Grand Street station (IND Sixth Avenue Line) explained

Grand Street
Address:Grand Street & Chrystie Street
New York, NY
Borough:Manhattan
Locale:Chinatown, Lower East Side
Coordinates:40.7181°N -73.9939°W
Division:IND
Line:IND Sixth Avenue Line
Service:Chrystie Manhattan
Connection: NYCT Bus: (on Bowery)
Platforms:2 side platforms
Tracks:2
Cross Platform:same
Structure:Underground

The Grand Street station is an express station on the IND Sixth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Grand Street and Chrystie Street at the border of Chinatown and the Lower East Side, it is served by the D train at all times and the B train on weekdays.

Opened on November 26, 1967, this station was one of two added as part of the Chrystie Street Connection. The station has two tracks and two narrow side platforms, located approximately 30feet below ground. In the original plan for the station, this would have been a four-track, two-island platform station, with a transfer to the Second Avenue Subway. The fourth phase of the Second Avenue Subway, if built, would include new platform(s) with connections to the existing platforms.

History

Construction

The station was built as part of the Chrystie Street Connection between the Sixth Avenue Line and the Manhattan and Williamsburg Bridges. The Chrystie Street Connection was first proposed in 1947 as the southern end of the Second Avenue Subway (SAS), which would feed into the two bridges, allowing Sixth Avenue Line trains to access the Jamaica, Fourth Avenue, and Brighton lines in Brooklyn. The New York City Board of Estimate voted in September 1951 to construct the Second Avenue Subway and several related lines for $500 million.[1] [2] The next year, the New York City Board of Transportation (BOT) indicated that it would award contracts for the construction of an 890-longNaN-long section of tunnel between Hester and Delancey Streets, including a station at Grand Street, as part of the SAS project.[3] Work had been expected to begin in mid-1952 but was delayed because of engineering difficulties.[4] By 1954, the BOT's successor, the New York City Transit Authority, had asked the city for $37.3 million to begin constructing the Chrystie Street Connection.[5]

In mid-1957, the New York City government solicited bids from contractors to construct the various parts of the connection.[6] One of the contracts was for the construction of a station at Grand and Chrystie Streets, serving trains to and from the Manhattan Bridge.[7] Because there was a large number of senior citizens living near that intersection, the station was originally planned to contain many ramps and "a minimum of steps". That October, the Board of Estimate approved an initial $10.2 million for the connection.[8] [9] A groundbreaking ceremony for the connection took place on November 25, 1957.[10] [11] The connection was projected to cost $100 million and provide capacity for 52,000 more riders an hour between Brooklyn and Manhattan. In 1960, New York City Transit allocated $23 million for the installation of new signals in the Chrystie Street tunnels and six other locations in the subway system.[12]

Construction of the station started in 1962, and the entire seven-block length of Chrystie Street was closed until 1964.[13] By March 1964, the new connection was expected to be completed within the next year.[14] Later that year, the tracks in the new connection were laid.[15] In contrast to subway tracks on existing lines, which contained wooden cross ties, the new tracks were installed on rubber pads attached to the concrete track bed, thereby dampening noise from trains. Lighting, power and signal equipment for the Chrystie Street tunnel had been installed by January 1965. At that time, the project was projected to be completed in 1967, with the portion involving the opening of the Grand Street station to be finished in 1966.[16]

Opening and use

The first part of the connection, including the Grand Street station, opened on November 26, 1967, when the link between the Sixth Avenue Line and the Manhattan Bridge north tracks opened.[17] [18] The connection was fully opened on July 1, 1968, with the opening of the 57th Street station and the opening of the connection between the Sixth Avenue Line and the Williamsburg Bridge.

With the connection completed, the most significant service changes ever carried out in the subway's history were introduced.[19] [20] Upon this station's opening the routes of the B and D were rerouted via the new connection. BB trains were relabeled the B, and began to run to Coney Island via the Chrystie Street Connection, the Manhattan Bridge north tracks, Fourth Avenue Line express tracks, and the West End Line. D trains were rerouted from the Culver Line to run to Coney Island via the new Sixth Avenue express tracks, the Chrystie Street Connection, the Manhattan Bridge north tracks, and the Brighton Line.

Manhattan Bridge closures

The north Manhattan Bridge tracks were closed for repairs from April 1986[21] to December 1988.[22] During this time, this station was served by the Grand Street Shuttle to the Sixth Avenue Line, and there was no subway service from the station to Brooklyn.[23] The Grand Street Shuttle also operated when the north tracks were closed again from April to November 1995;[24] the closure caused nearby vendors' business to decline.[25] A third entrance was added in 1999 to accommodate the station's growing ridership, which in turn was spurred by the growth of the Chinese population in New York City. At the time, the Grand Street station was one of two subway stations in Manhattan's Chinatown, with subway service running directly to the Chinatowns in Brooklyn.[26]

The MTA proposed closing the Manhattan Bridge's northern tracks again in 2000, running a shuttle between Broadway–Lafayette Street and Grand Street.[27] [28] Many Chinese New Yorkers expressed opposition to the plans, as there would no longer be direct subway service between Grand Street and Brooklyn. The New York Times wrote that many of the station's 27,000 daily riders were "Chinese- Americans who live in Brooklyn, come for fresh fish and produce, herbal medicines and household supplies", and that community members feared a decline in business when the Manhattan Bridge's north tracks closed. The Grand Street Shuttle began operating again when the north tracks were closed in July 2001.[29] [30] The MTA also agreed to operate a shuttle bus to the Canal Street station when the bridge's northern tracks were closed in 2001.[31] Regular service was restored in February 2004.[32]

Station layout

GroundStreet levelExit/entrance
MezzanineFare control, station agent
Platform levelSide platform
Northbound← weekdays toward or
← toward (Broadway–Lafayette Street)
Southbound weekdays toward →
toward (DeKalb Avenue late nights, other times) →
Side platform

The station has two tracks and two narrow side platforms, located approximately 30feet below ground.[33] They are column-less, except at staircases, and have a blue trim line with "GRAND ST" in white sans-serif font on it at regular intervals. In the original plan for the station, this would have been a four-track, two-island platform station; the Second Avenue Subway would have served the outer tracks while the Sixth Avenue Line served the inner tracks, providing a cross-platform interchange between these two lines.[34] [35] [36] Although the connection only served Sixth Avenue Line trains, it was essentially the first part of the Second Avenue line that had been constructed.[35] There is a sole mezzanine at the center of the station which has two staircases to each platform, a turnstile bank, token booth, and access to the street exits.On the Brooklyn-bound side, there is a small sign reading "Change Radio Channel to B1", indicating that train operators must change the channel on the route destination box from B2 (IND) to B1 (BMT) before crossing the Manhattan Bridge. Southbound trains leaving this station cross over the north side of the bridge and arrive at DeKalb Avenue or Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center (via the DeKalb Avenue bypass tracks). As the tracks curve onto the bridge, trackways from Canal Street on the Manhattan Bridge branch of the BMT Broadway Line are visible.[37] The north side of the bridge originally led to that station before the current alignment was completed in 1967.

Artwork

A painted frieze called Trains of Thought by Andrea Gardner and Sally Heller was installed at the mezzanine and platforms in the late 1990s as the "Creative Stations" program sponsored by the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council. It features red clay models of R62s and R62As mounted on wood.[38]

Exits

There are three staircase exits: two going up to the northeastern corner of the intersection of Grand and Chrystie Streets, and one going up to the northwestern corner.[39] The station originally only had the two street stairs to the northeastern corner of the intersection, but due to growing ridership over the years—mainly by commuters from various Brooklyn neighborhoods to Manhattan's Chinatown—the third staircase to the northwestern corner was added in 1999.[40]

Second Avenue Subway plans

In addition to connecting the BMT Nassau Street and IND Sixth Avenue Lines, as well as the Sixth Avenue Line to the Manhattan Bridge, the Chrystie Street Connection is one of the few completed sections of the SAS. The Grand Street station was built to serve as a transfer point between the Sixth Avenue and Second Avenue lines. The connection was built this way because the original 1960s plans for the SAS had Second Avenue and Sixth Avenue Line trains sharing two island platforms in a four-track layout, with connections from the Second Avenue Line to the Sixth Avenue Line and the Manhattan Bridge. Because Second Avenue Subway construction was halted in 1975, this station has only served Sixth Avenue Line trains since its opening. As part of the contemporary construction of the Second Avenue Subway, a new station is planned for construction below the current station during the fourth and final phase of the project;[41] Phase 1 of the project on the Upper East Side opened on January 1, 2017,[42] [43] with Phase 2 in planning[44] [45] and two other phases with no funding commitments.[46]

During modern planning, it was considered to utilize the cross-platform provision, known as the "Shallow Chrystie Option", or to place the tracks under Forsyth Street one block east (the Forsyth Option), both of which could tie into an existing tunnel near the Chatham Square station site south of Canal Street. This tunnel, known as the Confucius Plaza Tunnel, was built in the 1970s along with several sections in Upper Manhattan used for Phases 1 and 2 of the SAS.[47] [48] [49] [50] Both these options would require extensive usage of cut-and-cover construction methods, creating large amounts of disturbances to the local community, environmental issues, and possibly requiring the demolition of existing structures.[51]

Current plans, however, have the Second Avenue platform to be built below the current one, though a free transfer will still be provided.[52] [53] The "Deep Chrystie Option", as the selected proposal is called, would instead place the Second Avenue Subway platform below the Sixth Avenue Line tracks, to create the least amount of community disturbance by utilizing tunnel boring machines. Cut-and-cover methods would be utilized only at the station site. The current platforms would be widened to create space for staircases to a new intermediate mezzanine between the two levels. This new mezzanine level will also include a new fare control area with staircases, escalators and elevators leading to two new station entrances/exits, with one on either side of Grand Street between Chrystie and Forsyth Streets.[54] [55] The Second Avenue Subway platform and the new entrances/exits would be ADA accessible. To the north of the station, the Second Avenue Subway tunnels would curve to travel under Sara D. Roosevelt Park rather than directly below the Sixth Avenue Line tunnels under Chrystie Street, to avoid steel piles and other obstructions dating from the construction of the Chrystie Street Connection. To the south, the unused tunnel between Pell and Canal Streets could be used as an ancillary facility with the new passenger-service tunnels located beneath and slightly to the west.[53]

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Crowell . Paul . September 14, 1951 . $500,000,000 Voted for 2d Ave. Subway by Estimate Board; Program Including Connections to Existing Lines Depends on Public's Exemption of Bonds . en-US . The New York Times . June 12, 2023 . 0362-4331.
  2. News: September 14, 1951 . Estimate Board Approves 2d Av. Subway Project: Votes $500,000,000 Plan Subject to Exemption at Election in November . 1 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  3. News: Ingalls . Leonard . April 23, 1952 . City to Begin 2d Ave. Subway This Summer in Chrystie St. . 1 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  4. News: Ingalls . Leonard . July 12, 1952 . Transit Board Moves to Start 2d Av. Subway: Gives First Authorization; Forecasts Deficit for 7 Years After It Is Built . 7 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  5. News: Ingalls . Leonard . July 10, 1954 . Transit Body Asks $172,062,000 Of City for Capital Improvements . en-US . The New York Times . June 12, 2023 . 0362-4331.
  6. News: July 3, 1957 . T. A. Approves E. Side Tunnels to Link IND, BMT . 4 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  7. News: Katz. Ralph. July 3, 1957. Project, to Be Completed in 3 Years, Will Link BMT From Brooklyn and Queens With IND at 2d Ave. Station. en-US. The New York Times. May 30, 2022. 0362-4331.
  8. News: October 25, 1957 . Chrystie St. Subway Fund Voted: Line Will Link BMT and IND . 11 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  9. News: Crowell . Paul . October 25, 1957 . Chrystie St. Link for BMT is Voted; $10,227,400 Authorized to Begin East Side Project . en-US . The New York Times . June 12, 2023 . 0362-4331.
  10. News: . Start Chrystie St. Subway Today . November 25, 1957 . 12 . New York Herald Tribune.
  11. News: November 26, 1957. Ground Is Broken for the Chrystie Street Subway Link. en-US. The New York Times. May 30, 2022. 0362-4331.
  12. October 1, 1960 . New York City Transit to Spend $23 Million for Signals . Railway Signaling and Communications . 53 . 10 . 53 . .
  13. Web site: Barriers on Chrystie St. Removed Alter 6 Years . . August 23, 2015 . January 24, 1964.
  14. News: March 1, 1964. New BMT Tunnel Opens Next Year; Lower East Side Project to Tie In With the IND. en-US. The New York Times. May 30, 2022. 0362-4331.
  15. A big city's subway grows bigger: New York has spent $800 million in the past 10 years on its rapid transit system. Ahead: more big spending for a new Queens tunnel, additional lines . Railway Age . 157 . 5 . August 3, 1964 . 21 . .
  16. Book: Annual Report 1964–1965. New York City Transit Authority. 1965.
  17. News: SUBWAY CHANGES TO SPEED SERVICE: Major Alterations in Maps, Routes and Signs Will Take Effect Nov. 26. November 16, 1967. The New York Times. Perlmutter. Emanuel. July 7, 2015. October 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211030145628/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/11/16/90418352.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false. live.
  18. News: BMT-IND CHANGES BEWILDER MANY; Transit Authority Swamped With Calls From Riders as New System Starts. November 27, 1967. The New York Times. Perlmutter. Emanuel. August 23, 2015. December 11, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211211164816/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/11/27/archives/bmtind-changes-bewilder-many-transit-authority-swamped-with-calls.html. live.
  19. Book: Brian J. Cudahy. Under the Sidewalks of New York: The Story of the Greatest Subway System in the World. registration. January 1995. Fordham University Press. 978-0-8232-1618-5. 132.
  20. News: Gershowitz. Mike. Subway Land Turned Upsidedown. August 14, 2016. Greenpoint Weekly Star. fultonhistory.com. November 24, 1967. 4. May 6, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220506015052/https://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/viewer/?file=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252023%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Greenpoint%2520Daily%2520Star%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Greenpoint%2520Daily%2520Star%25201967-1968%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Greenpoint%2520Daily%2520Star%25201967-1968%2520-%25200378.pdf&highlightsFile=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2Fhighlighter%2Fhits%2Fd5ec3b3a6bf5b62d8c41040645f92316#page=1. live.
  21. News: April 14, 1986. Repairs to Close Part Of Manhattan Bridge. en-US. The New York Times. May 16, 2023. 0362-4331.
  22. News: Lyall. Sarah. December 12, 1988. All Aboard. . .Somewhere. . .for Subway Changes!. en-US. The New York Times. May 16, 2023. 0362-4331.
  23. Web site: 1987 system map. 1987. nycsubway.org. August 12, 2009. November 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201111233839/https://www.nycsubway.org/perl/caption.pl?%2Fimg%2Fmaps%2Fsystem_1987.gif. live.
  24. News: For Riders, A Bright Spot Amid Tumult. Belluck. Pam. November 13, 1995. The New York Times. March 29, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331.
  25. News: Neighborhood Report: Chinatown/downtown; Experiment Fails As Peddlers Vote With Their Feet. January 28, 1996. The New York Times. Jacobs. Andrew. August 6, 2015. September 30, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150930005157/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/nyregion/neighborhood-report-chinatown-downtown-experiment-fails-peddlers-vote-with-their.html?gwh=8DE5469474EDEB440F3A7F38D01AC465&gwt=pay. live.
  26. News: Wolfson . John . March 18, 2001 . Neighborhood Report: Chinatown; Divided by Tradition, United by a Subway Closing . en-US . The New York Times . May 26, 2023 . 0362-4331.
  27. News: Saulny . Susan . December 5, 2000 . In Subway Changes, W Follows V, but for Riders It's Not So Simple . en-US . The New York Times . May 26, 2023 . 0362-4331.
  28. News: Donohue . Pete . December 4, 2000 . Subway Branching Out New W Line Part of Reconfiguring . 7 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . .
  29. News: . Big Crush at Subway Station With Reroutings . Jonathan. Lemire. Pete . Donohue . 3 . New York Daily News. 2692-1251. July 25, 2001.
  30. News: Dewan. Shaila K.. July 23, 2001. For Riders, Many Riddles, Written in Q's, D's and W's. en-US. The New York Times. May 16, 2023. 0362-4331.
  31. News: . Rudy: MTA Plan Not Grand Rips Brass for 3-yr. Bypass of Chinatown Subway Stop . March 20, 2001 . Michael R. . Blood. Pete . Donohue . 5 . New York Daily News. 2692-1251.
  32. News: A Subway Map Remade, in Hopes of Matching Routes and Riders. Luo. Michael. February 20, 2004. The New York Times. 0362-4331. November 5, 2016.
  33. Web site: Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS): Chapter 2: Project Alternatives. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 9, 2019. December 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191205040239/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/chapter2.pdf#page=12. live.
  34. News: The Subway Compromise. The New York Times. July 9, 2015. July 28, 1969. July 11, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150711202434/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990DE6DC1739EF3BBC4051DFB1668382679EDE. live.
  35. Web site: 2nd Avenue Subway – Tentative track plan, Manhattan portion. nycsubway.org. August 13, 2016. May 25, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120525062419/http://images.nycsubway.org/maps/2ave-tr.gif. live.
  36. Web site: Full text of "Metropolitan transportation, a program for action. Report to Nelson A. Rockefeller, Governor of New York." . . . November 7, 1967 . October 1, 2015.
  37. Web site: nycsubway.org. Grand Street. July 7, 2016. July 9, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160709125312/http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/IND_6th_Avenue_Line#Grand_Street. live.
  38. Web site: Artwork: Trains of Thought (Andrea Gardner and Sally Heller) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170812212428/http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Artwork:_Trains_of_Thought_(Andrea_Gardner_and_Sally_Heller) . August 12, 2017 . July 7, 2016 . nycsubway.org.
  39. Web site: MTA Neighborhood Maps: Lower East Side. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 6, 2015. 2015. July 24, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150724175200/http://web.mta.info/maps/neighborhoods/mn/M03_LowerEastSide_2015.pdf. live.
  40. News: Lee. Denny. NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: CHINATOWN; Will a Shuttered Subway Lead to Shuttered Stops?. The New York Times. August 6, 2015. February 18, 2001. May 27, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150527164540/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/18/nyregion/neighborhood-report-chinatown-will-a-shuttered-subway-lead-to-shuttered-shops.html. live.
  41. Web site: Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Proposed Phase 4. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 5, 2015. March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092511/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/feis/figures-07.pdf. live.
  42. Web site: 2nd Avenue Subway Service to Begin New Year's Day: Gov. Cuomo. Siff. Andrew. December 19, 2016. NBC New York. NBC Universal Media. December 19, 2016. December 20, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161220191510/http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/NYC-Second-Avenue-Subway-Service-Begins-January-Gov-Cuomo-Says-407383455.html. live.
  43. Web site: Cuomo promises Second Ave. subway will open Jan. 1. Rivoli. Dan. Sandoval. Edgar. December 18, 2016. NY Daily News. Greene. Leonard. December 19, 2016. March 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210309150524/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/cuomo-promises-ave-subway-open-jan-1-article-1.2915501. live.
  44. News: MTA chairman outlines future plans for Phase 2 of Second Ave. subway construction, expansion projects. Donohue. Pete. August 7, 2014. New York Daily News. December 14, 2016. January 6, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170106193000/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-propose-1-5b-2nd-ave-subway-article-1.1895922. live.
  45. News: Anger in East Harlem Over New Delays in 2nd Ave. Subway Plans. Fitzsimmons. Emma G.. October 29, 2015. The New York Times. November 3, 2015. November 3, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151103014702/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/30/nyregion/anger-in-east-harlem-over-new-delays-in-2nd-ave-subway-plans.html. live.
  46. News: Second Ave. subway on track to open in 2016: MTA. Donohue. Pete. January 20, 2013. New York Daily News. March 25, 2013. February 3, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130203064444/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ave-subway-track-open-2016-mta-article-1.1251331. live.
  47. Web site: Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Appendix B: Development of Alternatives. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 5, 2015. November 22, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161122065059/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/feis/appendixb.pdf#page=26. live.
  48. Web site: Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Chapter 2: Project Alternatives. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 5, 2015. October 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181005164409/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/feis/chapter02.pdf. live.
  49. News: Donohue. Pete. Underground subway party could put organizers in hot water: MTA: Gothamist website printed pictures of the bash. MTA says it'll turn over case to NYPD.. New York Daily News. August 5, 2015. June 24, 2013. March 10, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160310031120/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/subway-party-hangover-article-1.1381446. live.
  50. Web site: Kabak. Benjamin. Abandoned SAS segment party prompts NYPD inquiry. secondavenuesagas.com. August 5, 2015. June 25, 2015. July 15, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150715043418/http://secondavenuesagas.com/2013/06/25/abandoned-sas-segment-party-prompts-nypd-inquiry/. live.
  51. Web site: Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Chapter 3: Description of Construction Methods and Activities. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 5, 2015. April 19, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200419105357/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/feis/chapter03.pdf#page=51. live.
  52. Web site: Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Track Diagram, South of 57th Street. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 9, 2015. July 10, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150710124313/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/feis/figure2-05.pdf. live.
  53. Web site: Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Deep Chrystie Option. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 9, 2015. July 10, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150710093334/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/feis/figure2-06.pdf. live.
  54. Web site: Second Avenue Subway: Tunnel Construction Techniques. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 2002. August 5, 2015. August 19, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140819154743/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/2ndave.pdf. live.
  55. Web site: Second Avenue Subway Station Entrances: Community Board 3. mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority, DMJM HARRIS, ARUP. August 5, 2015. May 20, 2003. March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084742/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/030520_sas_for_cb3.pdf#page=8. live.

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