List of governors of Florida explained

Post:Governor
Body:Florida
Insignia:Seal of Florida.svg
Insigniasize:100
Insigniacaption:Seal of the State of Florida
Flag:Flag of Florida.svg
Flagcaption:Flag of the State of Florida
Incumbent:Ron DeSantis
Incumbentsince:January 8, 2019
Department:Government of Florida
Residence:Florida Governor's Mansion
Termlength:Four years, renewable once consecutively
Constituting Instrument:Constitution of Florida
Precursor:Governor of the Florida Territory
Inaugural:William Dunn Moseley
Formation:June 25, 1845
Deputy:Lieutenant Governor of Florida
Salary:$130,273 (2013)[1]
Appointer:Popular vote
Type:Head of state
Head of government
Member Of:Florida Executive Branch
Florida Cabinet

The governor of Florida is the head of government of the U.S. state of Florida and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.[2] The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Florida Legislature,[3] to convene the legislature[4] and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.[5]

When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor. Florida Territory was established in 1822 and five people served as governor over 6 distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, the longest of any Florida governor to date.

Since statehood in 1845, there have been 45 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Four state governors have served two full four-year terms: William D. Bloxham, in two stints, as well as Reubin Askew, Jeb Bush and Rick Scott who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two full terms but resigned with three days left in his term in order to take a seat in the United States Senate.[6] The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following Graham's resignation.

The current officeholder is Ron DeSantis, a member of the Republican Party who took office on January 8, 2019.

List of governors

Federal military commissioner

Spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10, 1821.[7] Parts of West Florida had already been assigned to Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi; the remainder and East Florida were governed by a military commissioner with the powers of governor until the territory was organized and incorporated.[8]

!scope="colgroup" colspan="2"
CommissionerTerm in officeAppointed by
1Andrew Jackson

[9] 		March 10, 1821
–
December 31, 1821
James Monroe

Territory of Florida

Florida Territory was organized on March 30, 1822, combining East and West Florida.[10]

!scope="colgroup" colspan="2"
GovernorTerm in officeAppointed by
1William Pope Duval

[11]
–
April 17, 1834
2data-sort-value="Eaton, John"John Eaton

[12]
–
March 16, 1836
3Richard K. Call

[13]
–
December 2, 1839
4data-sort-value="Reid, Robert"Robert R. Reid

[14]
–
March 19, 1841
5Richard K. Call


–
August 11, 1844
6data-sort-value="Branch, John"John Branch

[15]
–
June 25, 1845

State of Florida

The State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845. It seceded from the Union on January 10, 1861,[16] and joined the Confederate States of America on February 8, 1861,[17] as a founding member. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District.[18] Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25, 1868.[19]

The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected every 4 years, who was not allowed to serve consecutive terms.[20] The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the term limit,[21] but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the ratified constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term,[22] [23] though without the earlier term limit, which was reintroduced in the 1885 constitution.[24] The current constitution of 1968 states that should the governor serve, or would have served had he not resigned, more than six years in two consecutive terms, he cannot be elected to the succeeding term.[25] The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, where it has remained.[26]

Originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant.[27] The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor,[28] [29] who would similarly act as governor. This office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty.[30] The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor.[31] The governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket.

Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only one candidate from the Whig Party (the Democrats' chief opposition at the time).[32] It elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 90 years passed before voters chose another Republican.

!scope="colgroup" colspan="3"
GovernorTerm in officePartyElectionLt. Governor
1data-sort-value="Moseley, William"William Dunn Moseley

[33] [34]
–
October 1, 1849
Democratic1845Office did not exist
2data-sort-value="Brown, Thomas" Thomas Brown

[35] [36]
–
October 3, 1853
Whig1848
3data-sort-value="Broome, James"James E. Broome

[37] [38] 		[39]
–
October 5, 1857
Democratic1852
4data-sort-value="Perry, Madison"Madison S. Perry

[40] [41]
–
October 7, 1861
1856
5data-sort-value="Milton, John"John Milton

[42] [43]
–
April 1, 1865
Democratic1860
6data-sort-value="Allison, Abraham"Abraham K. Allison

[44] [45] 		[46]
–
May 19, 1865
Democratic
—Vacant
–
July 13, 1865
7data-sort-value="Marvin, William"William Marvin

[47] [48] 		[49]
–
December 20, 1865
8data-sort-value="Walker, David"David S. Walker

[50] [51]
–
July 4, 1868
Conservative1865 
9Harrison Reed

[52] [53]
–
January 7, 1873
Republican1868
Vacant



10data-sort-value="Hart, Ossian"Ossian B. Hart

[54] [55]
–
March 18, 1874
Republican1872
11data-sort-value="Stearns, Marcellus"Marcellus Stearns

[56] [57] 		[58]
–
January 2, 1877
RepublicanActing as governor
12George Franklin Drew

[59] [60] 		[61]
–
January 4, 1881
Democratic1876
Vacant
13data-sort-value="Bloxham, William"William D. Bloxham

[62] [63] 		[64]
–
January 6, 1885
[65] 		Democratic1880
14data-sort-value="Perry, Edward"Edward A. Perry

[66] [67] 		[68]
–
January 8, 1889
Democratic1884
15data-sort-value="Fleming, Francis"Francis P. Fleming

[69] [70] 		[71]
–
January 3, 1893
Democratic1888Office did not exist
16data-sort-value="Mitchell, Henry"Henry L. Mitchell

[72] [73] 		[74]
–
January 5, 1897
Democratic1892
17data-sort-value="Bloxham, William"William D. Bloxham

[75] 		[76]
–
January 8, 1901
Democratic1896
18data-sort-value="Jennings, William"William Sherman Jennings

[77] [78] 		[79]
–
January 3, 1905
Democratic1900
19data-sort-value="Broward, Napoleon"Napoleon B. Broward

[80] [81] 		[82]
–
January 5, 1909
Democratic1904
20data-sort-value="Gilchrist, Albert"Albert W. Gilchrist

[83] [84] 		[85]
–
January 7, 1913
Democratic1908
21data-sort-value="Trammell, Park"Park Trammell

[86] [87] 		[88]
–
January 2, 1917
Democratic1912
22data-sort-value="Catts, Sidney"Sidney Johnston Catts

[89] [90] 		[91]
–
January 4, 1921
Prohibition1916
23data-sort-value="Hardee, Cary"Cary A. Hardee

[92] [93] 		[94]
–
January 6, 1925
Democratic1920
24data-sort-value="Martin, John"John W. Martin

[95] [96] 		[97]
–
January 8, 1929
Democratic1924
25data-sort-value="Carlton, Doyle"Doyle E. Carlton

[98] [99] 		[100]
–
January 3, 1933
Democratic1928
26data-sort-value="Sholtz, David"David Sholtz

[101] [102] 		[103]
–
January 5, 1937
Democratic1932
27data-sort-value="Cone, Fred"Fred P. Cone

[104] [105] 		[106]
–
January 7, 1941
Democratic1936
28data-sort-value="Holland, Spessard"Spessard Holland

[107] [108] 		[109]
–
January 2, 1945
Democratic1940
29data-sort-value="Caldwell, Millard"Millard Caldwell

[110] [111] 		[112]
–
January 4, 1949
Democratic1944
30data-sort-value="Warren, Fuller"Fuller Warren

[113] [114] 		[115]
–
January 6, 1953
Democratic1948
31data-sort-value="McCarty, Daniel"Daniel T. McCarty

[116] [117] 		[118]
–
September 28, 1953
Democratic1952
32data-sort-value="Johns, Charley"Charley Eugene Johns

[119] [120] 		[121]
–
January 4, 1955
Democratic
33LeRoy Collins

[122] [123] 		[124]
–
January 3, 1961
Democratic1954
1956
34data-sort-value="Bryant, C. Farris"C. Farris Bryant

[125] [126] 		[127]
–
January 5, 1965
Democratic1960
35data-sort-value="Burns, W. Haydon"W. Haydon Burns

[128] [129] 		[130]
–
January 3, 1967
Democratic1964
36Claude R. Kirk Jr.

[131] [132] 		[133]
–
January 5, 1971
Republican1966

37Reubin Askew

[134] [135] 		[136]
–
January 2, 1979
Democratic1970
1974
38Bob Graham

[137] [138] 		[139]
–
January 3, 1987
Democratic1978
1982
39data-sort-value="Mixson, Wayne"Wayne Mixson

[140] 		[141]
–
January 6, 1987
DemocraticVacant
40data-sort-value="Martinez, Bob"Bob Martinez

[142] [143] 		[144]
–
January 8, 1991
Republican1986
41Lawton Chiles

[145] [146] 		[147]
–
December 12, 1998
Democratic1990
1994
42data-sort-value="MacKay, Buddy"Buddy MacKay

[148] [149] 		[150]
–
January 5, 1999
DemocraticVacant
43Jeb Bush

[151] [152] 		[153]
–
January 2, 2007
Republican1998
2002
44data-sort-value="Crist, Charlie"Charlie Crist

[154] [155] 		[156]
–
January 4, 2011
Republican2006
45Rick Scott

[157] 		[158]
–
January 7, 2019
Republican2010
Vacant

2014
46Ron DeSantis

[159] 		[160]
–
Incumbent		Republican2018
2022

Acting governor

Florida has had a number of people serve as acting governor. The state's first three constitutions provided that the succession in office became operative whenever the governor was out of the state. Thus, in 1853 when Governor Thomas Brown attended an event in Boston—the Senate president who would normally succeed the governor at the time was also out of state. Therefore, the Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives, A.K. Allison, became acting governor on September 16, 1853. He served for 17 days.[161]

Article IV Section 3 (b) of the Florida Constitution now calls for the lieutenant governor to "act as Governor" during the governor's physical or mental incapacity. This provision has been invoked one time. On June 18, 2008, Governor Charlie Crist filed a proclamation with the secretary of state transferring power of governor to Lt. Governor Jeff Kottkamp pursuant to the constitutional provision while he underwent knee surgery.[162]

See also

References

General
Constitutions
Specific

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: June 25, 2013 . CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries . November 23, 2014 . The Council of State Governments.
  2. FL Const. art. IV, § 1a
  3. FL Const. art. III, § 8
  4. FL Const. art. III, § 3c
  5. FL Const. art. IV, § 8
  6. Web site: Mixson To Be Governor for 3 Days; Graham Will Quit Early so He Can Run for U.S. Senate Seat . 2022-10-25 . Orlando Sentinel.
  7. Encyclopedia: Adams-Onís Treaty . Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society . July 6, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100731034813/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/A/AD004.html . July 31, 2010 . dead.
  8. Web site: Andrew Jackson, Commissioner of the United States . October 28, 2016 . Florida Department of State.
  9. Web site: Andrew Jackson . February 18, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  10. Book: Peters, Virginia Bergman . The Florida Wars . The Shoestring Press . 1979 . 0-208-01719-4 . Hamden . 63–74.
  11. Web site: William DuVal . February 18, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  12. Web site: John Henry Eaton . February 18, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  13. Web site: Richard Keith Call . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  14. Web site: Robert Raymond Reid . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  15. Web site: John Branch . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  16. Web site: Florida and the Civil War" A Short History . https://web.archive.org/web/20100426171916/http://www.floridamemory.com/Collections/civilwarguide/history.cfm . April 26, 2010 . July 5, 2010 . Florida Memory . State Library & Archives of Florida.
  17. Web site: February 1861–1865 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110110064013/http://www.myfloridahistory.org/library/flahistory/civilwar/february . January 10, 2011 . July 6, 2010 . This Day in History . Florida Historical Society.
  18. Cox . Merlin . January 1968 . Military Reconstruction in Florida . Florida Historical Quarterly . 46 . 3 . 219.
  19. Web site: June in Florida History . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111014020920/http://myfloridahistory.org/library/flahistory/june . October 14, 2011 . July 6, 2010 . This Day in History . Florida Historical Society.
  20. 1838 Const. art III, § 2
  21. 1861 Const. art. III, § 2
  22. 1865 Const. art. III, § 2
  23. 1868 Const. art. V, § 2
  24. 1885 Const. art. IV, § 2
  25. FL Const. art. IV, § 5
  26. FL Const. art. IV, § 2
  27. 1838 Const. art III, § 18
  28. 1865 Const. art. III, § 19
  29. 1868 Const. art. V, § 15
  30. 1885 Const. art. IV, § 19
  31. FL Const. art. IV, § 3
  32. Encyclopedia: Whig Party History, Beliefs, Significance, & Facts . 2018-10-19 . en . Encyclopedia Britannica.
  33. Web site: William Dunn Moseley . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  34. Web site: William Dunn Moseley . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  35. Web site: Thomas Brown . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  36. Web site: Thomas Brown . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  37. Web site: James Emilius Broome . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  38. Web site: James E. Broome . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  39. News: 1853-10-22 . none . Gov. Broome was inaugurated at Tallahassee on the 3d inst. . 2 . Pensacola Gazette . 2023-08-08.
  40. Web site: Madison Starke Perry . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  41. Web site: Madison Starke Perry . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  42. Web site: John Milton . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  43. Web site: John Milton . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  44. Web site: Abraham Kurkindolle Allison . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  45. Web site: Abraham Kurkindolle Allison . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  46. News: 1865-05-05 . none . Abraham K. Allison, President of the rebel Senate of Florida... officially announces the death of John Milton, the rebel Governor, and, as acting Governor ... . 4 . New York Daily Herald . 2023-08-08.
  47. Web site: William Marvin . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  48. Web site: William Marvin . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  49. News: 1865-07-15 . none . I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States... do hereby appoint William Marvin Provisional Governor as the State of Florida... . 1 . Evening Star . 2023-08-08.
  50. Web site: David Shelby Walker . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  51. Web site: David Shelby Walker . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  52. Web site: Harrison Reed . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  53. Web site: Harrison Reed . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  54. Web site: Ossian Bingley Hart . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  55. Web site: Ossian B. Hart . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  56. Web site: Marcellus Lovejoy Stearns . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  57. Web site: Marcellus L. Stearns . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  58. News: 1874-03-19 . Death of the Governor of Florida . 1 . New Orleans Republican . 2023-08-08.
  59. Web site: George Franklin Drew . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  60. Web site: George Franklin Drew . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  61. News: 1877-01-09 . Drew's Inauguration . 2 . Memphis Daily Appeal . 2023-08-08.
  62. Web site: William Dunnington Bloxham . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  63. Web site: William D. Bloxham . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  64. News: 1881-01-08 . Florida . 2 . The Macon Telegraph . 2023-08-08.
  65. Prince . Sigsbee Jr. . January 1951 . Edward A. Perry, Yankee General of the Florida Brigade . The Florida Historical Quarterly . 29 . 202 . 30138822 . 3.
  66. Web site: Edward Aylsworth Perry . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  67. Web site: Edward Aylsworth Perry . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  68. News: 1885-01-10 . Perry Inaugurated  - Davis Speaker . 5 . The Pensacolian . 2023-02-20.
  69. Web site: Francis Philip Fleming . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  70. Web site: Francis P. Fleming . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  71. News: 1889-01-15 . Florida's New Governor . 2 . The Weekly Floridian . 2023-08-08.
  72. Web site: Henry Laurens Mitchell . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  73. Web site: Henry Laurens Mitchell . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  74. News: 1893-01-04 . The Inauguration . 4 . The Pensacola News . 2023-08-08.
  75. Web site: William D. Bloxham . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  76. News: 1897-01-05 . Bloxham Is Inaugurated . 1 . The Atlanta Journal . 2023-08-08.
  77. Web site: William Sherman Jennings . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  78. Web site: William S. Jennings . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  79. News: 1901-01-08 . Governor Jennings . 5 . The Pensacola News . 2023-08-08.
  80. Web site: Napoleon Bonaparte Broward . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  81. Web site: Napoleon Bonaparte Broward . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  82. News: 1905-01-04 . Immense Crowds Greet New Governor of Florida . 1 . Pensacola News Journal . 2023-08-08.
  83. Web site: Albert Waller Gilchrist . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  84. Web site: Albert Gilchrist . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  85. News: 1909-01-06 . Gilchrist Inaugurated As Governor of Florida . 1 . Pensacola News Journal . 2023-08-08.
  86. Web site: Park Trammell . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  87. Web site: Park Trammell . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  88. News: 1913-01-07 . Park Trammell Inaugurated Governor of Florida Amid Pomp and Splendor . 1 . The Miami News . 2023-08-08.
  89. Web site: Sidney Johnston Catts . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  90. Web site: Sidney Catts . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  91. News: 1917-01-02 . Catts Today Becomes Governor of Florida . 1 . The Miami News . 2023-08-09.
  92. Web site: Cary Augustus Hardee . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  93. Web site: Cary Hardee . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  94. News: 1921-01-04 . Hardee Is Inaugurated Governor . 1 . The Tampa Times . 2023-08-09.
  95. Web site: John Wellborn Martin . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  96. Web site: John Martin . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  97. News: 1925-01-07 . Martin Inaugurated Florida’s Governor As Hardee Retires . 1 . The Miami Herald . Associated Press . 2023-08-09.
  98. Web site: Doyle Elam Carlton . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  99. Web site: Doyle Carlton . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  100. News: 1929-01-09 . Throng Sees Carlton Made Florida Chief . 1 . The Miami Herald . Associated Press . 2023-08-09.
  101. Web site: David Sholtz . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  102. Web site: Dave Sholtz . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  103. News: 1933-01-03 . Sholtz Becomes Governor of Florida . 1 . Tallahassee Democrat . 2023-08-09.
  104. Web site: Frederick Preston Cone . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  105. Web site: Fred Cone . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  106. News: 1937-01-05 . Fred P. Cone Takes Office As Governor . 1 . Tallahassee Democrat . Associated Press . 2023-08-11.
  107. Web site: Spessard Lindsey Holland . February 19, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  108. Web site: Spessard Holland . February 19, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  109. News: Abbott . Bill . 1941-01-08 . 20,000 Cheer Holland As He Takes New Job . 1 . The Tampa Tribune . 2023-08-11.
  110. Web site: Millard Fillmore Caldwell . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  111. Web site: Millard Fillmore Caldwell . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  112. News: 1945-01-03 . New Governor Sees Need for New Revenue . 1 . Tampa Bay Times . Associated Press . 2023-08-11.
  113. Web site: Fuller Warren . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  114. Web site: Fuller Warren . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  115. News: Murray . J. A. . 1949-01-05 . Governor Takes Office in Gala Show . 1 . The Tampa Tribune . 2023-08-11.
  116. Web site: Daniel Thomas McCarty . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  117. Web site: Dan McCarty . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  118. News: McDermott . John . 1953-01-07 . McCarty, at Inaugural, Pledges Clean Regime . 1A . The Miami Herald . 2023-08-11.
  119. Web site: Charley Eugene Johns . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  120. Web site: Charley Johns . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  121. News: 1953-09-29 . Gallant Fight for Life Ends With McCarty Death at 41 . 1 . Tallahassee Democrat . Associated Press . 2023-08-11.
  122. Web site: Thomas Leroy Collins . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  123. Web site: LeRoy Collins . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  124. News: McDermott . John B. . 1955-01-05 . Outlaws ‘Barter’ of Votes for Jobs in Blast at Johns . 1A . The Miami Herald . 2023-08-11.
  125. Web site: Cecil Farris Bryant . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  126. Web site: Farris Bryant . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  127. News: McDermott . John . 1961-01-04 . Bryant Calls on Floridians To Stamp Out Sectionalism . 1A . The Miami Herald . 2023-08-11.
  128. Web site: Haydon Burns . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  129. Web site: Haydon Burns . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  130. News: Bradford . Vernon . 1965-01-06 . Governor Urges Unity for Florida . 1 . The Tampa Tribune . 2023-08-11.
  131. Web site: Claude Roy Kirk . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  132. Web site: Claude Roy Kirk, Jr. . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  133. News: Bradford . Duane . 1967-01-04 . Kirk Calls Legislators To Act on Constitution . 1A . The Tampa Tribune . 2023-08-11.
  134. Web site: Reubin O'Donovan Askew . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  135. Web site: Reubin O'Donovan Askew . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  136. News: McDermott . John . 1971-01-06 . Askew Puts Tax Reform Before Sales Levy Hike . 1A . The Miami Herald . 2023-08-11.
  137. Web site: Daniel Robert Graham . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  138. Web site: D. Robert (Bob) Graham . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  139. News: McDermott . John . 1979-01-03 . Graham Takes State Reins . 1A . The Miami Herald . 2023-08-11.
  140. Web site: Wayne Mixson . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  141. News: Oetgen . Albert . 1987-01-04 . Dapper Dans and the President Kick Off Mixson’s Three-Day Term . 1A . Tallahassee Democrat . 2023-08-11.
  142. Web site: Robert Martinez . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  143. Web site: Robert (Bob) Martinez . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  144. News: Silva . Mark . Anderson . Paul . 1987-01-07 . Martinez Takes Florida Reins . 1A . The Miami Herald . 2023-08-11.
  145. Web site: Lawton Chiles . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  146. Web site: Lawton M. Chiles . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  147. News: Van Gieson . John C. . 1991-01-09 . Governor Promises No New Taxes This Year . A1 . The Orlando Sentinel . 2023-08-11.
  148. Web site: Kenneth Hood Mackay . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  149. Web site: Kenneth Hood "Buddy" MacKay, Jr. . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  150. News: Bousquet . Steve . Long . Phil . 1998-12-13 . Stricken During Exercise at Mansion . 1A . The Miami Herald . 2023-08-11.
  151. Web site: Jeb Bush . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  152. Web site: John Ellis (Jeb) Bush . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  153. News: Silva . Mark . 1999-01-06 . Inaugural Address Targets Education, Social Services . 1A . The Miami Herald . 2023-08-11.
  154. Web site: Charlie Crist . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  155. Web site: Charles (Charlie) J. Crist, Jr. . February 20, 2023 . Florida Memory.
  156. News: Bousquet . Steve . 2007-01-03 . Take Oath. Look Ahead . 1A . Tampa Bay Times . 2023-08-12.
  157. Web site: Rick Scott . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  158. News: Bender . Michael C. . Klas . Mary Ellen . 2011-01-05 . Governor Goes To Work . 1A . The Miami Herald . 2023-08-12.
  159. Web site: Ron DeSantis . February 20, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  160. News: Ceballos . Ana . 2019-01-09 . Gov. Ron DeSantis Puts Environment on Center Stage As He Takes the Oath of Office . 1A . Tallahassee Democrat . 2023-08-12.
  161. Allen Morris & Joan Perry Morris, "The Florida Handbook" 2007-2008.
  162. News: Gov. Crist Has Surgery on Knee . en-US . The Ledger . 2023-09-26.

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