Greyhound Lines Explained

Greyhound Lines, Inc.
Parent:FlixBus
Founded: by Carl Wickman in Hibbing, Minnesota, U.S
Headquarters:350 North Saint Paul Street
Dallas, Texas, U.S.
Service Area:United States, Mexico
Service Type:Intercity bus service
Routes:123 routes[1] (includes Greyhound Express routes)
Stations:230 (company operated)[2]
Fleet:1,700 motorcoaches[3] mostly Motor Coach Industries 102DL3, G4500, D4505, and Prevost Car X3-45
Fuel Type:Diesel
Ceo:David Leach (President and CEO)

Greyhound Lines, Inc. (Greyhound) is a company that operates the largest intercity bus service in North America. Services include Greyhound Mexico, charter bus services, and Amtrak Thruway services. Greyhound operates 1,700 coaches produced mainly by Motor Coach Industries and Prevost serving 230 stations and 1,700 destinations.[2] [4] The company's first route began in Hibbing, Minnesota in 1914 and the company adopted the Greyhound name in 1929. The company is owned by Flix North America, Inc., an affiliate of FlixBus, and is based in Downtown Dallas.

History

1914–1930: early years

In 1914, Eric Wickman, a 27-year-old Swedish immigrant, was laid off from his job as a drill operator at a mine in Alice, Minnesota. He became a Hupmobile salesman in Hibbing, Minnesota, and, when he could not sell the first seven-passenger Hupmobile that he received, he began using it along with fellow Swedish immigrant Andy "Bus Andy" Anderson and C. A. A. "Arvid" Heed to transport iron ore miners two miles from Hibbing to Alice for 15 cents per ride.[5] [6] [7] [8] Wickman made $2.25 on his first run.[5]

Wickman almost gave up after the first winter due to the harsh driving conditions in Minnesota. However, he agreed to continue on by reducing his driving duties. In 1915, he added a 15-mile route to Nashwauk, Minnesota. In December 1915, Wickman merged his company with that of 19-year-old Ralph Bogan, who was running a similar transportation service from Hibbing to Duluth, Minnesota, to form the Mesaba Transportation Company.[7] By 1918, the company had 18 vehicles and annual income of $40,000.

In 1922, Wickman and Heed sold their interests in the company to Bogan and Anderson. Wickman and Heed then moved to Duluth and acquired White Bus Lines. In 1924, Wickman formed Northland, which acquired the Superior-White Company; its founder, Orville S. Caesar, who had strong business acumen, mechanical skills, and ambition, eventually became president of the company. In 1925, the company completed the $2.5 million acquisition of eight independent bus lines in Minnesota. In 1928, Anderson and Bogan disbanded and sold most of the routes of the Mesaba Transportation Company to Northland.[7]

The company continued to expand and, in 1928, it had income of $6 million and was offering trips all over the United States. In 1929, the company acquired the Yelloway-Pioneer System, which in 1928 made the first transcontinental bus trip,[7] [9] and The Pickwick Corporation.[7]

In 1929, the company acquired additional interests in Gray Line Worldwide and part of the Colonial Motor Coach Company to form Eastern Greyhound Lines.[7] It also acquired an interest in Northland Transportation Company and renamed it Northland Greyhound Lines.[7]

1930–1945

By 1930, more than 100 bus lines had been consolidated into the parent company, then called Motor Transit Corporation. Recognizing the need for a more memorable name, the partners of the Motor Transit Corporation changed its name to The Greyhound Corporation after the Greyhound name used by earlier bus lines. According to company lore, that name came from a driver, Ed Stone, who was reminded of a greyhound when he saw a passing bus in a reflection.[10] [11]

Also in 1930, the company moved from Duluth, Minnesota to Chicago, Illinois.[12]

The business suffered during the Great Depression, and by 1931 was over $1 million in debt. As the 1930s progressed and the economy improved, Greyhound began to prosper again.

In 1934, intercity bus lines, of which Greyhound was the largest carried approximately 400 million passengers — nearly as many passengers as the Class I railroads. The film It Happened One Night (1934) - about an heiress (Claudette Colbert) traveling by Greyhound bus with a reporter (Clark Gable)[13] - has been credited by the company for spurring bus travel nationwide.[14]

In 1935, national intercity bus ridership climbed 50% to 651,999,000 passengers, surpassing the volume of passengers carried by the Class I railroads for the first time.[15] In 1935, Wickman reported record profits of $8 million. In 1936, already the largest bus carrier in the United States, Greyhound began taking delivery of 306 new buses.[15]

In 1941, the company acquired Greyhound Canada.[14]

Between 1937 and 1945, Greyhound built many new stations and acquired new buses in the period in the late Art Deco style known as Streamline Moderne.[16] [17] For terminals, Greyhound retained architects including William Strudwick Arrasmith and George D. Brown.[18] Notable examples of Streamline Moderne stations include the Blytheville Greyhound Bus Station, Cleveland, Ohio Greyhound Bus Station, Columbia, South Carolina Greyhound Bus Station, and the Old Washington, D.C. Greyhound Bus Station.

Greyhound worked with the Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company for its streamlined Series 700 buses, first for Series 719 prototypes in 1934, and from 1937 as the exclusive customer for Yellow's Series 743 bus (which Greyhound named the "Super Coach"). Greyhound bought a total of 1,256 buses between 1937 and 1939.[19]

By the beginning of World War II, the company had 4,750 stations and nearly 10,000 employees.[20]

1945–1983: expansion, desegregation, and diversification

Wickman retired as president of the Greyhound Corporation in 1946 and was replaced by his long-time partner Orville S. Caesar.[21] Wickman died at the age of 66 in 1954.[22]

Greyhound commissioned industrial designer Raymond Loewy and General Motors to design several distinctive buses from the 1930s through the 1950s.[23] [24] [25] Loewy's first was the Yellow Coach PDG-4101, the Greyhound Silversides produced in 1940-1941. Production was suspended during World War II. When the "Silversides" buses resumed production in 1947, it was renamed GM PD 3751. PD 3751 production continued through 1948.[26] In 1954, the first of Greyhound's distinctive hump-backed buses was introduced. In 1944, Loewy had produced drawings for the GM GX-1, a full double-decker parlor bus with the first prototype built in 1953.[27] The PD-4501 Scenicruiser was designed by Roland E. Gegoux and built by General Motors as model PD-4501. The front of the bus was markedly lower than its rear section.[28]

After World War II, and the building of the Interstate Highway System beginning in 1956, automobile travel became a preferred mode of travel in the United States.[12] This, combined with the increasing affordability of air travel, led to a decline in business for Greyhound and other intercity bus carriers.[12]

In October 1953, Greyhound acquired the Tennessee Coach Company's entire operation, and the negotiations for the Blue Ridge Lines, and its affiliate White Star Lines, that operated between Cleveland and the Mid Atlantic Seaboard.[29]

In 1955, the Interstate Commerce Commission ruled in the case of Keys v. Carolina Coach Co. that U.S. interstate bus operations, such as Greyhound's, could not be segregated by race.[30] In 1960, in the case of Boynton v. Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court found that an African American had been wrongfully convicted for trespassing in a "whites only" terminal area.[31] In May 1961, Civil Rights Movement activists organized interracial Freedom Rides as proof of the desegregation rulings. On May 14, a mob attacked a pair of buses (a Greyhound and a Trailways) traveling from Washington, D.C., to New Orleans, Louisiana, and slashed the Greyhound bus's tires.[32] Several miles outside of Anniston, Alabama, the mob forced the Greyhound bus to stop, broke its windows, and firebombed it. The mob held the bus' doors shut, intending to burn the riders to death. Sources disagree, but either an exploding fuel tank or an undercover state investigator brandishing a revolver[33] caused the mob to retreat. When the riders escaped the bus, the mob beat them, while warning shots fired into the air by highway patrolmen prevented them from being lynched.[34] Additional Freedom Riders were beaten by a mob at the Greyhound Station in Montgomery Alabama.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964's Title II and Title III broadened protections beyond federally regulated carriers such as Greyhound, to include non-discrimination in hotels, restaurants, and other public accommodations, as well as state and local government buildings.[35]

Later in the 1960s, Greyhound leadership ridership declined and Greyhound used the profitable bus operations to invest in other industries.[12]

In 1966, Gerald H. Trautman became president and CEO of the company.[36] [37]

In 1970, the company acquired Armour and Company meat-packing company, which owned the Dial deodorant soap brand, for $400 million.[36]

In 1971, Greyhound moved its headquarters to Phoenix, Arizona.[36]

The company also acquired Traveller's Express money orders, MCI and TMC bus manufacturing companies,[38] and airliner leasing.

In the late 1970s, Greyhound began hiring African American and female drivers for the first time.[39]

In 1972, Greyhound introduced the unlimited mileage Ameripass. The pass was initially marketed as offering "99 days for $99" or, transportation to anywhere at any time for a dollar a day. For decades, it was a popular choice for people traveling across the U.S. on a budget.[40] Over time, Greyhound raised the price of the pass, shortened its validity period and rebranded it as the Discovery Pass, until it was discontinued in 2012.[40]

Greyhound acquired Premier Cruise Line in 1984.[41] Between 1985 and 1993, Premier operated as the "Official Cruise Line of Walt Disney World" with onboard Disney characters.[42]

1983–2001: consolidation, strikes, and bankruptcies

1983 Greyhound drivers' strike

In 1983, Greyhound operated a fleet of 3,800 buses and carried about 60% of the intercity bus-travel market in the United States.[43]

Starting November 2, 1983, Greyhound suffered a major and bitter drivers' strike action.[44] [45] A fatality occurred in Zanesville, Ohio, when a replacement driver ran over a striking worker at a picket line.[46] [47] A new contract was ratified on December 19, 1983 and drivers returned to work the next day.[48]

1986–1990: spin-off, merger, and first bankruptcy

In early 1987, the bus line was acquired by an investor group led by Fred Currey, a former executive of rival Continental Trailways, who became CEO of Greyhound and relocated its headquarters to Dallas, Texas.[49]

In February 1987, Greyhound Lines' new ownership and the Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU) agreed on a new, 3-year contract.[50]

In June 1987, Greyhound Lines acquired Trailways, Inc. (formerly Continental Trailways), the largest member of the rival Trailways Transportation System, effectively consolidating into a national bus service. Greyhound was required by the Interstate Commerce Commission to maintain coordinated schedules with other scheduled service operators in the U.S.[51] [52]

Between 1987 and 1990, Greyhound Lines' former parent continued to be called The Greyhound Corporation, confusing passengers and investors alike. The Greyhound Corporation retained Premier Cruise Lines and ten non-bus subsidiaries using the Greyhound name, such as Greyhound Leisure Services, Inc. (an operator of airport and cruise ship duty-free shops), and Greyhound Exhibits. In March 1990, The Greyhound Corporation changed its name to Greyhound Dial Corporation.[53] Because Greyhound Dial's switchboard continued to get questions from misdirected bus passengers, it changed its name to The Dial Corporation in March 1991, to eliminate any association with bus travel.[54]

1990: Greyhound drivers' strike

In early 1990, the drivers' contract from 1987 expired at the end of its three-year term. In March, the ATU began a strike action against Greyhound. The 1990 drivers' strike was similar in its bitterness to the strike of 1983, with violence against both strikers and their replacement workers. One striker in California was killed by a Greyhound bus driven by a strikebreaker, and a shot was fired at a Greyhound bus.[55] While Greyhound CEO Fred Currey argued that "no American worth his salt negotiates with terrorists," ATU leader Edward M. Strait responded that management's failure to negotiate amounted to "putting the negotiations back into the hands of terrorists."[56] During the strike by its 6,300 drivers, Greyhound idled much of its fleet of 3,949 buses and cancelled 80% of its routes.[57] At the same time, Greyhound was having to contend with the rise of low-cost airlines such as Southwest Airlines, which further reduced the market for long-distance inter-city bus transportation. Without the financial strength provided in the past by a parent company, the strike's lower revenues and higher costs for security and labor-law penalties caused Greyhound to file for bankruptcy in June 1990.[58] [59] [60] [61] [62] The strike was not settled until May 1993, 38 months later, under terms favorable to Greyhound. While the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) had awarded damages for unfair labor practices to the strikers, this liability was discharged during bankruptcy reorganization. Greyhound agreed to pay $22 million in back wages to union drivers, recall 550 of the remaining strikers, reinstate most of the 200 strikers who were fired for alleged misconduct, and increase hourly pay for drivers to $16.55 from $13.83 by March 1998.[63] [64] [65]

Early 1990s: bankruptcy and antitrust cases

In August 1991, Greyhound emerged from bankruptcy by which time it had shrunk its overall workforce to 7,900 employees from 12,000 pre-bankruptcy, and trimmed its fleet to 2,750 buses and 3,600 drivers.[66] [67] [68] [69] [70]

In August 1992, Greyhound canceled its bus terminal license (BTL) agreements with other carriers at 200 terminals, and imposed the requirement that Greyhound be the sole-seller of the tenant's bus tickets within a 25-mile radius of such a Greyhound terminal.[71] In 1995, the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division brought suit to stop this practice, alleging that it was an illegal restraint of trade, bad for consumers, and reduced competition.[71] In February 1996, the DOJ won its case, and Greyhound agreed to permit its tenants to sell tickets nearby and permit its tenants to honor interline tickets with competitors.[72]

Greyhound's total revenues in 1994 were $616 million.[71] At that time, the company was offering $10 fares due to competition.[73]

In September 1998, Greyhound promised to make accommodations for disabled passengers, including equipping most buses with wheelchair lifts.[74] [75]

2001: Trailways-Laidlaw mergers and bankruptcy

In the late 1990s, Greyhound Lines acquired two more members of the National Trailways Bus System. The company purchased Carolina Trailways in 1997,[76] followed by the intercity operations of Southeastern Trailways in 1998.[77] Following the acquisitions, most of the remaining members of the Trailways System began interlining cooperatively with Greyhound, discontinued their scheduled route services, diversified into charters and tours, or went out of business altogether.

On September 3, 1997, Burlington, Ontario-based transportation conglomerate Laidlaw announced it would buy Greyhound Canada, Greyhound's Canadian operations, for US$72 million.[78]

In October 1998, Laidlaw announced it would acquire the U.S. operations of Greyhound Lines, Inc., including Carolina Trailways and other Greyhound affiliates, for about $470 million.[79] [80] [81] The acquisition was completed in March 1999.[82]

In June 2001, after incurring heavy losses through its investments in Greyhound Lines and other parts of its diversified business, Laidlaw filed for bankruptcy protection in both the U.S. and Canada.[83] [84] [85]

2002–2007: Laidlaw ownership

Naperville, Illinois-based Laidlaw International, Inc. listed its common shares on the New York Stock Exchange on February 10, 2003 and emerged from re-organization on June 23, 2003 as the successor to Laidlaw Inc.[86] [87]

By 2003, Greyhound faced significant competition in the northeast from Chinatown bus lines.[88] More than 250 buses, operated by competitors such as Fung Wah Bus Transportation and Lucky Star Bus were competing fiercely from curbsides in the Chinatowns of New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C.[88] When operating on inter-city routes, the Chinatown buses offered prices about 50% less than Greyhound's.[88] Between 1997 and 2007, Chinatown buses took 60% of Greyhound's market share in the northeast United States.[89]

In 2003, Greyhound expanded its QuickLink service, Greyhound's brand of commuter bus service that runs frequently during the peak weekday commuting hours.[90] Routes were operated from Sacramento, California to the San Francisco Bay Area and Macon, Georgia to Atlanta.[91]

In 2004, Greyhound dropped low-demand rural stops and started concentrating on dense, inter-metropolitan routes. It cut nearly 37% of its network.[92] In some rural areas, particularly in the Plains states, parts of the upper Midwest (such as Wisconsin), and the Pacific Northwest, local operators took over the old stops, often with government subsidies.[93] [94] [95] [96]

2007–2021: FirstGroup ownership

On February 7, 2007, British transport group FirstGroup announced the acquisition of Laidlaw International for $3.6 billion, which closed on October 1, 2007.[97] [98] [99] [100]

Almost immediately after acquiring the carrier, FirstGroup sought to improve Greyhound's image by refurbishing many terminals, expanding the fleet with new buses, refurbishing old buses, and retraining customer service staff. Greyhound also started a new advertising campaign with Butler, Shine, Stern & Partners aimed at attracting 18- to 24-year-olds and Hispanics.[101]

Although FirstGroup's interest was primarily the school and transit bus operations of Laidlaw, FirstGroup retained the Greyhound operations and in 2009 exported the brand back to the United Kingdom as Greyhound UK (unrelated to bus operator Greyhound Motors which operated from 1921 to 1972).

In 2008, Greyhound's three regional bus operations (Carolina Trailways, based in Raleigh, N.C., Vermont Transit Lines of Burlington, Vermont, and Texas, New Mexico & Oklahoma Coaches of Lubbock, Texas ["T.N.M.&O."]) were consolidated into Greyhound Lines.[102]

On March 27, 2008, Greyhound launched service under the BoltBus brand.[103] The first buses started running between Boston, New York City, and Washington, D.C. In the Northeastern U.S., BoltBus was originally operated in partnership with Peter Pan Bus Lines, but this arrangement ended on September 27, 2017, with Greyhound continuing the brand alone.[104] BoltBus expanded to the West Coast in May 2012 with a route in the Pacific Northwest between Vancouver, BC, Seattle, and Portland.[105] [106] Service was expanded again in October 2013 with a route between the two largest metropolitan areas in California, Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area (San Jose and Oakland).[107] A stop in San Francisco was added in December 2013 along with a route between Los Angeles and Las Vegas.[108]

Beginning in 2009, all buses purchased have three-point seat belts installed.[109]

In 2010, in response to competition from Megabus and Chinatown bus lines, the company launched "Greyhound Express", featuring newer buses and fewer stops.[110] [111]

In February 2013, in partnership with DriveCam, Greyhound deployed video cameras across its entire fleet to increase safety and driver compliance by combining data and video analytics with real-time driver feedback and coaching.[112]

As of 2014, Greyhound's 1,229 buses served over 3,800 destinations in North America, traveling 5.5 billion miles (8.8 billion km) on North America's roads.[12]

In 2014, the company introduced a refreshed logo and a new navy blue and dark gray livery for buses. Buses were refurbished to add wireless Internet access, power outlets, and leather seating with increased legroom.[113] [114] [115]

Before 2014, Greyhound was criticized for overbooking, often leaving passengers to wait for the next bus departure.[116] Shortly after the sale to FirstGroup closed, Greyhound began a program in select markets, where riders could reserve a seat for an additional $5. However, only a limited number of seats could be reserved and the fee would have to be paid at the terminal's ticketing counter, even if the ticket was bought in advance online.[117] In 2014, Greyhound rolled out a new yield management computer system, enabling the company to more closely manage the number of tickets sold for each departure and dynamically adjust pricing based on sales.[118] Although the amount of overbooked buses has been sharply reduced with this new system, Greyhound still does not explicitly guarantee a seat to everyone with a ticket (except on Greyhound Express routes).[119]

In 2014, Greyhound reported a profit of $73 million on revenues of $990.6 million, and attributed the company's success to a mix of changing urban populations and a focus on more profitable routes with higher demand.[120]

In 2013–2015, Greyhound expanded its Greyhound Connect service, which operates shorter routes to take passengers from stops in smaller, rural cities to stations in larger, urban cities.[121] Some routes are operated using funds from the "Federal Formula Grant Program for Rural Areas" from the Federal Transit Administration.[122]

In July 2015, the company announced that it would open terminals in Monterrey and Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, and begin service between the two cities and Texas, claiming to be the first American bus company to operate an intra-Mexican route.[123] In September 2015, Greyhound announced expanded service in Missouri and Kansas shortly after Megabus announced that it would be ending service to several cities and college campuses.[124]

The company's Lucky Streak brand is for routes to/from cities with casinos. All fares are sold as open-ended round-trips, with passengers allowed to return to their origin at any time.[125] On the Atlantic City routes, casinos offer special bonuses (gambling credit, room/dining discounts) to Lucky Streak passengers.[125] Lucky Streak routes serve Atlantic City (to/from Baltimore, Brooklyn, New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C.), Connecticut (Mohegan Sun & Foxwoods Casino) (to/from Boston, Bridgeport, New Haven, New York City, Providence, and Stamford), and Las Vegas (to/from Anaheim, Barstow, Claremont, Compton, El Monte, Hollywood, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Ana, and Victorville).

In February 2020, the company reversed its position regarding unwarranted searches and notified the Department of Homeland Security that it no longer would allow unwarranted searches on its buses, in areas of terminals, company offices, or any area where a person needs a ticket for access.[126] [127]

In December 2020, the company sold the customer terminal facility in Los Angeles, as well as facilities in Denver, Colorado, and Ottawa, Canada for a total of $137 million.[128] [129] [130] The facility in Denver was sold for $38 million.[131] [132]

In May 2021, Greyhound Canada shut down all of its bus routes in Canada. Greyhound Lines continues to operate four cross-border routes that either start or finish in the U.S. from Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver:[133] [134] the company also placed 38 buses used by its Canada division up for auction.[135]

In July 2021, BoltBus suspended operations indefinitely and Greyhound took over all routes.[136] [137] [138]

In July 2021, the bus station in Columbus, Ohio, was sold to the Central Ohio Transit Authority for $9.5 million.[139] [140] In October 2021, the bus station in Downtown Louisville was sold for $2.8 million.[141] The bus station in Cincinnati was sold to a real estate company for $4.25 million, with plans to convert it to parking.[142]

In September 2021, the company agreed to pay $2.2 million to settle a lawsuit over its practice of allowing U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents to board its buses in Washington State to conduct warrantless immigration sweeps.[143] [144] The company had been criticized for allowing government officials to arrest its customers who were illegally in the country.[145]

2021–present: FlixMobility

On October 21, 2021, Munich-based FlixBus acquired Greyhound for $78 million.[146]

In 2022, FirstGroup sold almost all its remaining Greyhound properties to Twenty Lake Holdings LLC, a subsidiary of Alden Global Capital, for approximately $140 million.[147] [148] Twenty Lake began closing the properties in 2023, leaving Greyhound passengers without sheltered waiting spaces or amenities at stations.[149] [150]

Notable incidents and collisions

Below is a list of major incidents and collisions on Greyhound buses and buses of subsidiaries in the United States.

In popular culture

Songs

Other

See also

Former operating subsidiaries
Museums and Preserved Stations

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Greyhound Timetables . Greyhound Lines.
  2. Web site: Types of stations & stops . Greyhound Lines.
  3. Web site: Our fleet . Greyhound Lines.
  4. Web site: FACTS & FIGURES . Greyhound Lines.
  5. News: Truck Trend Legends: The History of Greyhound . Colin . Ryan . . July 28, 2016.
  6. News: Minnesota History: Greyhound traces its roots to Hibbing . Curt . Brown . . April 2, 2015.
  7. Walsh . Margaret . Tracing the Hound: The Minnesota Roots of the Greyhound Bus Corporation . Minnesota History . . Winter 1985 . 310–321 . 1985 . December 8, 2012 . September 26, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130926021808/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/49/v49i08p310-321.pdf . dead .
  8. Web site: Greyhound Bus Museum . Greyhound Bus Museum . https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055702/http://www.greyhoundbusmuseum.org/buses.html#hupmobile . September 21, 2013 . live.
  9. Business & Finance: Yelloway-Pioneer . . September 24, 1928.
  10. Book: Thompson, Dave . Bayou Underground: Tracing the Mythical Roots of American Popular Music . . September 1, 2010. 9781554906826 .
  11. Web site: Era of excellence: The History of Greyhound . . 1968.
  12. News: 100 Years on a Dirty Dog: The History of Greyhound . GARY . BELSKY . . December 19, 2013.
  13. Web site: It Happened One Night: All Aboard! . Farran . Smith Nehme . . November 17, 2014.
  14. News: Factbox: British owner puts long-running Greyhound buses up for sale . Tanishaa . Nadkar . . May 30, 2019.
  15. Transport: Greyhound's Litter . . August 10, 1936.
  16. Web site: Luther . Roger . The Greyhound Runs Again: First Impressions at a Streamline Bus Station . Treasures of the Southern Tier . Binghamton Press & Sun-Bulletin . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130522224519/http://nyslandmarks.com/treasures/10dec.htm . May 22, 2013 . mdy-all.
  17. Book: Wrenick, Frank E. . Streamline era greyhound terminals: the architecture of w.s. arrasmith. . 2011 . . 978-0-7864-6445-6 . 112–194.
  18. Book: The Streamline Era Greyhound Terminals: The Architecture of W.S. Arrasmith . Wrenick . Frank E. . 2007 . . 9780786425501.
  19. Web site: Yellow Coach Part 2, Yellow Coach Mfg. Co., Yellow Truck and Coach, Yellow Bus, Greyhound Bus, Silversides, GMC Truck, CCKW, DUKW, General Motors.
  20. News: Pittsburgh Then and Now: The Greyhound Bus Station . Richard . Cook . . July 7, 2019.
  21. News: Carl Wickman Drove Greyhound All The Way To The Top . CLAY . LATIMER . . June 23, 2013.
  22. News: Carl Wickman, Greyhound Bus Founder, Dead . . . February 6, 1954.
  23. Web site: Patent USD113009S Design fob a motor coach . . November 12, 1938.
  24. Web site: Patent USD129411S Design for a motor coach . . June 26, 1941.
  25. Web site: Patent USD156445S Motor coach . . December 29, 1948.
  26. Johnson . Gary . 1992 . 1939 Yellow Coach 1210 parlor coach . Model Coach News . 69 . 5–6 . Lynnfield, MA.
  27. Web site: Double-deck coach . October 13, 1944.
  28. News: Petrány . Máté . The Greyhound Scenicruiser Was Filled With The American Dream . . May 2, 2014.
  29. News: GREYHOUND BUYS IN STOCK IN TWO UNITS; Obtains Rail-Held Interests in Pacific, Pennsylvania Lines -- Gets Tennessee Coach . . . October 7, 1953 . limited.
  30. Book: Barnes, Catherine . Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit . 1983 . . New York . 86–107.
  31. Web site: . BOYNTON v. VIRGINIA, 364 U.S. 454 (1960) . . December 5, 1960.
  32. Web site: "Freedom Riders," WGBH American Experience . . May 16, 2011.
  33. Book: Branch, Taylor . Baptism on Wheels . Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954–63 . https://books.google.com/books?id=U8ExdUHjzkMC&pg=PA412 . 412–50 . 978-1-4165-5868-2 . April 16, 2007 . Simon and Schuster .
  34. Web site: Get on the Bus: The Freedom Riders of 1961 . TERRY . GROSS . . January 12, 2006.
  35. 30042844 . Travelers, Strangers, and Jim Crow: Law, Public Accommodations, and Civil Rights in America . A.K. . Sandoval-Strausz . Law and History Review . 23 . 1 . 53–94 . Spring 2005 . 10.1017/s0738248000000055 . free.
  36. News: GREYHOUND'S GERALD TRAUTMAN . Bradley . Keoun . . October 28, 1999 . limited.
  37. News: Gerald Trautman, 87, Ex-Chief And Avid Builder of Greyhound . Nick . Ravo . . October 28, 1999 . limited.
  38. Web site: TMC - Transportation Manufacturing Corp. - 1973-1994 - Roswell, New Mexico - Subsidiary of MCI/Greyhound . Coachbuilt.
  39. Book: Jackson, Carlton. . Hounds of the Road: a history of the Greyhound Bus Company . . Bowling Green University Popular Press . 1984. 9780879722708 .
  40. News: Riding the Dirty Dog . Smith . Aaron Lake . . December 20, 2013.
  41. News: Greyhound Cruise Line Making Waves . Lazarus . George . . May 30, 1989 . limited.
  42. News: Fritscher . Lisa . How Disney Cruises Started . . https://web.archive.org/web/20150921173002/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/disney-cruises-started-17319.html . April 16, 2018 . live . September 21, 2015.
  43. News: Strike Over Pay Cuts Halts Intercity Buses of Greyhound Lines . . November 3, 1983 . limited.
  44. News: Townsend . Ed . Strike against Greyhound forces customers to leave driving to somebody else . . November 4, 1983 . limited.
  45. News: Townsend . Ed . Tentative settlement in Greyhound strike . . December 5, 1983 . limited.
  46. News: . Greyhound Striker Killed by Training Bus. . December 6, 1983 . limited.
  47. Web site: Ray Phillips and the 1983 Strike Ray Phillips and the 1983 Strike . . December 31, 2011.
  48. News: . Greyhound Strikers Accept Pact; Immediate Return to Work Urged . . December 20, 1983 . limited . April 17, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140417125220/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/20/us/greyhound-strikers-accept-pact-immediate-return-to-work-urged.html . live.
  49. News: When Fred G. Currey acquired Greyhound three years ago, he . . March 25, 1990 . subscription.
  50. News: . Union, Buyers of Greyhound Settle Contract . . February 4, 1987 . limited.
  51. News: Greyhound in Deal for Trailways . Thomas C. . Hayes . The New York Times. June 20, 1987 . limited.
  52. News: Greyhound Agrees to Buy Ailing Trailways Bus Lines . . June 19, 1987 . limited.
  53. News: Greyhound Changing Name to Disassociate From Bus Company Problems . MARCY . GORDON . . February 27, 1990.
  54. News: . COMPANY NEWS; Greyhound Dial Is Now Dial Corp. . The New York Times. March 6, 1991 . limited.
  55. News: NEWS ANALYSIS : Greyhound Strike Becomes Fertile Field . Bob . Baker . . March 26, 1990 . limited.
  56. News: Baker . Bob . Greyhound May Go Way of Eastern : Labor: Financial collapse and hope of a better deal from a new bus company owner could be strategy if strike takes path of the troubled airline. . . April 8, 1990 . limited.
  57. News: GREYHOUND DECLARES STRIKE OVER . Frank . Swoboda . . May 8, 1990 . limited.
  58. News: Bankruptcy Filing by Greyhound . Thomas C. . Hayes . . June 5, 1990 . limited.
  59. News: GREYHOUND FILES FOR CHAPTER 11 . Frank . Swoboda . . June 5, 1990 . limited.
  60. News: Baker . Bob . Strikebound Greyhound Lines Files for Chapter 11 . . June 5, 1990 . limited.
  61. News: Greyhound Given Permission to Pay Salaries, Expenses . JOEL . WILLIAMS . . June 7, 1990.
  62. News: Greyhound seeks Chapter 11 protection . . June 5, 1990.
  63. News: Greyhound Bus Drivers End 3-Year Strike With New Pact . . . May 9, 1993 . limited.
  64. News: GREYHOUND, TRANSIT UNION SETTLE 3-YEAR-OLD STRIKE . Richard M. . Weintraub . . April 21, 1993 . limited.
  65. News: Greyhound Settles Last Strike Suit . . March 28, 1995.
  66. News: Judge approves Greyhound's plan of reorganization . . August 30, 1991.
  67. News: Greyhound Lines to emerge from Chapter 11 at end of month . HARIHAR . KRISHNAN . . October 10, 1991.
  68. News: Greyhound Wins Approval for Its Reorganization Plan . Thomas C. . Hayes . . August 31, 1991 . limited.
  69. News: GREYHOUND'S CREDITORS VOTE TO SUPPORT REORGANIZATION PLAN . . . August 14, 1991.
  70. News: Greyhound Faces an Uphill Climb . Jesus . Sanchez . . November 3, 1991 . limited.
  71. Web site: Complaint: USA v Greyhound Lines, Inc. . . September 29, 1996.
  72. Web site: Final Judgment: USA vs Greyhound Lines, Inc. . . September 29, 1995.
  73. News: Greyhound: The Airline of the Road . Allen R. . Myerson . . January 18, 1994 . limited.
  74. Web site: Guide for Passengers: Accessible Bus Service Under the Greyhound Agreement . .
  75. News: Greyhound Unveils Its Plan To Serve the Disabled Fully . Allen R. . Myerson . . September 9, 1998 . limited.
  76. News: Greyhound To Buy Carolina Trailways . . March 10, 1997.
  77. Web site: Greyhound Lines, Inc., et al.Acquisition of Assets Southeastern Trailways, Inc., and PeoriaRockford Bus Co . . August 27, 1998.
  78. News: Laidlaw Plans to Buy Greyhound Canada for $72 million . . . September 3, 1997 . limited.
  79. News: Laidlaw to Acquire Greyhound Lines . . October 20, 1998 . limited.
  80. News: Laidlaw buying Greyhound . . October 19, 1998.
  81. News: Laidlaw Agrees to Buy Greyhound In Accord Valued at $465 Million . Solange . De Santis . Robert . Tomsho . . October 20, 1998 . subscription.
  82. News: Laidlaw takes over Greyhound . . March 16, 1999.
  83. News: . Laidlaw Units File for Bankruptcy Protection . . June 29, 2001 . limited.
  84. News: Laidlaw files for bankruptcy protection . . June 29, 2001.
  85. News: Laidlaw of Canada Reaches Agreement On Restructuring $3.2 Billion of Debt . Tamsin . Carlisle . . June 29, 2001 . subscription.
  86. News: Laidlaw emerges from Chapter 11 . TERRY . WEBER . . June 23, 2003.
  87. News: Laidlaw will leave bankruptcy . John . Schmeltzer . . June 23, 2003 . subscription.
  88. News: O'Shaughnessy . Patrice . Chinatown Bus War Fuels Probe: Slain businessman tied to mob, cops say . . June 16, 2003.
  89. News: Bus travel is picking up, aided by discount operators . Schliefer . Theodore . . August 8, 2013.
  90. Web site: QuickLink . Greyhound Lines.
  91. News: Lentzsch . Craig . Making the Connections . TR News . 225 . . March–April 2003 . 32.
  92. News: Greyhound: 100 years old and acting younger than ever . . July 3, 2014 . limited.
  93. News: Some left in lurch as Greyhound cuts stops . Tom . Kenworthy . . July 19, 2004.
  94. News: As Greyhound Cuts Back, The Middle of Nowhere Means Going Nowhere . Eli . Sanders . Eli Sanders . . September 6, 2004 . limited.
  95. News: The Greyhound doesn't stop here anymore . Mike . Bucsko . Cindi . Lash . . November 13, 2005 . July 29, 2015 . October 19, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151019053725/http://old.post-gazette.com/pg/05317/605651.stm . dead .
  96. News: Doghouse on Wheels . Emily . Lambert . . January 31, 2005 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160822121050/http://www.forbes.com/free_forbes/2005/0131/094.html . August 22, 2016 . live.
  97. LAIDLAW INTERNATIONAL ANNOUNCES AGREEMENT TO BE ACQUIRED BY FIRSTGROUP . . February 9, 2007.
  98. News: FirstGroup to buy Greyhound bus firm . Pete . Harrison . . February 8, 2007.
  99. News: FirstGroup completes Laidlaw acquisition . . October 3, 2007.
  100. News: FirstGroup completes Laidlaw acquisition . . October 1, 2007.
  101. News: Greyhound Gets A Makeover . . . November 12, 2007.
  102. News: Greyhound puts brakes on Vermont Transit . BRUCE . EDWARDS . . March 29, 2008.
  103. Anita . Hamilton . Beating $4 Gas with a $1 Bus . . June 6, 2008.
  104. News: Greyhound, Peter Pan will split up and be rivals again . Adam . Vacaro . . August 29, 2017 . limited . September 15, 2017 . September 14, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170914215643/https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2017/08/29/greyhound-peter-pan-will-split-and-rivals-again/NUe8YqNnDgxpsPjHhn2HWO/story.html . dead .
  105. News: Sokolowsky . Jennifer . BoltBus to offer $1 fares between Seattle, Portland . . April 30, 2012.
  106. News: Nolasco . Joanna . BoltBus to launch new Seattle-Vancouver, B.C., service . . May 15, 2012.
  107. BoltBus To Launch Service in California on Oct. 31 . . October 15, 2013.
  108. BoltBus Expands From Los Angeles; Adds Las Vegas, San Francisco Service . . December 10, 2013.
  109. Greyhound Applauds National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for Requiring Seat Belts on all New Motorcoaches Starting in 2016 . . November 20, 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151019053725/https://www.greyhound.com/en/newsroom/viewrelease.aspx?id=551&year=2013 . October 19, 2015 . mdy-all.
  110. News: Austen . Ben . The Megabus Effect . . April 7, 2011 . subscription.
  111. News: Greyhound Express: new spin on an old-fashioned ride . Chris . Erskine . . June 17, 2012 . limited.
  112. News: New TSA Pre-check airports, Greyhound goes Big Brother and more travel tech news . Prabu . Karthick . Phocuswire . February 22, 2013.
  113. News: Greyhound remakes itself for a new generation . Charisse . Jones . . July 13, 2014.
  114. News: More Millennials Leave the Driving to a 100-Year-Old Bus Company . Brad . Tuttle . . June 10, 2014.
  115. News: Greyhound Bus Fleet Revamps, But Can a 100-Year-Old Dog Learn New Tricks? . JOANNA . PRISCO . . July 28, 2014.
  116. News: What To Do When Greyhound Cancels Your Bus . Zara . Stone . . March 16, 2019 . limited.
  117. News: Travel Briefs: Greyhound reserved seat upgrade for $5 . . October 16, 2013.
  118. Greyhound Modernizes IT Infrastructure to Provide More Pricing Options for Consumers and Optimize Operations . . December 9, 2014 . January 14, 2022 . January 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220114033131/https://www.oklahoman.com/article/feed/770396/greyhound-modernizes-it-infrastructure-to-provide-more-pricing-options-for-consumers-and-optimize-operations . dead .
  119. Web site: Schwieterman . Joseph P. . Antolin . Brian . Scott . Gary . Sellers . Martin . Adding on Amenities, Broadening the Base: 2014 Year-in-Review of Intercity Bus Service in the United States . 3 . DePaul University Chaddick Institute for Metropolitan Development . January 12, 2015.
  120. News: Greyhound starting to get its stride back . . June 7, 2014.
  121. Web site: Greyhound Connect . . June 4, 2015.
  122. Web site: Greyhound to add Mo. to Iowa round trip service . . March 26, 2013.
  123. News: Forgione . Mary . Greyhound starts bus service in Mexico, with connecting routes to Texas . . July 16, 2015 . limited.
  124. News: Hudnall . David . Greyhound to expand Kansas City and Columbia services in light of Megabus' departure . . September 24, 2015.
  125. Web site: Greyhound Lucky Streak . Greyhound Lines .
  126. News: Johnson . Gene . Greyhound to stop allowing immigration checks on buses . . February 21, 2020.
  127. News: Greyhound bars immigration sweeps . . February 22, 2020.
  128. News: Transport firm FirstGroup sells three Greyhound facilities for $137 million . Pushkala . Aripaka . . December 31, 2020.
  129. News: FirstGroup agrees three property disposals from Greyhound division . Joanna . Bourke . . December 31, 2020.
  130. News: FirstGroup sells Greyhound bus facilities for £100m . . December 31, 2020.
  131. News: Greyhound Station block in downtown Denver sold to joint venture . James . Rodriguez . . December 28, 2020.
  132. News: Fresh off $38M sale, Greyhound looks to unload its other big site in Denver . THOMAS . GOUNLEY . . January 22, 2021 . subscription.
  133. News: Greyhound Canada shutting down all bus service permanently . Pete . Evans . . May 13, 2021.
  134. News: Greyhound Shuts Down Permanently in Canada . JAY . RAMEY . . May 14, 2021.
  135. News: Fleet of Greyhound buses up for sale after company shut down all Canadian operations permanently . Simran . Singh . . November 18, 2021.
  136. News: RIP, BoltBus — the affordable, trendy bus company has discontinued service; Greyhound will take over its routes . Brendan . Kiley . . July 1, 2021.
  137. Web site: Wilkinson . Joseph . Discount bus brand BoltBus indefinitely suspended, Greyhound taking over routes . . July 1, 2021.
  138. News: BoltBus, Favorite of Frugal Riders, Suspends Service Indefinitely . Alyssa . Lukpat . . July 3, 2021 . limited.
  139. News: COTA to buy Downtown Greyhound station for $9.5 million for redevelopment, transit center . Mark . Ferenchik . . July 21, 2021.
  140. News: COTA buying downtown Greyhound terminal, seeks redevelopment with 'character and vibrancy' . Carrie . Ghose . . July 21, 2021.
  141. News: Louisville apartment company buys downtown Greyhound station . Marcus . Green . . November 11, 2021.
  142. News: Greyhound bus terminal sold as company hunts for new service location . Dan . Monk . . November 1, 2021.
  143. News: Greyhound Will Pay $2.2 Million To End A Lawsuit Over Warrantless Immigration Sweeps . . . September 27, 2021.
  144. News: Greyhound Agrees to Pay $2.2 Million Over Immigration Sweeps on Buses . Michael . Levenson . . September 29, 2021 . limited.
  145. News: Some passengers learn too late that Greyhound gives easy access to law enforcement . Amy . Martyn . . June 28, 2018.
  146. News: FlixBus owner hitches ride with Greyhound as FirstGroup exits . Yadarisa . Shabong . . October 21, 2021.
  147. FirstGroup Sells Remaining Legacy Greyhound Property Portfolio For Around $140 Mln . RTTNews . September 20, 2022.
  148. News: FirstGroup to Sell Most Legacy Greyhound Property Portfolio for $140 Mln . Anthony O. . Goriainoff . . September 20, 2022.
  149. News: Struett . David . June 26, 2023 . How could potential sale of Greyhound station in downtown Chicago affect bus riders at regional hub? . . November 24, 2023.
  150. News: Allard . Sam . November 18, 2023 . Greyhound stations are leaving downtowns after sale to notorious investment firm . . November 24, 2023.
  151. News: Bus crash 65-years-ago between Waco and Temple was burning hell . Paul J. . Gately . . August 3, 2017.
  152. News: Military men who survived a 1952 bus crash crawled through 'hell' to save lives . TERRI JO . RYAN . . August 17, 2013.
  153. Web site: Greyhound Bus/Malone Freight Line, Inc. truck collision . . May 13, 1972.
  154. News: Greyhound, Autos Drop Into Tampa Bay . John . Hartwood . . May 10, 1980.
  155. News: 7 Killed in Collision Of a Greyhound Bus And Trucks in Utah . . . December 19, 1990 . limited.
  156. Web site: National Transportation Safety Board. 2000. Greyhound Motorcoach Run-off-the-Road Accident, Burnt Cabins, Pennsylvania, June 20, 1998. . . January 5, 2000.
  157. News: 6 Killed in Greyhound Crash in Tennessee After Passenger Slits Driver's Throat . Sara . Rimer . Kevin . Sack . . October 4, 2001 . limited.
  158. News: 6 Die in Greyhound Bus Crash After Attack on Driver . Peter . Slevin . Sue Anne . Pressley . . October 4, 2001.
  159. News: Knife attack on California bus . . October 1, 2002.
  160. News: Man Charged in Attack on Driver That Crashed Bus and Killed 2 . Dean E. . Murphy . . October 2, 2002 . limited.
  161. News: Plastic half-door separates passengers from driver on Greyhound . . . July 10, 2007.
  162. News: TANG . TERRY . DAVENPORT . PAUL . Police: 24 hurt after passenger attacks bus driver . . . January 23, 2014.
  163. News: GREYHOUND BUS DEPARTS FROM LA, CRASHES IN SAN JOSE; 2 DEAD, 8 HOSPITALIZED . ABC News. January 19, 2016.
  164. Web site: National Transportation Safety Board. 2017. Motorcoach Collision With Crash Attenuator in Gore Area, US Highway 101, San Jose, California, January 19, 2016. . . March 28, 2017.
  165. News: Colombian ultimate Frisbee players headed to Cincinnati were kicked off Greyhound for speaking Spanish. Greyhound says otherwise. . Madeline . Mitchell. Randy . Tucker . . 13 July 2018.
  166. News: 'It's an 80,000-pound projectile': Death toll upped to 8 in head-on collision between tractor-trailer and Greyhound bus . Martine . Powers . . August 31, 2018 . subscription.
  167. News: 8 dead, dozens injured after Greyhound bus and truck collide in New Mexico . Michael . James . . August 31, 2018.
  168. News: Passengers disarmed gunman in Greyhound bus shooting that left 1 dead, 5 wounded . Stella . Chan . . February 3, 2020.
  169. News: 1 Dead and 5 Injured After Shooting on Greyhound Bus in California . Alan . Yuhas . . February 3, 2020 . limited.
  170. Web site: February 3, 2022. Naked man arrested after allegedly opening fire on bus. 2022-02-05. The Associated Press. en.
  171. Web site: Lenthang. Marlene. Chirbas. Kurt. February 3, 2022. One dead, four wounded in Greyhound bus shooting in California. 2022-02-05. NBC News. en.
  172. Web site: July 12, 2023 . 3 killed, 14 seriously injured in Greyhound bus crash near Highland, Illinois . 2023-07-14 . ksdk.com . en-US.
  173. Web site: 3 dead, 14 seriously injured after Greyhound bus crash in Illinois; victims identified . 2023-07-14 . The Des Moines Register . en-US.
  174. Web site: 2023-07-13 . 3 killed in Greyhound bus crash identified; NTSB begins investigation . 2023-07-14 . www.msn.com.
  175. Web site: 2023-07-12 . Madison County bus crash involved semis sitting on exit ramp. Why do truckers park there? . 2023-07-14 . Yahoo News . en-US.
  176. Web site: 2023-07-13 . Greyhound camera footage will be part of safety board's investigation of I-70 crash . 2023-07-14 . www.aol.com . en-US.
  177. Web site: The Dinning Sisters – Love On A Greyhound Bus / The Iggidy Song . Discogs. May 1946 .
  178. Web site: Song: Clay Pigeons written by Blaze Foley SecondHandSongs . 2023-11-29 . secondhandsongs.com.
  179. Web site: On Broadway . Genius.com.
  180. News: Story Of The Song: Promised Land, Chuck Berry (1964) . Robert . Webb . . October 3, 2003 . registration.
  181. Web site: Promised Land . Genius.com.
  182. News: Greyhound buses: in song and on screen . . August 19, 2009.
  183. Web site: Lodi by Creedence Clearwater Revival . Songfacts.
  184. Web site: Thank God and Greyhound . Genius.com.
  185. Web site: Greyhound . Genius.com.
  186. Web site: Ramblin' Man by The Allman Brothers Band . Songfacts.
  187. Web site: Lonesome On'ry and Mean . Genius.com.
  188. Web site: Once Bitten Twice Shy . Genius.com.
  189. News: Readers suggest the 10 best ... Greyhound bus moments . . May 9, 2014.
  190. Web site: An Old Greyhound . Shazam.
  191. Web site: Wild Flowers In A Mason Jar . Genius.com.
  192. Web site: Me and the Devil Blues (Take 1) . Genius.com.
  193. Web site: Greyhound Bus . Shazam.
  194. Web site: Pirate Flag by Kenny Chesney . Songfacts.
  195. Web site: I Wish by Skee-Lo . Songfacts.
  196. Web site: Leaving Normal . Genius.com.
  197. Web site: Leaving Town (acoustic) . Genius.com.
  198. Web site: Backseat Of A Greyhound Bus . Genius.com.
  199. Web site: Heads Carolina, Tails California . lyrics.com.
  200. Web site: Ween – Chocolate Town . Genius.com.
  201. Web site: Soul Meets Body by Death Cab for Cutie . Songfacts.
  202. Michael Jackson - Hollywood Tonight (Official Video) . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/zjGtTUfPcI4. 2021-12-12 . live . YouTube.
  203. Web site: Another Day of Sun . Genius.com.
  204. Calpurnia - Greyhound (Official Video) . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/hOfOFGaQt38. 2021-12-12 . live . YouTube.
  205. Web site: Blues for My Baby and Me . Genius.com.
  206. Web site: Greyhounds . Genius.com.
  207. Web site: Sunset . Genius.com.
  208. Web site: EarthBound for Wii U . Nintendo of America . July 18, 2013.
  209. Web site: Doris Betts, a Greyhound Bus, and an Academy Award . Helen . Thomas . . March 6, 2014.
  210. Book: Jack Reacher Reading Order: The Complete Lee Child's Reading List Of Jack Reacher Series . March 23, 2018. 9788827594018 . Library . Mobile . Mobile Library .

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