foundation, and other foundations that are sheltered under the Greater Poweshiek Community Foundation umbrella. The Ahrens Foundation focuses on quality of life, health, and parks and recreation through overseeing its own property and collaborating with partner institutions.

The Greater Poweshiek Community Foundation[60] serves as an umbrella organization for smaller nonprofits in the Grinnell area and helps with their financial management.

Mid Iowa Community Action[61] is a private nonprofit that seeks to help those affected by poverty.

The Grinnell Area Arts Council[28] encourages artistic expression at the Grinnell Art Center and throughout the community.

Notable people

In popular culture

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: City of Grinnell, Iowa . City of Grinnell, Iowa . August 29, 2012.
  2. Web site: 2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files. United States Census Bureau. March 16, 2022.
  3. Web site: 2020 Census State Redistricting Data . census.gov . United states Census Bureau . August 12, 2021.
  4. History of Poweshiek County, Iowa: A Record of Settlement, Organization, Progress and Achievement, Volume 1, p. 10.
  5. The expansion of New England: the spread of New England settlement and institutions to the Mississippi River, 1620–1865, p. 247.
  6. Web site: J.B. Grinnell : Abolitionist, minister, land speculator | Grinnell College.
  7. Hamilton, Henry. "A Chapter in the Early History of Grinnell." Grinnell Herald, 1892.
  8. Web site: Grinnell, Iowa . City-Data.com . August 29, 2012.
  9. Web site: Iowa's Underground Railroad. The University of Iowa. August 29, 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130811155127/http://www.uiowa.edu/~c019130/student/carrington_sharon/final/background/index.html. August 11, 2013.
  10. Book: Cools , Gabriel Victor . The Negro in typical communities of Iowa. M.A. thesis, University of Iowa. 1918. Part II, Chapter 1. 10.17077/etd.y3e9horj. 2027/iau.31858021974641.
  11. Web site: NTS listings fall 2014. National Park Service.
  12. Web site: Jasper Co. Iowa IAGenWeb Project. 2021-05-27. iagenweb.org.
  13. Web site: Grinnell Stories: Tornado! . Daniel. Kaiser. May 29, 2016 .
  14. Web site: Grazulis . Thomas P. . The Most "Important" US Tornadoes by State . July 2, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035740/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/worstts.htm . March 4, 2016 .
  15. Book: Grazulis, Thomas P. . Thomas P. Grazulis . Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events . The Tornado Project of Environmental Films . July 1993 . St. Johnsbury, VT . 1-879362-03-1 .
  16. Web site: Grinnell, IA Business Section Fire, June 1889 - GenDisasters ... Genealogy in Tragedy, Disasters, Fires, Floods. www.gendisasters.com .
  17. Web site: Fire Ravaged Grinnell in 1889 . 2007-04-09 . 2007-12-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071202062050/http://www.grinnell.lib.ia.us/files/PDF-files/Fire%20of%201889.pdf . dead .
  18. Web site: Hubbell Restores Historic Spaulding Manufacturing Company, Holds Ribbon Cutting for Urban-Style Lofts - ourgrinnell.
  19. Web site: US Gazetteer files 2010 . . 2012-05-11 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt . 2012-01-25 .
  20. Web site: Grinnell, IA Monthly Weather Forecast - weather.com.
  21. Web site: U.S. Census website. United States Census Bureau. 2012-05-11.
  22. Web site: U.S. Census website . . 2008-01-31 .
  23. Web site: Poweshiek Iowa Development = Pow I-80 . 2013-04-04 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130812012848/http://www.powi80.com/poweshiek_county_industry.php . 2013-08-12 .
  24. Web site: Brownells Retail Store | Top Rated Supplier of Firearm Reloading Equipment, Supplies, and Tools - Colt. April 24, 2019 .
  25. Web site: Greene . Jay . 2020-07-30 . Luxurious Hotel Grinnell beautifully combines past and present . 2023-06-02 . www.kcrg.com . en.
  26. Web site: Mayflower Community – A Place To Call Home. www.mayflowerhomes.com.
  27. Web site: Active 55+ Senior Living in Grinnell, Iowa - St. Francis Manor. www.stfrancismanor.com.
  28. Web site: Home . Grinnell Arts Center.
  29. Web site: News & Updates . 2013-04-02 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130811142434/http://www.grinnellarts.org/news.html . 2013-08-11.
  30. Additional documents on Grinnell architecture are available in pdf format from the Stewart Library website .
  31. Details and photos at Web site: The Benjamin Ricker House--Grinnell . 2007-04-09 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070208204804/http://web.grinnell.edu/faulconergallery/rickerhouse/ . 2007-02-08 .
  32. Web site: The Benjamin J. and Mabel T. Ricker House - Grinnell College. www.grinnell.edu.
  33. Web site: Ricker House sold to private citizens: New owners of Prairie-style architectural landmark remain dedicated to its historic preservation . 2021-05-27. The Scarlet and Black.
  34. Web site: Poweshiek County Chronicle Republican. Des Moines Register.
  35. http://www.grinnell.lib.ia.us Grinnell: A Century of Progress
  36. Web site: Grinnell-Newburg CSD. www.grinnell-k12.org.
  37. Web site: Grinnell-Newburg CSD - Grinnell High School. www.grinnell-k12.org.
  38. Web site: Central Iowa Christian School. Central Iowa Christian School.
  39. Web site: Iowa Valley Grinnell - Marshalltown Community College.
  40. Web site: Our History UnityPoint Health Grinnell Regional Medical Center . 2021-05-27. www.unitypoint.org.
  41. Web site: New Drake Community Library opens . 2021-05-19 . The Scarlet and Black.
  42. Web site: Digital Grinnell | sites/Default/Themes/Digital_grinnell_bootstrap/Primary_Libraries.PNG.
  43. Web site: Poweshiek History Preservation Project · Drake Community Library.
  44. Web site: Circulation for Visitors - Grinnell College . www.grinnell.edu.
  45. Web site: About Joel Stewart . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161002115304/http://www.grinnellarts.org/joel-stewart.html. 2016-10-02. 2016-09-30.
  46. Web site: Ahrens Park Foundation.
  47. Web site: Ahrens Family Center. Grinnell, IA.
  48. Web site: Aquatic Center - Grinnell, IA - Official Website. www.grinnelliowa.gov.
  49. Web site: Natatorium - Grinnell College. www.grinnell.edu.
  50. Web site: Grinnell Historical Museum. Grinnell Historical Museum. 2016-10-05 . 2016-10-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161006044500/http://grinnellhistoricalmuseum.org/index.html. dead.
  51. Web site: History of the Grinnell Historical Museum. April 26, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130319000431/http://www.grinnellhistoricalmuseum.org/history-of-the-grinnell-historical-museum.html. March 19, 2013. dead.
  52. Web site: Faulconer Gallery - Grinnell College. www.grinnell.edu.
  53. Web site: Iowa State Rail Plan Final. https://web.archive.org/web/20201018133203/https://iowadot.gov/iowainmotion/railplan/2017/IowaSRP2017_AppendixA.pdf. 2020-10-18. Iowa Department of Transportation. 2021-05-24.
  54. Web site: The Peppertree at the Depot Crossing. www.facebook.com.
  55. Web site: Crossing Inventory Lookup for Crossing 193096Y. Federal Railroad Administration. 2021-05-24.
  56. Web site: Crossing Inventory Lookup for Crossing 607495J. Federal Railroad Administration. 2021-05-24.
  57. Web site: Airport - Grinnell, IA - Official Website. www.grinnelliowa.gov.
  58. Web site: AirNav: Grinnell Regional Airport. www.airnav.com.
  59. Web site: ImagineGrinnell » Green - Playing - Growing . imaginegrinnell.org. 2017-03-10.
  60. Web site: Home - Greater Poweshiek Community Foundation. Greater Poweshiek Community Foundation. 2017-03-11.
  61. Web site: Mid-Iowa Community Action (MICA). Mid-Iowa Community Action (MICA).
  62. Web site: John Ora Bailey Biography . Oregon.gov . August 29, 2012 . dead . https://archive.today/20121214090047/http://cms.oregon.gov/SOLL/Pages/ojd_historyjustice_biographies/j_o_bailey_bio.aspx . December 14, 2012 .
  63. Web site: Jacqui Shine . How Civil Must America Be? . The New York Times . May 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180812035248/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/11/style/the-civility-paradox.html . August 12, 2018 . Aug 11, 2018 . live.
  64. Web site: Kate Payne . Some Grinnell Residents Relieved Pete Brownell Won't Seek Re-Election As NRA President . Iowa Public Radio . May 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210519072203/https://www.iowapublicradio.org/ipr-news/2018-05-07/some-grinnell-residents-relieved-pete-brownell-wont-seek-re-election-as-nra-president . May 19, 2021 . May 7, 2018 . live.
  65. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/d7wnem/john-darnielle-is-the-voice-of-outcasts-and-weirdos-everywhere John Darnielle Is the Voice of Outcasts and Weirdos Everywhere.
  66. Wall, Joseph Frazier. "Grinnell College in the Nineteenth Century: From Salvation to Service." Iowa State University Press: 1997, 91.
  67. Abby Williams Hill . Edgar . Laura . Columbia: The Magazine of Northwest History . December 1, 2014 . 28 . 4 . 13-20.
  68. Web site: Grinnell Artist: Joe Lacina . 2018-10-05. The Scarlet and Black. 2019-01-04 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190413001345/http://www.thesandb.com/article/grinnell-artist-joe-lacina.html . 2019-04-13.
  69. "Illinois Blue Book 19971998,' Biographical Sketch of Bernard E. Pedersen, p. 61.
  70. Web site: The Billy Robinson Story / Grinnell's Pioneer Aviator. Drake Community Library Archives. May 16, 2011.
  71. http://www.grinnell.lib.ia.us/files/images/archive%20pages/RobinsonStory.pdf Billy Robinson's story
  72. Web site: June 1937: Edith Renfrow makes college history · "I recruited myself": Becoming a Grinnellian · Edith Renfrow Smith . 2024-01-18 . edithrenfrowsmith.sites.grinnell.edu.
  73. https://archive.org/stream/Ray_Bradbury_Collection/Ray%20Bradbury%20-%20The%20Martian%20Chronicles_djvu.txt
  74. https://archive.org/stream/RayBradburyDandelionWine/Ray_Bradbury_-_Dandelion_wine_djvu.txt
  75. Web site: Saints Rest, a feature film | Grinnell Magazine.