Veratrum viride explained

Veratrum viride, known as Indian poke, corn-lily, Indian hellebore, false hellebore, green false hellebore, or giant false-helleborine, is a species of Veratrum native to eastern and western (but not central) North America.[1] [2] It is extremely toxic, and is considered a pest plant by farmers with livestock. The species has acquired a large number of other common names within its native range, including American false hellebore, American white hellebore, bear corn, big hellebore, corn lily, devil's bite, duck retten, itchweed, poor Annie, blue hellebore and tickleweed.

Description

V. viride is a herbaceous perennial plant reaching 0.7mto2mm (02.3feetto07feetm) tall, with a solid green stem. The leaves are spirally arranged, 10to long and 5to broad, elliptic to broad lanceolate ending in a short point, heavily ribbed and hairy on the underside. The flowers are numerous, produced in a large branched inflorescence 30to tall; each flower is 5to long, with six green to yellow-green tepals. The fruit is a capsule 1.5to long, which splits into three sections at maturity to release the numerous flat 8to diameter seeds. The plant reproduces through rhizome growth as well as seeds.[1] [3] [4] [5]

Varieties and similar species

There are two recognized varieties of V. viride:[1]

The related western North American Veratrum californicum (white false hellebore, corn lily) can be distinguished from sympatric var. eschscholzianum by its whiter flowers and the erect side branches of the inflorescence.[5]

Linguistics

Anatoly Liberman believes that the reconstructed Proto-Slavic term for the genus Veratrum, *čemerъ, is probably cognate with the English word hemlock, a plant similarly used for poison in antiquity.

Distribution and habitat

In eastern North America, var. viride occurs from southwestern Labrador and southern Quebec south to northern Georgia. In the west, var. eschscholzianum occurs from Alaska and Northwest Territory south through Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Washington, Idaho, Montana, and Oregon to northwestern California (Del Norte, Siskiyou, Trinity, and Humboldt Counties).[1] [6] [7]

It is found in wet soils in meadows, sunny streambanks, and open forests, occurring from sea level in the north of its range up to in the southeast and in the southwest.[1] [3] [4]

Medicine

The plant is highly toxic, causing nausea and vomiting. If the poison is not evacuated, cold sweat and vertigo appear. Respiration slows, while cardiac rhythm and blood pressure fall.[8] The toxic effects of veratrum alkaloids are directly induced by antagonism of adrenergic receptors.

It is used externally by several Native American nations. Although is rarely ever used in modern herbalism due to its concentration of various alkaloids, it has been used in the past against high blood pressure and rapid heartbeat; a standardized extract of V. viride alkaloids known as alkavervir was used in the 1950s and 1960s as an antihypertensive.[9] [10] The root contains even higher concentrations than the aerial parts.[11]

Anecdote

Various sources mention its use by some Native Americans people to elect a new leader.[12] [13] This story appears to originate from an anecdote told by John Josselyn in his 1674 "An Account of Two Voyages to New-England". It is noteworthy that Josselyn's "Account of Two Voyages" have been met with skepticism since their first publication.[14]

"The English in New-England take white Hellebore, which operates as fairly with them, as with the Indians, who steeping of it in water sometime, give it to young lads gathered together a purpose to drink, if it come up they force them to drink again their vomit, (which they save in a Birchen-dish) till it stayes with them, & he that gets the victory of it is made Captain of the other lads for that year."[15]  
The anecdote entered medical literature 161 years afterward, when retold by Osgood C. in an 1835 paper on Veratrum viride. While quoting Josselyn, Osgood introduces a political connotation (election of their chiefs/entitled to command the rest) which is unclear in the original version.
" Its use in the election of their chiefs, is noticed by Joselin, an early visiter to this country, who calls it "white hellebore." According to this writer, that individual whose on the Veratrum Viride. stomach was least susceptible to its deleterious effects, was regarded as the "strongest of the party, and entitled to command the rest."[16]

Notes and References

  1. Flora of North America: Veratrum viride
  2. USDA Plants Profile: Veratrum viride
  3. Plants of British Columbia: Veratrum viride
  4. Jepson Flora Veratrum viride
  5. Columbia River Gorge plants: Green False Hellebore
  6. http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Veratrum%20viride.png Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map
  7. http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Veratrum+viride Calflora taxon report, University of California, Veratrum viride Aiton American false hellebore, White false hellebore, green false hellebore
  8. Book: Elias, Thomas S.. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. Dykeman. Peter A.. Sterling. 2009. 978-1-4027-6715-9. New York. 265. 244766414. 1982.
  9. Book: New and Nonofficial Drugs . Council on Drugs (American Medical Association) . 1964 . . 297–9.
  10. Web site: alkavervir . University of Newcastle upon Tyne Centre for Cancer Education . Online Medical Dictionary . n.d. . 2008-08-31.
  11. Plants for a Future: Veratrum viride
  12. Book: Durand, Lucette . Lamoureux . Gisèle . Morissette . France . Fleurbec . Plantes sauvages comestibles . Le Groupe . Saint-Cuthbert, Québec . 1981 . 2-920174-03-7 . 15899917 . fr.
  13. Chandler, Christopher M., and Owen M. McDougal. "Medicinal history of North American veratrum." Phytochemistry reviews 13.3 (2014): 671–694.
  14. https://www.proquest.com/docview/303385061?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true Lindholdt, Paul Jeffrey. A CRITICAL EDITION OF JOHN JOSSELYN'S 1674" ACCOUNT OF TWO VOYAGES TO NEW-ENGLAND"(COLONIAL AMERICAN, FOLKLORE, PROMOTIONAL LITERATURE, EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY, SCIENCE). The Pennsylvania State University, 1985.
  15. [gutenberg:66922|Josselyn, John. An Account of Two Voyages to New-England: Made During the Years 1638, 1663. Boston, W. Veazie, 1865.]
  16. https://www.proquest.com/openview/0dfd68731092e0746df7253678807e5f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41361 Osgood C. (1835) Observations on the medicinal properties of the Veratrum viride.Am J Med Sci 16:296–309