Gratia Countryman Explained

Gratia Countryman
Office:President of the American Library Association
Term Start:1933
Term End:1934
Predecessor:Harry Miller Lydenberg
Successor:Charles H. Compton
Birth Name:Gratia Alta Countryman
Birth Date:29 November 1866
Birth Place:Hastings, Minnesota, US
Death Place:Duluth, Minnesota, US
Education:University of Minnesota
Nationality:American
Occupation:Librarian

Gratia Alta Countryman (pronounced gray-sha) (November 29, 1866 – July 26, 1953) was a nationally-known librarian who led the Minneapolis Public Library from 1904 to 1936. She was the daughter of immigrant farmers Alta and Levi Countryman.[1] She pioneered many ways to make the library more accessible and user-friendly to all of the city's residents, regardless of age or economic position.[2] Countryman was called the "first lady of Minneapolis" and the "Jane Addams of the libraries".[3]

Early life

Gratia Countryman was born on November 29, 1866 to Levi and Alta Chamberlain Countryman.[4] Her father was a Latin scholar and Civil War veteran who had studied at Hamline University, and named her after the Latin root of thanks.[5] She had two older brothers and a younger sister. Countryman graduated from Hastings High School in 1882, and her father moved the family to Minneapolis so that both she and her sister could attend college.

Professional life

Countryman graduated from the University of Minnesota with a Bachelor of Science degree and Phi Beta Kappa honors in 1889. She was recommended by university president Cyrus Northrop to Herbert Putnam for a job at the Minneapolis Public Library, where she started in 1889 under James Kendall Hosmer.[6] She was the nation's first female head librarian at the Minneapolis Public Library from 1904 to 1936. When she accepted this job, she knew that she would be making one third less than her predecessor, with a yearly salary of $2,000.

Due to her philosophy of outreach, collections and reading rooms were established in Minneapolis fire halls, factories, hospitals, and an open-air reading area in Gateway Park.[7] Countryman was a capable leader who, over her 32 years as head librarian, helped increase the library’s scope and reach exponentially. She oversaw the building of 12 branches and a mobile library truck, and she and her staff added over 500,000 volumes to the already substantial catalog. The programs she developed encouraged children to read, continued the education of adolescents and young adults, and helped adults find and hold jobs during times of war, recession and depression.

She was very active in the Minnesota Library Association and served as MLA president in 1904 and 1905.[8] She established The Minnesota Library Commission and remained recording secretary of that group until 1918.[9] From 1912 to 1914, Countryman organized and was president of the Foreign Policy Association Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. She also served on the National Liberty and War Service Committee and the Woman's Warfare League.[10]

In 1931, she was awarded the Civic Service Honor Medal by the Inter-Racial Service Council of Minneapolis for Outstanding Civic Service for work with immigrants. In 1932, she was awarded an honorary MA degree from the University of Minnesota for Distinguished Public Service;[11] this was "only the fourth honorary degree conferred by the university and the first received by a woman."

In 1934, Countryman served as president of the American Library Association.[12] [13] She was forced into retirement by the city's pension law at age 70 in 1936.

Personal life

Countryman never married but lived with her longtime partner, Marie Todd, for thirty eight years.[14] [15] In May 1917, they took in a homeless boy named Wellington Wilson, and Countryman later was awarded guardianship of him.[16] Wellington Wilson later changed his name to Wellington Countryman. He eventually married and had a daughter whom he named Alta Countryman after his adoptive mother. The Countrymans lived in Chicago, Illinois, and Wellington died in 1997.

Gratia Countryman's eulogy summed up her life perfectly: "In her youth a library was a sacred precinct for guarding the treasures of thought, to be entered only by the scholar and the student... Her crusading zeal carried the book to every part of her city and county, to the little child, the factory worker, the farmer, the businessman, the hospital patient, the blind and the old."[17]

Further reading

Archives

External links

Notes and References

  1. Gratia A. Countryman: an inventory of the Gratia A. Countryman and family papers at the Minnesota Historical Society
  2. Benidt, Bruce Weir. The Library Book: Centennial History of the Minneapolis Public Library. Minneapolis: Minneapolis Public Library, 1984.
  3. Rohde, Nancy Freeman (1998). "Gratia Alta Countryman: Librarian and Reformer". In Stuhler, Barbara; Krueter, Gretchen (eds.). Women of Minnesota: Selected Biographical Essays. Internet Archive. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp.173–189. ISBN 978-0-87351-367-8.
  4. Book: Pejsa, Jane . Gratia Countryman: Her Life, Her Loves, and Her Library . Nodin Press . Internet Archive . 1995 . 978-0-931714-66-5 . Minneapolis.
  5. News: Meier . Peg . March 1, 2003 . Countryman adopted boy who was found at library . May 24, 2024 . Star Tribune . E1-E3.
  6. National Cyclopedia of American Biography, Volume E, 1937–1938
  7. http://www.hclib.org Hennepin County Library
  8. Web site: Past Presidents. Minnesota Library Association. 7 August 2015.
  9. People in History Volume 1: A–M An Index to U.S. and Canadian Biographies in History Journals and Dissertations ABC Clio Press page 124
  10. American Women 1935–1940 A Composite Biographical Dictionary Volume A–L. Gale Research Company, 1981, page 194
  11. "Gratia Countryman" www.mnhs.org. 1994. Minneapolis Historical Society. 19 Mar. 2009.
  12. Kramer, Amanda. "Gratia Alta Countryman." Library History Timeline. 15 May 2008. 19 Mar. 2009
  13. Library Journal; October 15, 1992, Vol. 117 Issue 17, pS1, 4p, 2 illustrations
  14. Web site: 2021-06-01. A brief overview of queer and trans history in Minnesota. 2021-12-26. MinnPost. en-US.
  15. Web site: Gratia Countryman. 2021-12-26. Minnesota Historical Society. en.
  16. News: Madame Librarian: The new Minneapolis Public Library could bear the name of Gratia Countryman, its former director . Meir . Peg . Star Tribune . March 1, 2003 . Newspapers.com. Continued on page E3
  17. News: Brandt. Steve. A vote for Countryman. December 29, 2017. Star Tribune. November 26, 2000. 35. Newspapers.com.