Maundy Thursday Explained

Holiday Name:Maundy Thursday
Type:Christian
Longtype:Christian/Civic
Nickname:Holy Thursday
Covenant Thursday
Great and Holy Thursday
Thursday of Mysteries
Shere from the word shere (meaning "clean" or "bright") or Sheer Thursday
Observedby:Christians

Maundy Thursday or Holy Thursday, among other names,[1] is the day during Holy Week that commemorates the Washing of the Feet (Maundy) and Last Supper of Jesus Christ with the Apostles, as described in the canonical gospels.[2]

It is the fifth day of Holy Week, preceded by Holy Wednesday (Spy Wednesday) and followed by Good Friday.[3] "Maundy" comes from the Latin word mandatum, or commandment, reflecting Jesus' words "I give you a new commandment."[4] The date of the day will vary according to whether the Gregorian calendar or the Julian calendar is used. Eastern churches generally use the Julian system.

Names

Use of the names "Maundy Thursday", "Holy Thursday", and others is not evenly distributed. The generally accepted name for the day varies according to geographical area and religious affiliation. Thus, although in England "Maundy Thursday" is the normal term, the term "Holy Thursday" is more commonly used in Ireland, Scotland, Canada and the United States.[5] The latter is the official name used in English by the Catholic Church in England and Wales.

The Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England, which is the mother Church of the Anglican Communion, uses the name "Maundy Thursday" for this observance.[6] The corresponding publication of the US Episcopal Church, which is another province of the Anglican Communion, also refers to the Thursday before Easter as "Maundy Thursday".[7] Throughout the Anglican Communion, the term "Holy Thursday" is a synonym for Ascension Day.[6] [8] [9]

The Roman Rite of the Catholic Church uses the name "Holy Thursday" in its modern English-language liturgical books.[10] The Latin books use the name Feria quinta in Cena Domini ("Thursday of the Supper of the Lord"; the medieval spelling Cœna was used in place of Cena in documents predating the 1955 decree Maxima redemptionis), along with Maundy Thursday as the English name, as given in The Saint Andrew Daily Missal.[11] The personal ordinariates in the Catholic Church, which have an Anglican patrimony, retain the traditional English term "Maundy Thursday", however.[12] An article in the 1911 Catholic Encyclopedia used the term "Maundy Thursday",[13] and some Catholic writers use the same term either primarily,[14] or alternatively.[15]

The Methodist Book of Worship for Church and Home (1965) uses the term "Maundy Thursday";[16] the Book of Worship (1992) uses the term "Holy Thursday",[17] and other official sources of the United Methodist Church use both "Maundy Thursday"[18] and "Holy Thursday".[19] [20]

Both names are used by other Christian denominations as well, including the Lutheran Church,[21] [22] and certain Reformed Churches.[23] [24] [25] Certain Presbyterian Churches use the term "Maundy Thursday" to refer to the holy day in their official sources.[25] [26]

In the Byzantine Rite the name for the holy day is "Great and Holy Thursday"[27] or "Holy Thursday",[28] [29] and in Western Rite Orthodoxy "Maundy Thursday",[30] [31] "Holy Thursday"[32] or both.[33] The Coptic Orthodox Church uses the term "Covenant Thursday" or "Thursday of the Covenant".[34] [35] [36] [37] [38]

In the Maronite Church[39] and the Syriac Orthodox Church,[40] the name is "Thursday of Mysteries".

"Maundy Thursday" is the official name of the day in the civil legislation of England[41] and the Philippines.[42]

The day has also been known in English as Shere Thursday (also spelled Sheer Thursday), from the word shere (meaning "clean" or "bright").[43] This name might refer to the act of cleaning, or to the fact that churches would switch liturgical colors from the dark tones of Lent, or because it was customary to shear the beard on that day,[44] or for a combination of reasons.[45] This name has cognates in the Nordic languages, such as Danish skærtorsdag, Swedish skärtorsdag, Norwegian skjærtorsdag, Faroese skírhósdagur and skírisdagur, Icelandic skírdagur, and Finnish kiirastorstai.

Derivation of the name "Maundy"

Maundy is the name of the Christian rite of footwashing,[46] which traditionally occurs during Maundy Thursday church services.[46]

The English word maundy in the name for the day is derived through Middle English and Old French mandé, from the Latin mandatum (also the origin of the English word "mandate"), the first word of the phrase "Mandatum novum do vobis ut diligatis invicem sicut dilexi vos" ("A new commandment I give unto you: That you love one another, as I have loved you, that you also love one another.") By this statement in chapter 13 of the Gospel of John, Jesus explained to the Apostles the significance of his action of washing their feet.

The phrase is used as the antiphon sung in the Roman Rite during the Maundy (Ecclesiastical Latin: "Mandatum") ceremony of the washing of the feet, which may be held during Mass or as a separate event. A priest or bishop, representing Christ, ceremonially washes the feet of others, typically 12 persons chosen as a cross-section of the community. In 2016, it was announced that the Roman Missal had been revised to allow women to participate as part of the 12 in the Mandatum. Previously, only males partook of the rite.[47]

Others theorize that the English name "Maundy Thursday" arose from "maunds" or baskets or "maundy purses" of alms which the king of England distributed to certain poor at Whitehall before attending Mass on that day. Thus, "maund" is connected to the Latin mendicare, and French mendier, to beg.[48]

A source from the Shepherd of the Springs, Lutheran Church likewise states that, if the name was derived from the Latin mandatum, we would call the day Mandy Thursday, or Mandate Thursday, or even Mandatum Thursday. The term "Maundy" comes from the Latin mendicare, Old French mendier, and English maund, which as a verb means to beg and as a noun refers to a small basket held out by maunders as they maunded.[49] Other sources reject this etymology.[50]

Services

Western Christianity

Maundy Thursday initiates the Paschal Triduum, the period which commemorates the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus. This period includes Good Friday and Holy Saturday, and ends on the evening of Easter Sunday.[2] [51] The Mass of the Lord's Supper or service of worship is normally celebrated in the evening, when Friday begins according to Jewish tradition, as the Last Supper was held on the feast of Passover, according to the three Synoptic Gospels.[52]

Services

See main article: Mass of the Lord's Supper and Royal Maundy.

In the United Kingdom, the Royal Maundy service involves the Monarch offering "alms" to deserving senior citizens – one man and one woman for each year of the sovereign's age.[53] These coins, known as Maundy money or Royal Maundy, are distributed in red and white purses, and is a custom dating back to King Edward I. The red purse contains regular currency and is given in place of food and clothing. The white purse has money in the amount of one penny for each year of the Sovereign's age. Since 1822, rather than ordinary money, the Sovereign gives out Maundy coins,[54] which are specially minted 1, 2, 3 and 4 penny pieces, and are legal tender. The service at which this takes place rotates around English and Welsh churches, though in 2008 it took place for the first time in Northern Ireland at Armagh Cathedral. Until the death of King James II, the Monarch would also wash the feet of the selected poor people. There is an old sketch, done from life, of Queen Elizabeth I washing people's feet on Maundy Thursday.

The Maundy (washing of the feet) is practised among many Christian groups on Maundy Thursday, including the Anglican/Protestant Episcopal,[55] Armenian,[56] Ethiopian, Lutheran, Methodist, Eastern Catholic, Schwarzenau (German Baptist) Brethren,[57] Mennonite, Presbyterian and Roman Catholic traditions.[58] [59] [60]

With Maundy Thursday commemorating the Last Supper, Christian denominations who observe this day universally celebrate the sacrament of Holy Communion, which they teach was instituted by Jesus on this night.[60] In the Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church and in certain Anglican congregations, the Mass of the Lord's Supper begins as usual, but the Gloria is accompanied by the ringing of church bells, which are then silent until the Easter Vigil.[61] [62] After the homily the washing of feet may be performed. The Blessed Sacrament remains exposed, at least in the Catholic Mass, until the service concludes with a procession taking it to the place of reposition. The altar is later stripped bare, as are all other altars in the church except the Altar of Repose. In pre-1970 editions, the Roman Missal of the Catholic Church envisages this being done ceremonially, to the accompaniment of Psalms 21–22,[63] a practice which continues in the Lutheran churches and Anglican churches of Anglo-Catholic churchmanship.[64] In other Christian denominations, such as the Methodist Churches, the stripping of the altar and other items on the chancel also occurs, as a preparation for the somber Good Friday service.[65] The stripping of the altar represents "the abandonment of Jesus by his disciples and the stripping of Jesus by the soldiers before his crucifixion."[64]

Chrism Mass

See main article: Chrism Mass. The Chrism Mass is a religious service held in Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism and Anglicanism.[66] [67]

Maundy Thursday is notable for being the day on which the Chrism Mass is celebrated in each diocese. Usually held in the diocesan cathedral, it is generally held on the morning of Maundy Thursday, but may in some dioceses take place on another day during Holy Week.[68] The Mass is a celebration of the institution of the priesthood.[66] [69]

During the Mass, those present are called to renew their baptismal promises. Priests/ministers and deacons also reaffirm their ministry by renewing the promises made at their ordination.[70] [71] The Mass takes its name from the blessing of the holy oils used in the sacraments throughout the year, which are then given to priests to take back to their parishes.[72]

The service is a 1967 restoration of the rite recorded in the early 200s by the historian Hippolytus who writes of a ceremony taking place during the Easter Vigil at which two holy oils were blessed and one was consecrated. In the decree renewing this rite Pope Paul VI said, "The Chrism Mass is one of the principal expressions of the fullness of the bishop's priesthood and signifies the closeness of the priests with him."[73]

The Holy Oils are:

The oil of the catechumens and chrism are used on the upcoming Holy Saturday at the Easter Vigil, for the baptism and confirmation of those entering the church. While the Oil of the Catechumens and the Oil of the Sick, are simply "blessed," the Sacred Chrism is "consecrated,". Holy chrism is a mixture of olive oil and balsam, an aromatic resin. Balsam is poured into the oil, which gives it a sweet smell intended to remind those who encounter it of the "odor of sanctity" to which those who are marked with it, are called to strive.[70]

With respect to Anglicanism, the 1979 Book of Common Prayer (p. 307) calls for chrism to be consecrated by the bishop. In many dioceses, the consecration of chrism by the bishop may be done at a service of reaffirmation of ordination vows during Holy Week. During the Chrism Eucharist, the Bishop will bless the oils used throughout the next year for baptisms and healing. In addition, the Bishop and clergy in attendance will reaffirm their Ordination Vows.[67]

Plenary indulgence

In the Roman Catholic Church, plenary indulgence is obtained in the following cases:[75]

  1. If during the solemn reservation of the Blessed Sacrament (typically on a side altar), which follows the Mass of the Lord's Supper, it is recited or sung the Eucharistic hymn Tantum ergo.
  2. If it is adored the solemnly reserved Blessed Sacrament for a half hour.

Eastern Christianity

Eastern Orthodoxy

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the liturgical colours are brighter, white being common. On this day alone during Holy Week, the fast is relaxed to permit consumption of wine and oil.

The primary service of this day is Vespers combined with the Liturgy of St. Basil the Great at which is read a Composite Gospel, primarily taken from Matthew, but with episodes inserted from John (the Washing of the Feet) and Luke (Jesus sweating blood), and many of the normal hymns of the Divine Liturgy are substituted with the following troparion:

Of Thy Mystical Supper, O Son of God, accept me today as a communicant; for I will not speak of Thy Mystery to Thine enemies, neither will I give Thee a kiss like Judas. But like the Thief will I confess Thee: Remember me, O Lord, in Thy Kingdom.[76]

When necessary to replenish the sacrament for communing the sick at a time not following a divine liturgy, an additional Lamb (Host) is consecrated on this day, intincted, covered, and left to dry until Holy Saturday when it is divided, completely dried with a candle flame, and the pieces placed in the artophorion.

In cathedrals and monasteries the ceremony of the Washing of Feet is normally performed. When there is need to consecrate more chrism, that is performed by patriarchs and other heads of the various autocephalous churches.

In the evening, after the Liturgy, all of the hangings and vestments are changed to black or some other dark colour, to signify the beginning of the Passion. Anticipating the Matins of Friday morning, the Holy Passion service of the reading of the Twelve Gospels is conducted. In these readings Christ's last instructions to his disciples are presented, as well as the prophecy of the drama of the Cross, Christ's prayer, and his new commandment. The twelve readings are:

Beginning on Holy and Great Thursday, the memorial service for the dead is forbidden until after Thomas Sunday.

Local customs

Oriental Orthodoxy

Oriental Orthodox Churches celebrate Covenant Thursday during Holy Week (based on their local calendars). They offer praises and vespers every day of week, and on Thursday and Saturday they remain in church praising God and reading about the First Liturgy and Judas' Betrayal. On Saturday they sing praises for the Entrance of the Messiah in Hades freeing all of the faithful ones including Moses and Abraham.

Customs and names around the world

Public holiday

Maundy Thursday is a public holiday in most countries that were part of the Spanish empire (Argentina,[82] Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Spain,[83] Uruguay and Venezuela), countries that were part of the Danish colonial empire (Denmark,[84] Iceland, Norway and United States Virgin Islands), and in the Kerala State of India.Certain German states declare a public holiday for public sector employees. In the UK, civil servants were traditionally granted a half-day holiday (known as "privilege leave") on this date, but that was abolished, by David Cameron, after 2012.

Seven Churches Visitation

See main article: Seven Churches Visitation. The tradition of visiting seven churches on Holy Thursday is an ancient practice, probably originating in Rome.[85] and occurs among the faithful in countries around the world.

In India, the custom is to visit fourteen churches, one per Station of the Cross. Traditionally, this is performed on Maundy Thursday evening but is more often done on the morning of Good Friday or on any day of Lent. Usually, whole families would participate, customarily fasting for the duration of the rite. It is also undertaken by parish devotional groups.

In the Philippines the tradition is called Visita Iglesia (Spanish, "church visit") – people visit churches to pray, usually reciting the Stations of the Cross. It is a chiefly urban custom, as churches are located closer to each other in cities, and supposedly because it originates in visiting the seven churches of Intramuros that stood until the 1945 Bombing of Manila.[86] The original purpose of the ritual was to venerate the Blessed Sacrament in the Altar of Repose on Maundy Thursday night, but since no prayers were prescribed (apart from those for the Pope), the Stations of the Cross were recited.

In Singapore, the visiting of churches occurs shortly after the evening Mass of the Lord's Supper. Prayers at each church consist of seven repetitions of the Lord's Prayer, Ave Maria, and the Gloria Patri. Due to the new trend of late Mass times (sometimes 7 or 8 pm) to allow for more churchgoers, eight churches are the maximum number visited (even in the city area, where these are closer to each other than in outer residential areas) before these close at midnight. A festive atmosphere exists, with the sale of drinks, hot cross buns and other local snacks like the traditional kueh ko chee. Observant Catholics have a 'Last Supper' meal in anticipation of the next day's fast.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. The day is also known as Great and Holy Thursday, Holy and Great Thursday, Covenant Thursday, Sheer Thursday, and Thursday of Mysteries.
  2. Book: Ramshaw, Gail . Three Day Feast: Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Easter. Augsburg Books . In the liturgies of the Three Days, the service for Maundy Thursday includes both, telling the story of Jesus' last supper and enacting the footwashing.. 2004. 9781451408164. 11 April 2009.
  3. Book: Stuart, Leonard . New century reference library of the world's most important knowledge: complete, thorough, practical, Volume 3 . Syndicate Pub. Co.. Holy Week, or Passion Week, the week which immediately precedes Easter, and is devoted especially to commemorate the passion of our Lord. The Days more especially solemnized during it are Spy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday.. 1909. 11 April 2009.
  4. Web site: Maundy Thursday . Online Etymology Dictionary.
  5. Web site: 2022-04-14 . Maundy Thursday 2022 Messages, Quotes & Bible Verses: Send Jesus Christ Wallpapers, HD Images, Holy Thursday Pics, Telegram Photos & Sayings on the Day Before Good Friday LatestLY . 2023-03-15 . LatestLY . en.
  6. Web site: A Table of the Vigils, Fasts and Days of Abstinence to be observed in the year. https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224042/http://www.churchofengland.org/media/877842/5-table-vigils-fasts.pdf. dead. 12 May 2014. Church of England. en. 21 March 2016.
  7. Web site: The Calendar of the Church Year . 17.
  8. Book: Circle of the Seasons, and Perpetual key to the Calendar and Almanack. 377. Oxford University Press. Thomas Ignatius M. Forster. 1828. Holy Thursday or Ascension Day. Festum Ascensionis. Le Jeudi Saint d' Ascension.. 1 April 2012.
  9. Book: New Curiosities of Literature and Book of the Months. 275. Churton. George Soane. George Soane. 1847. Ascension Day, or Holy Thursday. This, as the name implies, is the anniversary of Christ's Ascension.. 1 April 2012.
  10. Web site: General Instruction of the Roman Missal, with adaptations for England and Wales. Catholic Bishops' Conference of England & Wales. 11 April 2009.
  11. Book: Lefebvre . Dom Gaspare . The Saint Andrew Daily Missal . 1999 . St. Bonaventure Publications . 532–533 . English.
  12. Web site: Holy Week and Easter with the Ordinariate in London. 2014. Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham. en. 21 March 2016.
  13. Encyclopedia: Maundy Thursday (Holy Thursday). 2009. Catholic Encyclopedia. New Advent. 5 April 2014.
  14. Book: Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons. 5 April 2014. 2008. Mark I. Miravalle, S.T.D.. 978-1579183554. 659. The season of Lent prepares the Church for the celebration of the Paschal Mystery during the sacred Triduum of Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday..
  15. News: 10 things you need to know about Holy Thursday. Akin. Jimmy. 27 March 2013. National Catholic Register. 5 April 2014. Holy Thursday is thus sometimes called Maundy Thursday because it was on this day that Christ gave us the new commandmentthe new mandateto love one another as he loves us..
  16. Book: The Book of Worship for Church and Home: With Orders of Worship, Services for the Administration of the Sacraments and Other Aids to Worship According to the Usages of the Methodist Church. 25 March 2017. 1964. Methodist Publishing House. en . 102.
  17. Web site: United Methodist Book of Worship: Scripture Readings listed according to the Books of the Bible . General Board of Discipleship, The United Methodist Church. 11 April 2009.
  18. Web site: Holy Week Service for Midweek, Maundy Thursday, or Good Friday. United Methodist Church . 5 April 2009.
  19. Web site: Preaching Helps for Holy Thursday, Year B (April 17, 2003). United Methodist Church. 13 April 2009. 16 April 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090416201748/http://www.gbod.org/worship/preaching/articles.asp?act=reader&item_id=7701&loc_id=1,32,49. dead.
  20. Web site: Worship Planning Helps for Holy Thursday (April 8, 2004). United Methodist Church. 13 April 2009. 16 April 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090416201806/http://www.gbod.org/worship/worship/articles.asp?act=reader&item_id=10486&loc_id=9,32,49,975. dead.
  21. Web site: Maundy Thursday. Historic Trinity Lutheran Church, Detroit. 11 April 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090219215450/http://historictrinity.org/maundythursday.html. 19 February 2009. dead. dmy-all.
  22. Web site: Counting. A little history of how '40 Days of Lent' came to be . . 11 April 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090417163128/http://www.thelutheran.org/article/article_buy.cfm?article_id=7022 . 17 April 2009 . dmy-all .
  23. Web site: Maundy Thursday. Reformed Church in America (RCA). 11 April 2009.
  24. Web site: Calendar 2009 Year of the Reformer John Calvin. The Hungarian Reformed Church in the US and Diaspora. 11 April 2009.
  25. Web site: Calendar. Suydam Street Reformed Church. 11 April 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110511025137/http://suydamstreetreformedchurch.org/calander_mar2008. 11 May 2011. dmy-all.
  26. Book: The Presbyterian Handbook. Geneva Press. 1 April 2012. These days (approximately three 24-hour periods) begin on Maundy Thursday evening and conclude on Easter evening. On Maundy Thursday we hear the story of Jesus' last meal with his disciples and his act of service and love in washing their feet.. 2006. 75. 9780664502881.
  27. Web site: Great and Holy Thursday. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. 5 April 2009.
  28. Web site: Great Lent: Theology, Homilies, Services, Resources . St Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church, McKinney (Dallas area) Texas . 12 April 2009.
  29. Web site: The Historical Development of Holy Week Services in the Orthodox/Byzantine Rite. Antiochan Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America. 12 April 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20111026185059/http://www.antiochian.org/midwest/Articles/Development_of_Holy_Week_Services.htm. 26 October 2011. dead. dmy-all.
  30. Web site: Saint Mark's Church: An Antiochian Orthodox Parish in the Western Rite Tradition. Western Orthodox. 11 April 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110511025200/http://www.westernorthodox.com/stmark/bulletin/bulletin_040509.PDF. 11 May 2011. dmy-all.
  31. Web site: Oratory of Our Lady of Glastonbury: Western Rite Orthodox Outreach to Southern Ontario. Oratory of Our Lady of Glastonbury. 11 April 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20200830231130/http://www.westernorthodox.ca/files/Christminster_Calendar_2009_2.pdf. 30 August 2020. dmy-all.
  32. Web site: Orthodox Liturgical Index. The Society of Clerks Secular of Saint Basil. 12 April 2009.
  33. Web site: Lent. Holy Incarnation Orthodox Church. 12 April 2009. 15 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110515071146/http://holyincarnation.org/pub/Lent-Easter%202009.pdf. dead.
  34. Book: Malan, Solomon Caesar . The Divine Liturgy of Saint Mark the Evangelist . London . D. Nutt . Original documents of the Coptic Church . 1872 . 4 April 2017 . 55.
  35. Book: Butler, Alfred J. . The Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt . Oxford, UK . Clarendon Press . 2 . 1884 . 4 April 2017 . 350.
  36. Book: Abdennour, Samia . Egyptian customs and Festivals . Cairo . American University in Cairo Press . 2007 . 978-977-416-060-8 . 4 April 2017 . 89.
  37. News: History of Making the Holy Chrism in the Coptic Orthodox Church since Pope Athanasius (326–378) until Pope Shenouda the 3rd (1971–). . 0233-2205 . Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg . 2007 . 29 .
  38. News: Dunne . Agnese . The Thursday of the Covenant . Jubilee: A Magazine of the Church & Her People . 5 . 1957 . 4–5 . A.M.D.G. Publishing Company .
  39. Web site: Liturgical Notes: Thursday of Mysteries . https://web.archive.org/web/20120313035123/http://www.stgeorgesa.org/Thursday%20of%20the%20Mysteries.htm . 13 March 2012 . 13 March 2012 .
  40. Web site: Thomas Joseph . Liturgical Calendar of the Syriac Orthodox Church . Sor.cua.edu . 13 August 2013.
  41. Web site: The Local Authorities (Referendums) (Petitions and Directions) (England) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001. United Kingdom Office of Public Sector Information. 11 April 2009.
  42. Web site: Republic Act No. 9492 . 24 July 2007 . Philippine Government . 26 January 2009.
  43. Book: Maundy Thursday and Good Friday. Charles Dickens. Charles Dickens. 1889. Sine nomine. 22 March 2012. Maundy Thursday is the day immediately preceding Good Friday. It was also known as Shere Thursday, probably from a custom of the priests, who on this day are said to have shaved themselves and trimmed their hair, which had been allowed to grow during the preceding six weeks. An old chronicle says 'people would this day shere theyr hedes, and clypp theyr berdes, and so make them honest against Easter Day.'.
  44. Web site: New Catholic Dictionary . Catholic-forum.com . 13 August 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121021125848/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/ncd05187.htm . 21 October 2012 . dmy-all .
  45. "The old English name for Maundy Thursday was 'Sheer Thursday', when the penitents obtained absolution, trimmed their hair and beards, and washed in preparation for Easter" (Web site: Hungarian Saints . https://web.archive.org/web/20080305212020/http://www.katolikus.hu/hun-saints/margaret.html . 5 March 2008 . 5 March 2008 .).
  46. Book: The Companion to the Book of Common Worship. Peter C. Bower. Geneva Press. Maundy Thursday (or le mandé; Thursday of the Mandatum, Latin, commandment). The name is taken from the first few words sung at the ceremony of the washing of the feet, 'I give you a new commandment' (John 13:34); also from the commandment of Christ that we should imitate His loving humility in the washing of the feet (John 13:14–17). The term mandatum (maundy), therefore, was applied to the rite of foot-washing on this day..
  47. News: Pope Francis changes foot-washing rite to include women. Daniel Burke. 21 January 2016. CNN.
  48. Web site: History of the Christian Church . Philip Schaff . Christian Classics Ethereal Library . III.
  49. Web site: Shepherd of the Springs, Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod . https://web.archive.org/web/20090416232617/http://www.sslc-cos.org/sermons06/lent_maundy.htm . 16 April 2009 . 16 April 2009 .
  50. Book: Langland . W. . Skeat . W.W. . The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman: In Three Parallel Texts; Together with Richard the Redeless . Clarendon Press . v. 2 . 1886 . 17 February 2017 . 239.
  51. Book: Bower, Peter C. . The Companion to the Book of Common Worship. 2003. Geneva Press. 9780664502324. All of Holy Week points toward the passion – the death and resurrection of Christ. The week's three final days (from sunset Thursday through sunset on Easter) complete the commemoration of Christ's passion. These three days are called the Triduum.. 11 April 2009.
  52. Book: Worship and Festivals. Heinemann. Gwyneth . Windsor . John . Hughes. On the Thursday, which is known as Maundy Thursday, Christians remember the Last Supper which Jesus had with his disciples. It was the Jewish Feast of the Passover, and the meal which they had together was the traditional Seder meal, eaten that evening by the Jews everywhere.. 1990. 9780435302733. 11 April 2009.
  53. Web site: Royal Maundy Service. The Royal Family . en. 28 March 2024.
  54. Web site: Maundy Money . 28 March 2007 . The Royal Mint. https://web.archive.org/web/20070328121720/http://www.royalmint.com/RoyalMint/web/site/Corporate/Corp_british_coinage/Maundy_Money.asp . 28 March 2007 .
  55. Book: Episcopal and the African Methodist Episcopal Church . Book of Occasional Services . 93 . 1994.
  56. Web site: Maundy Thursday . The Armenian Church . 13 August 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090224130221/http://www.armenianchurch.net/worship/easter/thursday.html . 24 February 2009 . dmy-all .
  57. Web site: Churches of the Brethren . Brethren.org . 8 August 2013 . 13 August 2013.
  58. Web site: What is Maundy Thursday? . United Methodist Church. 21 March 2007.
  59. Book: Stamm . Mark . Devoting Ourselves to the Prayers: A Baptismal Theology for the Church's Intercessory Work . 2015 . Upper Room Books . 978-0-88177-714-7 . en.
  60. Book: Elwell . Walter A. . Evangelical Dictionary of Theology . 2001 . Baker Academic . 978-0-8010-2075-9 . 750 . en . Observed in the Roman Catholic Church, Maundy Thursday appears on the Lutheran, Anglican, and many Reformed liturgical calendars and is almost universally celebrated with the Lord's Supper..
  61. Web site: Maundy Thursday. Catholic Culture. 21 March 2007. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110514153942/http://www.catholicculture.org/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2008-03-20. 14 May 2011. dmy-all.
  62. Web site: Gramenz . Stefan . Holy Week II: Maundy Thursday . The Lutheran Missal . 26 March 2024 . en . 27 March 2021.
  63. Web site: Missale Romanum. 1962. 161. 8 February 2021. 15 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200215054059/https://sanctamissa.org/en/resources/books-1962/missale-romanum-1962.pdf. dead.
  64. Web site: The Three Days: traditions of Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and the Vigil of Easter . . 5 April 2013 . After the Eucharist is celebrated it is customary to “strip the altar,” which symbolizes the abandonment of Jesus by his disciples and the stripping of Jesus by the soldiers before his crucifixion. It represents the humiliation of Jesus and the consequences of sin as a preparation for the celebration of new life. In many congregations Psalm 22 is read or sung while the paraments are being removed..
  65. Book: Maundy Thursday: Stripping the Altar . Lutheran Church. 21 March 2007. 978-0-8066-1676-6. Pfatteicher, Philip H. Messerli, Carlos R. 1979.
  66. Book: How is oil used in worship?. 2013. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. en. 2. This service, also called a Chrism Mass, is held during Holy Week and presided over by a synodical bishop. At this unique liturgy, the blessing of oil is coupled with a renewal of vows for rostered leaders. The traditional day for this service is Maundy Thursday)..
  67. Web site: Chrism Mass 2017 . The Episcopal Diocese of Tennessee . 13 April 2017 . 13 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170413153130/http://edtn.org/chrism-mass-2017/ . dead .
  68. http://catholicexchange.com/what-is-the-chrism-mass Saunders, William. "What is the Chrism Mass?", Arlington Catholic Herald, March 23, 2017
  69. Web site: What is the Chrism Mass? . The Monitor . McAllen, Texas . April 11, 2017.
  70. Web site: Chrism Mass . Jalbert . Jason . Diocese of Manchester (New Hampshire).
  71. Web site: Chrism Mass . Cathedral of St. Mary's, Diocese of Lafayette-in-Indiana . April 4, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170413153251/https://dol-in.org/news/chrism-mass . 13 April 2017 . 13 April 2017 .
  72. Web site: Chrism Mass to be celebrated at 10 a.m. at St. Louis Cathedral . Chatelain . Kim . Times-Picayune . April 11, 2017.
  73. Web site: Chrism Mass . Catholic Review . Archdiocese of Baltimore . March 27, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170413153522/https://www.archbalt.org/about-us/our-bishops/cardinal-obrien/articles/chism-mass.cfm . 13 April 2017 . 13 April 2017 .
  74. Web site: Chrism Mass 2017 . St. James Cathedral, Seattle . April 6, 2017.
  75. Web site: How to obtain plenary indulgence during Holy Week 2024.
  76. Web site: Communion Prayers . 2024-08-08 . St. Nicholas Orthodox Church . en-US.
  77. The word is of medieval origin and may refer to the widespread custom of eating green herbs on Maundy Thursday (cf. Web site: Deutsches Wörterbuch . Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm.). The name could also derive from Old High German grīnan ("mourn" or "wail", cf. Engl. groan), referring to the passion of Jesus Christ or the penitents' return to the Eucharist on this day in olden times (Book: Küppers, K. . Gründonnerstag . Lexikon des Mittelalters . DTV . 2003 . IV . Munich. .
  78. Book: Spicer, Dorothy Gladys . Festivals of Western Europe . 1958.
  79. Book: Agapkina, Tat'yana Alekseevna . Slavyanskie drevnosti: Etnolingvisticheskii slovar: v 5 tomakh . 2012 . Межд. отношения . 978-5-7133-1380-7 . Tolstoy . N. I. . 5 . Moscow . 555–558 . ru . ru:Славянские древности: Этнолингвистический словарь : в 5 т. . Slavic antiquities: an ethno-linguistic dictionary in 5 volumes . Чистый четверг.
  80. News: Kerala government releases list of holidays for 2019 . The New Indian Express . 5 April 2020.
  81. Sunish George J Alumkalnal, (2013). "Pesaha celebration of Nasranis: a sociocultural analysis." Journal of Indo Judaic studies 13, pp. 57–71
  82. Web site: Maundy Thursday . 13 April 2017 . officeholidays.com.
  83. except in the regions of Catalonia and Valencia
  84. Web site: Planning your trip_www.visitdenmark.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120309021041/http://www.visitdenmark.com/uk/en-gb/menu/turist/turistinformation/fakta-az/helligedage.htm . 9 March 2012 . 13 August 2013 . VisitDenmark.
  85. Web site: Hill, William. "Join the 7-church visits", Diocese of Pittsburgh, April 11, 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150521120610/http://diopitt.org/pittsburgh-catholic/join-7-church-visits . 21 May 2015 . 30 March 2015 . dmy-all.
  86. Of the seven, only Manila Cathedral and San Agustín Church remain in situ following the Second World War.

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