Gothenburg Explained

Gothenburg
Native Name:Swedish: Göteborg
Settlement Type:City
Pushpin Map:Sweden Västra Götaland#Sweden South#Sweden
Pushpin Relief:1
Pushpin Map Caption:Location within Västra Götaland##Location within South Sweden##Location within Sweden
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name: Sweden
Subdivision Type3:Municipality
Subdivision Name3:Gothenburg Municipality
Subdivision Type2:County
Subdivision Name2:Västra Götaland County
Subdivision Type1:Province
Subdivision Name1:Västergötland, Bohuslän and Halland
Established Title3:Charter
Established Date3:1621
Area Footnotes:[1]
Area Total Km2:447.76
Area Water Km2:14.5
Area Water Percent:3.2
Area Urban Km2:203.67
Area Metro Km2:3694.86
Population As Of:2023
Population Footnotes:[2]
Population Total:604,616
Population Density Km2:auto
Population Metro:1080980
Population Density Urban Km2:auto
Population Demonym:Göteborgare/Gothenburger
Demographics Type2:GDP
Demographics2 Footnotes:[3]
Demographics2 Title1:Metro
Demographics2 Info1:€79.086 billion (2021)
Demographics2 Title2:Per capita
Demographics2 Info2:€73,400 (2021)
Timezone:CET
Utc Offset:+1
Timezone Dst:CEST
Utc Offset Dst:+2
Elevation M:12
Postal Code Type:Postal code
Postal Code:40xxx – 41xxx – 421xx – 427xx
Area Code:(+46) 31

Gothenburg (;[4] abbreviated Gbg;[5] [6] Swedish: Göteborg in Swedish pronounced as /jœtɛˈbɔrj/) is the capital of Västra Götaland County in Sweden. It is the second-largest city in Sweden, after the capital Stockholm, and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. It is situated by the Kattegat on the west coast of Sweden, with a population of approximately 600,000 in the city proper and about 1.1 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area.[7] [8]

King Gustavus Adolphus founded Gothenburg by royal charter in 1621 as a heavily fortified, primarily Dutch, trading colony. In addition to the generous privileges given to his Dutch allies during the ongoing Thirty Years' War, e.g. tax relaxation, he also attracted significant numbers of his German and Scottish allies to populate his only town on the western coast; this trading status was furthered by the founding of the Swedish East India Company. At a key strategic location at the mouth of the Swedish: [[Göta älv]]|italic=no, where Scandinavia's largest drainage basin enters the sea, the Port of Gothenburg is now the largest port in the Nordic countries.[9] The presence of the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology has led Gothenburg to become home to many students. Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927,[10] with both the original Volvo Group and the separate Volvo Car Corporation still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city. Other key companies in the area are AstraZeneca, Ericsson, and SKF.

Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport southeast of the city centre. The smaller Göteborg City Airport, from the city centre, was closed to regular airline traffic in 2015. The city hosts the Gothia Cup, the world's largest youth football tournament, and the Göteborg Basketball Festival, Europe's largest youth basketball tournament, alongside some of the largest annual events in Scandinavia. The Gothenburg Film Festival, held in January since 1979, is the leading Scandinavian film festival and attracts over 155,000 visitors each year. In summer, a wide variety of music festivals are held in the city, including the popular Way Out West Festival.

Name

The city was named Göteborg in the city's charter in 1621[11] and simultaneously given the German and English name Gothenburg.[12] The Swedish name was given after the Göta älv, called Göta River in English,[13] and other cities ending in -borg.[14] [15] [16]

Both the Swedish and German/English names were in use before 1621 and had already been used for the previous city founded in 1604 that burned down in 1611.[17] Gothenburg is one of few Swedish cities to still have an official and widely used exonym.

The city council of 1641 consisted of four Swedish, three Dutch, three German, and two Scottish members. In Dutch, Scots, English, and German, all languages with a long history in this trade and maritime-oriented city, the name Gothenburg is or was (in the case of German) used for the city. Variations of the official German/English name Gothenburg in the city's 1621 charter existed or exist in many languages. The French form of the city name is Gothembourg, but in French texts, the Swedish name Göteborg is more frequent. In addition, the traditional forms ("Gothenburg" in English, or Gotemburgo in Spanish and Portuguese) are sometimes replaced with the use of the Swedish Göteborg, for example by The Göteborg Opera and the Göteborg Ballet. However, Göteborgs universitet, previously designated as the Göteborg University in English, changed its name to the University of Gothenburg in 2008.[18] The Gothenburg municipality has also reverted to the use of the English name in international contexts.[19]

In 2009, the city council launched a new logotype for Gothenburg. Since the name "Göteborg" contains the Swedish letter "ö", they planned to make the name more "international" and "up to date" by turning the "ö" sideways., the name is spelled "Go:teborg" on a large number of signs in the city.[20]

History

In the early modern period, the configuration of Sweden's borders made Gothenburg strategically critical as the only Swedish gateway to Skagerrak, the North Sea and Atlantic, situated on the west coast in a very narrow strip of Swedish territory between Danish Halland in the south and Norwegian Bohuslän in the north. After several failed attempts, Gothenburg was successfully founded in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus (Gustaf II Adolf).[21] The site of the first church built in Gothenburg, subsequently destroyed by Danish invaders, is marked by a stone near the north end of the Älvsborg Bridge in the Färjenäs Park. The church was built in 1603 and destroyed in 1611.[22] The city was heavily influenced by the Dutch, Germans, and Scots, and Dutch planners and engineers were contracted to construct the city as they had the skills needed to drain and build in the marshy areas chosen for the city. The town was designed like Dutch cities such as Amsterdam, Batavia (Jakarta) and New Amsterdam (Manhattan). The planning of the streets and canals of Gothenburg closely resembled that of Jakarta, which was built by the Dutch around the same time. The Dutchmen initially won political power, and it was not until 1652, when the last Dutch politician in the city's council died, that Swedes acquired political power over Gothenburg. During the Dutch period, the town followed Dutch town laws and Dutch was proposed as the official language in the town. Robust city walls were built during the 17th century. In 1807, a decision was made to tear down most of the city's wall. The work started in 1810 and was carried out by 150 soldiers from the Bohus regiment.[23]

Along with the Dutch, the town also was heavily influenced by Scots who settled down in Gothenburg. Many became people of high-profile.[24] William Chalmers, the son of a Scottish immigrant, donated his fortunes to set up what later became the Chalmers University of Technology.[25] In 1841, the Scotsman Alexander Keiller founded the Götaverken shipbuilding company that was in business until 1989.[26] His son James Keiller donated Keiller Park to the city in 1906.[27]

The Gothenburg coat of arms was based on the lion of the coat of arms of Sweden, symbolically holding a shield with the national emblem, the Three Crowns, to defend the city against its enemies.[28]

In the Treaty of Roskilde (1658), Denmark–Norway ceded the Danish province of Halland, in the south, and the Norwegian province of Bohus County or Bohuslän in the north, which left Gothenburg less exposed. Gothenburg grew into a significant port and trade centre on the west coast, because it was the only city on the west coast that, along with Marstrand, was granted the rights to trade with merchants from other countries.

In the 18th century, fishing was the most important industry. However, in 1731, the Swedish East India Company was founded, and the city flourished due to its foreign trade with highly profitable commercial expeditions to China.[29]

The harbour developed into Sweden's main harbour for trade towards the west, and when Swedish emigration to the United States increased, Gothenburg became Sweden's main point of departure for these travellers. The impact of Gothenburg as a main port of embarkation for Swedish emigrants is reflected by Gothenburg, Nebraska, a small Swedish settlement in the United States.

With the 19th century, Gothenburg evolved into a modern industrial city that continued on into the 20th century. The population increased tenfold in the century, from 13,000 (1800) to 130,000 (1900).[30] [31] [32] In the 20th century, major companies that developed included SKF (1907)[33] and Volvo (1927).[34]

Geography

Gothenburg is located on the west coast, in southwestern Sweden, about halfway between the capital cities of Copenhagen (Denmark) and Oslo (Norway). The location at the mouth of the Göta älv, which feeds into the Kattegat, an arm of the North Sea, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city. The archipelago of Gothenburg consists of rough, barren rocks and cliffs, which also is typical for the coast of Bohuslän.[35] Due to the Gulf Stream, the city has a mild climate and moderately heavy precipitation. It is the second-largest city in Sweden after its capital Stockholm.[36]

The Gothenburg Metropolitan Area (Stor-Göteborg) has 1.080.980 inhabitants (2023) and extends to the municipalities of Ale, Alingsås, Göteborg, Härryda, Kungälv, Lerum, Lilla Edet, Mölndal, Partille, Stenungsund, Tjörn, Öckerö within Västra Götaland County, and Kungsbacka within Halland County.[37]

Angered, a suburb outside Gothenburg, consists of Hjällbo, Eriksbo, Rannebergen, Hammarkullen, Gårdsten, and Lövgärdet.[38] It is a Million Programme part of Gothenburg, like Rosengård in Malmö and Botkyrka in Stockholm.[39] Angered had about 50,000 inhabitants in 2015.[40] [?] It lies north of Gothenburg and is isolated from the rest of the city. Bergsjön is another Million Programme suburb north of Gothenburg, it has 14,000 inhabitants. Biskopsgården is the biggest multicultural suburb on the island of Hisingen, which is a part of Gothenburg but separated from the city by the river.

Climate

Gothenburg has an oceanic climate (Cfb according to the Köppen climate classification). Despite its northerly latitude, temperatures are quite mild throughout the year and warmer than places at a similar latitude such as Stockholm; this is mainly because of the moderating influence of the Gulf Stream.[41] During the summer, daylight extends 18 hours and 5 minutes, but lasts 6 hours and 32 minutes in late December. The climate has become significantly milder in later decades, particularly in summer and winter; July temperatures used to be below Stockholm's 1961–1990 averages, but have since been warmer than that benchmark.

Summers are warm and pleasant with average high temperatures of and lows of, but temperatures of occur on many days during the summer. Winters are cold and windy with temperatures of around, though it rarely drops below . Precipitation is regular but generally moderate throughout the year. Snow mainly occurs from December to March, but is not unusual in November and April and can sometimes occur even in October and May.[42]

Colspan=14Climate data for Gothenburg
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Average sea temperature °C (°F)4.0
3.0
2.7
6.8
11.2
15.5
18.0
18.5
16.5
12.4
9.2
6.1
10.3
Mean daily daylight hours7.010.012.014.017.018.017.015.013.010.09.07.012.4
Average Ultraviolet index0124566542103
Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"Source: Weather Atlas[43]

Parks and nature

Gothenburg has several parks and nature reserves ranging in size from tens of square meters to hundreds of hectares. It also has many green areas that are not designated as parks or reserves.

Selection of parks:

Architecture

Very few buildings are left from the 17th century when the city was founded, since all but the military and royal houses were built of wood.[53] Some structures which do survive from this early phase in the city's history are Kronhuset and the Torstenson Palace, and the fortresses Skansen Kronan[54] and Skansen Lejonet.

The first major architecturally interesting period is the 18th century when the East India Company made Gothenburg an important trade city. Imposing stone houses in Neo-Classical style were erected around the canals. One example from this period is the East India House, which today houses the Göteborg City Museum.[55]

In the 19th century, the wealthy bourgeoisie began to move outside the city walls which had protected the city. The style now was an eclectic, academic, somewhat overdecorated style which the middle-class favoured. The working class lived in the overcrowded city district Haga in wooden houses.

In the 19th century, the first comprehensive town plan after the founding of city was created, which led to the construction of the main street, Kungsportsavenyen.[56] Perhaps the most significant type of houses of the city, Landshövdingehusen, were built in the end of the 19th century – three-storey houses with the first floor in stone and the other two in wood.[57]

The early 20th century, characterized by the National Romantic style, was rich in architectural achievements.[58] Masthugg Church is a noted example of the style of this period.[59] [60] In the early 1920s, on the city's 300th anniversary, the Götaplatsen square with its Neoclassical look was built.

After this, the predominant style in Gothenburg and rest of Sweden was Functionalism which especially dominated the suburbs such as Västra Frölunda and Bergsjön. The Swedish functionalist architect Uno Åhrén served as city planner from 1932 through 1943. In the 1950s, the big stadium Ullevi was built when Sweden hosted the 1958 FIFA World Cup.[61]

The modern architecture of the city has been formed by such architects as Gert Wingårdh,[62] who started as a Post-modernist in the 1980s.[63]

Gustaf Adolf Square is a town square located in central Gothenburg. Noted buildings on the square include Gothenburg City Hall (formerly the stock exchange, opened in 1849) and the Nordic Classicism law court. The main canal of Gothenburg also flanks the square.

Characteristic buildings

The Gothenburg Central Station is in the centre of the city, next to Nordstan and Drottningtorget.[64] The building has been renovated and expanded numerous times since the grand opening in October 1858. In 2003, a major reconstruction was finished which brought the 19th-century building into the 21st century expanding the capacity for trains, travellers, and shopping.[65] Not far from the central station is the Skanskaskrapan, or more commonly known as "The Lipstick". It is high with 22 floors and coloured in red-white stripes. The skyscraper was designed by Ralph Erskine and built by Skanska in the late 1980s as the headquarters for the company.[66]

By the shore of the Göta Älv at Lilla Bommen is The Göteborg Opera. It was completed in 1994. The architect Jan Izikowitz was inspired by the landscape and described his vision as "Something that makes your mind float over the squiggling landscape like the wings of a seagull."[67]

Feskekörka, or Fiskhallen, is an indoor fishmarket by the Rosenlundskanalen in central Gothenburg. Feskekörkan was opened on 1November 1874 and its name from the building's resemblance to a Gothic church.[68] The Gothenburg city hall is in the Beaux-Arts architectural style. The Gothenburg Synagogue at Stora Nygatan, near Drottningtorget, was built in 1855 according to the designs of the German architect August Krüger.[69]

The Gunnebo House is a country house located to the south of Gothenburg, in Mölndal. It was built in a neoclassical architecture towards the end of the 18th century.[70] Created in the early 1900s was the Vasa Church. It is located in Vasastan and is built of granite in a neo-Romanesque style.[71]

Another noted construction is Brudaremossen TV Tower, one of the few partially guyed towers in the world.[72]

Culture

The sea, trade, and industrial history of the city are evident in the cultural life of Gothenburg.[73] It is also a popular destination for tourists on the Swedish west coast.

Museums

Many of the cultural institutions, as well as hospitals and the university, were created by donations from rich merchants and industrialists, for example the Röhsska Museum.[74] On 29December 2004, the Museum of World Culture opened near Korsvägen.[75] [76] Museums include the Göteborgs Konsthall, Gothenburg Museum of Art, and several museums of sea and navigation history, natural history, the sciences, and East India.[77] Aeroseum, close to the Göteborg City Airport, is an aircraft museum in a former military underground air force base.[78] The Volvo museum has exhibits of the history of Volvo and the development from 1927 until today. Products shown include cars, trucks, marine engines, and buses.[79]

Universeum is a public science centre that opened in 2001, the largest of its kind in Scandinavia. It is divided into six sections, each containing experimental workshops and a collection of reptiles, fish, and insects.[80] Universeum occasionally host debates between Swedish secondary-school students and Nobel Prize laureates or other scholars.[81]

Leisure and entertainment

The most noted attraction is the amusement park Liseberg, located in the central part of the city. It is the largest amusement park in Scandinavia by number of rides,[82] and was chosen as one of the top ten amusement parks in the world (2005) by Forbes.[83] It is the most popular attraction in Sweden by number of visitors per year (more than 3 million).[84]

There are a number of independent theatre ensembles in the city, besides institutions such as Gothenburg City Theatre, Backa Theatre (youth theatre), and Folkteatern.[85]

The main boulevard is called Kungsportsavenyn (commonly known as Avenyn, "The Avenue"). It is about long and starts at Götaplatsen – which is the location of the Gothenburg Museum of Art, the city's theatre, and the city library, as well as the concert hall – and stretches all the way to Kungsportsplatsen in the old city centre of Gothenburg, crossing a canal and a small park.[86] The Avenyn was created in the 1860s and 1870s as a result of an international architecture contest, and is the product of a period of extensive town planning and remodelling.[87] Avenyn has Gothenburg's highest concentration of pubs and clubs. Gothenburg's largest shopping centre (8th largest in Sweden), Nordstan, is located in central Gothenburg.[88]

Gothenburg's Haga district is known for its picturesque wooden houses and its cafés serving the well-known Haga bulle – a large cinnamon roll similar to the kanelbulle.[89]

Five Gothenburg restaurants have a star in the 2008 Michelin Guide: 28 +, Basement, Fond, Kock & Vin, Fiskekrogen, and Sjömagasinet.[90] The city has a number of star chefs. In 2007, seven Swedish Chef of the Year awards of the previous twelve years had been won by people from Gothenburg.[91]

The Gustavus Adolphus pastry, eaten every 6November in Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus Day, is especially connected to, and appreciated in, Gothenburg because the city was founded by King Gustavus Adolphus.[92]

One of Gothenburg's most popular natural tourist attractions is the southern Gothenburg archipelago, which is a set of several islands that can be reached by ferry boats mainly operating from Saltholmen. Within the archipelago are the Älvsborg fortress, Vinga and Styrsö islands.

Festivals and fairs

The annual Gothenburg Film Festival, is the largest film festival in Scandinavia.[93] The Gothenburg Book Fair, held each year in September.[94] It is the largest literary festival in Scandinavia, and the second largest book fair in Europe.[95] A radical bookfair is held at the same time at the Syndikalistiskt Forum.[96]

The International Science Festival in Gothenburg is an annual festival since April 1997, in central Gothenburg with thought-provoking science activities for the public. The festival is visited by about people each year.[97] This makes it the largest popular-science event in Sweden[98] and one of the leading popular-science events in Europe.[99]

Citing the financial crisis, the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions moved the 2010 World Library and Information Congress, previously to be held in Brisbane, Australia, to Gothenburg. The event took place on 10–15August 2010.[100]

Music

Gothenburg has a diverse music community—the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra is the best-known in classical music.[101] Gothenburg also was the birthplace of the Swedish composer Kurt Atterberg.[102] The first internationally successfully Swedish group, instrumental rock group The Spotnicks came from Gothenburg.[103]

Bands such as The Soundtrack of Our Lives[104] and Ace of Base are well-known pop representatives of the city. During the 1970s, Gothenburg had strong roots in the Swedish progressive movement (progg) with such groups as Nationalteatern, Nynningen, and Motvind. The record company Nacksving and the editorial office for the magazine Musikens Makt which also were part of the progg movement were located in Gothenburg during this time as well.[105]

There is also an active indie scene in Gothenburg. For example, the musician Jens Lekman was born in the suburb of Angered[106] and named his 2007 release Night Falls Over Kortedala after another suburb, Kortedala.[107] Other internationally acclaimed indie artists include the electro pop duos Studio,[108] The Knife,[109] Air France,[110] The Tough Alliance,[111] indie rock band Love is All, songwriter José González,[112] and pop singer El Perro del Mar,[113] as well as genre-bending quartet Little Dragon fronted by vocalist Yukimi Nagano.[114] Another son of the city is one of Sweden's most popular singers, Håkan Hellström, who often includes many places from the city in his songs.[115] [116] The glam rock group Supergroupies derives from Gothenburg.[117]

Gothenburg's own commercially successful At the Gates, In Flames, and Dark Tranquillity are credited with pioneering melodic death metal.[118] Other well-known bands of the Gothenburg scene are thrash metal band The Haunted,[119] progressive power metal band Evergrey,[120] and power metal bands HammerFall and Dream Evil.[121]

Many music festivals take place in the city every year. The Metaltown Festival was a two-day festival featuring heavy metal music bands, held in Gothenburg. It used to be arranged annually since 2004, taking place at the Frihamnen venue.[122] In June 2012, the festival included bands such as In Flames, Marilyn Manson, Slayer, Lamb of God, and Mastodon.[123] Another popular festival, Way Out West, focuses more on rock, electronic, and hip-hop genres.[124] [125]

Sports

As in all of Sweden, a variety of sports are followed, including football, ice hockey, basketball, handball, floorball, baseball, and figure skating. A varied amateur and professional sports clubs scene exists.[126]

Gothenburg is the birthplace of football in Sweden as the first football match in Sweden was played there in 1892.[127] The city's three major football clubs, IFK Göteborg, Örgryte IS, and GAIS[128] share a total of 34 Swedish championships between them.[129] IFK has also won the UEFA Cup twice.[130] Other notable clubs include BK Häcken (football),[131] Göteborg HC (women's ice hockey), Pixbo Wallenstam IBK (floorball),[132] multiple national handball champion Redbergslids IK,[133] and five-time national ice hockey champion Frölunda HC,[134] Gothenburg had a professional basketball team, Gothia Basket, until 2010 when it ceased.[135] The bandy department of GAIS, GAIS Bandy, played the first season in the highest division Elitserien last season. The group stage match between the main rivals Sweden and Russia in the 2013 Bandy World Championship was played at Arena Heden in central Gothenburg.[136]

The city's most notable sports venues are Scandinavium,[137] and Ullevi (multisport) and the newly built Gamla Ullevi[138] (football).

The 2003 World Allround Speed Skating Championships were held in Rudhallen, Sweden's only indoor speed-skating arena.[139] It is a part of Ruddalens IP, which also has a bandy field and several football fields.[140]

The only Swedish heavyweight champion of the world in boxing, Ingemar Johansson, who took the title from Floyd Paterson in 1959, was from Gothenburg.[141]

Gothenburg has hosted a number of international sporting events including the 1958 FIFA World Cup, the 1983 European Cup Winners' Cup Final,[142] an NFL preseason game on 14August 1988 between the Chicago Bears and the Minnesota Vikings,[143] the 1992 European Football Championship, the 1993[144] and the 2002 World Men's Handball Championship,[145] the 1995 World Championships in Athletics,[146] the 1997 World Championships in Swimming (short track),[147] the 2002 Ice Hockey World Championships, the 2004 UEFA Cup final,[148] the 2006 European Championships in Athletics,[149] and the 2008 World Figure Skating Championships.[150] Annual events held in the city are the Gothia Cup[151] and the Göteborgsvarvet.[152] The annual Gothia Cup, is the world's largest football tournament with regards to the number of participants: in 2011, a total of 35,200 players from 1,567 teams and 72 nations participated.

Gothenburg hosted the XIII FINA World Masters Championships in 2010.[153] Diving, swimming, synchronized swimming and open-water competitions were held on 28July to 7August. The water polo events were played on the neighboring city of Borås.[154]

Gothenburg is also home to the Gothenburg Sharks, a professional baseball team in the Elitserien division of baseball in Sweden.[155]

With around 25,000 sailboats and yachts scattered about the city, sailing is a popular sports activity in the region, particularly because of the nearby Gothenburg archipelago.[156] In June 2015, the Volvo Ocean Race, professional sailing's leading crewed offshore race, concluded in Gothenburg,[157] as well as an event in the 2015–2016 America's Cup World Series in August 2015.[158]

The Gothenburg Amateur Diving Club (Göteborgs amatördykarklubb) has been operating since October 1938.

Economy

Due to Gothenburg's advantageous location in the centre of Scandinavia, trade and shipping have always played a major role in the city's economic history, and they continue to do so. Gothenburg port has come to be the largest harbour in Scandinavia.

Apart from trade, the second pillar of Gothenburg has traditionally been manufacturing and industry, which significantly contributes to the city's wealth.[159] Major companies operating plants in the area include SKF, Volvo (both cars and trucks), and Ericsson. Volvo Cars is the largest employer in Gothenburg, not including jobs in supply companies. The blue-collar industries which have dominated the city for long are still important factors in the city's economy, but they are being gradually replaced by high-tech industries.[160] [161]

Banking and finance are also important, as well as the event and tourist industry.

Gothenburg is the terminus of the Valdemar-Göteborg gas pipeline, which brings natural gas from the North Sea fields to Sweden, through Denmark.[162]

Historically, Gothenburg was home base from the 18th century of the Swedish East India Company.[163] From its founding until the late 1970s, the city was a world leader in shipbuilding, with such shipyards as Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstad, Götaverken, Arendalsvarvet, and Lindholmens varv.[164] In 1875, the Lindholmsdockan drydock opened in Gothenburg.[165] Gothenburg is classified as a global city by GaWC, with a ranking of Gamma.[166] The city has been ranked as the 12th-most inventive city in the world by Forbes.[167]

Government

See main article: Gothenburg Municipality. Gothenburg became a city municipality with an elected city council when the first Swedish local government acts were implemented in 1863.[168] The municipality has an assembly consisting of 81 members,[169] elected every fourth year.[170] Political decisions depend on citizens considering them legitimate. Political legitimacy can be based on various factors: legality, due process, and equality before the law, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of public policy. One method used to achieve greater legitimacy for controversial policy reforms such as congestion charges is to allow citizens to decide or advise on the issue in public referendums.

In December 2010 a petition for a local referendum on the congestion tax, signed by 28,000 citizens, was submitted to the City Council. This right to submit so-called "people's initiatives" was inscribed in the Local Government Act, which obliged local governments to hold a local referendum if petitioned by 5% of the citizens unless the issue was deemed to be outside their area of jurisdiction or if a majority in the City Council voted against holding such a referendum.[171] A second petition for a referendum, signed by 57,000 citizens, was submitted to the local government in February 2013. This petition followed a campaign organised by a local newspaper – Göteborgs Tidningen – whose editor-in-chief argued that the paper's involvement was justified by the large public response to a series of articles on the congestion tax, as well as out of concern for the local democracy.[172]

Demographics

Largest groups of foreign residents[173]
Foreign born Population (2021)
12,999
12,902
9,756
8,839
7,639
7,151
5,901
5,539
5,382
4,315
3,685
3,117
2,975
2,691
2,474
In 2019, approximately 28% (159,342 residents) of the population of Gothenburg were foreign born and approximately 46% (265,019 residents) had at least one parent born abroad.[174] In addition, approximately 12% (69,263 residents) were foreign citizens.[175]

In 2016, 45% of Gothenburg's immigrant population is from other parts of Europe, and 10% of the total population is from another Nordic country.[176] The city's population increased by 9,292 during 2022.[177]

Education

Gothenburg has two universities, both of which started as colleges founded by private donations in the 19th century. The University of Gothenburg has about 38,000 students and is one of the largest universities in Scandinavia,[178] and one of the most versatile in Sweden. Chalmers University of Technology is a well-known university located in Johanneberg south of the inner city, lately also established at Lindholmen in Norra Älvstranden, Hisingen.[179]

In 2015, there were ten adult education centres in Gothenburg: Agnesbergs folkhögskola, Arbetarrörelsens folkhögskola i Göteborg, Finska folkhögskolan, Folkhögskolan i Angered, Göteborgs folkhögskola, Kvinnofolkhögskolan, Mo Gård folkhögskola, S:ta Birgittas folkhögskola, Västra Götalands folkhögskolor and Wendelsbergs folkhögskola.[180]

In 2015, there were 49 high schools in Gothenburg. Some of the more notable schools are Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet, Göteborgs Högre Samskola, Sigrid Rudebecks gymnasium and Polhemsgymnasiet. Some high-schools are also connected to large Swedish corporations, such as SKF Technical high-school owned by SKF and Gothenburg's technical high-school jointly owned by Volvo, Volvo Cars and Gothenburg municipality.[181]

There are two folkhögskola that teach fine arts: Domen and Goteborg Folkhögskola.

Transport

Public transport

With over of double track, the Gothenburg tram network covers most of the city and is the largest tram/light rail network in Scandinavia. Gothenburg also has a bus network. Boat and ferry services connect the Gothenburg archipelago to the mainland. The lack of a subway is due to the soft ground on which Gothenburg is situated. Tunneling is very expensive in such conditions.[182]

The Gothenburg commuter rail with three lines services some nearby cities and towns.[183]

Public transport on the Swedish: [[Göta älv]]|italic=no river is operated on the Älvsnabben ferry line, operated by Styrsöbolaget on a commission from Västtrafik.

Rail and intercity bus

Other major transportation hubs are Centralstationen (Gothenburg Central Station) and the Nils Ericson Terminal with trains and buses to various destinations in Sweden, as well as connections to Oslo and Copenhagen (via Malmö).[184]

Air

Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport, located about 20 km (12 mi) east of the city centre. It is named after nearby locality Landvetter. Flygbussarna offer frequent bus connections to and from Gothenburg with travel time 20–30 minutes. Swebus, Flixbus and Nettbuss also serve the airport with several daily departures to Gothenburg, Borås and other destinations along European route E4. Västtrafik, the local public transport provider in the area, offers additional connections to Landvetter.[185]

The airport is operated by Swedish national airport operator Swedavia, and with 6.8 million passengers served in 2017, it is Sweden's second-largest airport after Stockholm Arlanda.[186] It serves as a base for several domestic and international airlines, e.g. Scandinavian Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle and Ryanair. Göteborg Landvetter, however, does not serve as a hub for any airline. In total, there are about 50 destinations with scheduled direct flights to and from Gothenburg, most of them European. An additional 40 destinations are served via charter.[187]

The second airport in the area, Göteborg City Airport, is closed. On 13January 2015, Swedish airport operator Swedavia announced that Göteborg City Airport will not reopen for commercial services following an extensive rebuild of the airport started in November 2014, citing that the cost of making the airport viable for commercial operations again was too high, at 250 million kronor ($31 million). Commercial operations will be gradually wound down.[188] The airport was located northwest of the city centre. It was formerly known as Säve Flygplats. It is located within the borders of Gothenburg Municipality. In addition to commercial airlines, the airport was also operated by a number of rescue services, including the Swedish Coast Guard, and was used for other general aviation.[189] Most civil air traffic to Göteborg City Airport was via low-cost airlines such as Ryanair and Wizz Air. Those companies have now been relocated to Landvetter Airport.[190]

Sea

The Swedish company Stena Line operates between Gothenburg/Frederikshavn in Denmark and Gothenburg/Kiel in Germany.[191]

The "England ferry" (Englandsfärjan) to Newcastle via Kristiansand (run by the Danish company DFDS Seaways) ceased at the end of October 2006,[192] after being a Gothenburg institution since the 19th century.[193] DFDS Seaways' sister company, DFDS Tor Line, continues to run scheduled cargo ships between Gothenburg and several English ports, and these used to have limited capacity for passengers and their private vehicles. Also freight ships to North America and East Asia leave from the port.[194]

Freight

Gothenburg is an intermodal logistics hub and Gothenburg harbour has access to Sweden and Norway via rail and trucks. Gothenburg harbour is the largest port in Scandinavia with a cargo turnover of 36.9 million tonnes per year in 2004.[195]

Notable people

See main article: List of people from Gothenburg. Two of the noted people from Gothenburg are fictional, but have become synonymous with "people from Gothenburg". They are a working class couple called Kal and Ada, featured in "Gothenburg jokes" (göteborgsvitsar), songs, plays and names of events.[196] [197] Each year two persons who have significantly contributed to culture in the city are given the honorary titles of "Kal and Ada".[198] A bronze statue of the couple made by Svenrobert Lundquist, was placed outside the entrance to Liseberg in 1995.[199] Other notable people from Gothenburg include:

Sport

International rankings

Gothenburg has performed well in international rankings, some of which are mentioned below:The Global Destination Sustainability Index has named Gothenburg the world's most sustainable destination every year since 2016.[202]

In 2019 Gothenburg was selected by the EU as one of the top 2020 European Capitals of Smart Tourism.[203]

In 2020 Business Region Göteborg received the 'European Entrepreneurial Region Award 2020' (EER Award 2020) from the EU.

International relations

The Gothenburg Award is the city's international prize that recognises and supports work to achieve sustainable development – in the Gothenburg region and from a global perspective.[204] The award, which is one million Swedish crowns, is administered and funded by a coalition of the City of Gothenburg and 12 companies.[205] Past winners of the award have included Kofi Annan, Al Gore, and Michael Biddle.[206]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Sweden.

Twin towns and sister cities

Gothenburg is twinned with:[207]

With Lyon (France) there is no formal partnership, but "a joint willingness to cooperate".[209] Gothenburg had signed an agreement with Shanghai in 1986 which was upgraded in 2003 to include exchanges in culture, economics, trade and sport. The agreement was allowed to lapse in 2020.[210]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Localities 2015; population 2010–2016, area, overlap holiday home areas, coordinates . 28 May 2017 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20130116121921/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01Z/01_Localities2010_land_area_pop_density_2005_2010.xls . 16 January 2013 . dead . 7 July 2017.
  2. Web site: Kvartal 2 2014 . Statistiska Centralbyrån . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140814011303/http://scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Befolkning/Befolkningens-sammansattning/Befolkningsstatistik/25788/25795/Kvartals--och-halvarsstatistik---Kommun-lan-och-riket/244145/ . 14 August 2014.
  3. Web site: Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions. ec.europa.eu.
  4. Web site: Gothenburg . . 22 July 2016 . 17 August 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160817093928/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gothenburg . dead.
  5. Web site: Göteborg . 19 December 2017 . 22 December 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171222104956/https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/G%C3%B6teborg . live.
  6. Web site: Förkortningar för svenska och utländska ortnamn . 19 December 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171219110943/http://itu.se/ortnamn.shtml . 19 December 2017.
  7. Web site: Göteborg över 600 000 invånare – och Sverige har fått en ny minsta kommun .
  8. Web site: Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 31 december 2021 och befolkningsförändringar 1 oktober –31 december 2021. Totalt . SEB . https://web.archive.org/web/20220318200213/https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/kvartals--och-halvarsstatistik--kommun-lan-och-riket/kvartal-4-2021/ . 23 March 2022 . 18 March 2022.
  9. https://archive.today/20130114045148/http://www.ne.se/jsp/search/article.jsp?i_art_id=189651&i_word=G%F6teborg&i_whole_article=true&i_history=1 Swedish National Encyclopedia (password needed)
  10. Web site: Volvo's founders – Our founders & presidents : Volvo Group Global . volvogroup.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100409224701/http://www.volvogroup.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo%20group/history/volvosfounders/Pages/volvo_founders.aspx . 9 April 2010.
  11. För det första, skal denne Stad, heta och kallas Götheborgh.
  12. Web site: City of Göteborg blir åter City of Gothenburg . sv . City of Gothenburg will again be City of Gothenburg . 9 December 2009 . Vårt Göteborg . 9 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180617115523/http://www.vartgoteborg.se/prod/sk/vargotnu.nsf/1/ovrigt,city_of_goteborg_blir_ater_city_of_gothenburg . 17 June 2018 . dead.
  13. Web site: Gothenburg | Sweden . 31 December 2017 . 31 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171031024709/https://www.britannica.com/place/Gothenburg-Sweden . live.
  14. Web site: Hellquist . Elof . 1922 . 219 (Svensk etymologisk ordbok) . 21 November 2021 . runeberg.org . sv . 20 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171020095023/http://runeberg.org/svetym/0307.html . live.
  15. Pamp, B. Ortnamnen i Sverige. Svenska ortnamnsarkiv.
  16. AWE/Gebers serie om ortnamnen i våra landskap.
  17. Web site: Göteborg . 21 November 2021 . 27 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235647/https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/G%C3%B6teborg . live.
  18. University of Gothenburg – the University's new English name . University of Gothenburg . 4 February 2008 . 18 May 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110728080218/http://www.gu.se/english/about_the_university/current/the-university-s-new-english-name.cid778745 . 28 July 2011.
  19. Web site: City of Gothenburg . City of Gothenburg . 15 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160215183929/http://international.goteborg.se/ . 15 February 2016 . dead.
  20. Web site: Valkonen . Jorma . Göteborg blir go:teborg . Göteborg becomes go:teborg . www.aftonbladet.se . . 12 August 2009 . 25 August 2015 . 25 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150925131650/http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article11956437.ab . live.
  21. Web site: Twedberg . Johan . Här skulle staden ligga . The city would be . www.vartgoteborg.se . . 9 March 2003 . 26 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150925104246/http://www.vartgoteborg.se/prod/sk/vargotnu.nsf/1/kultur_o_fritid,har_skulle_staden_ligga . 25 September 2015 . dead.
  22. Web site: Lagerström . Robert . Färjenäs – stan under bron . Färjenäs – the town under the bridge . www.gp.se . . 23 November 2008 . 7 July 2017 . 17 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171017233313/https://www.gp.se/livsstil/bostad/f%C3%A4rjen%C3%A4s-stan-under-bron-1.1119365 . live.
  23. Web site: Svedberg . Viktor . Förstudier och förundersökningar . Feasibility studies and preliminary investigations . www.raa.se . . 28–31 . 2002 . 26 August 2015 . 25 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150925091837/http://samla.raa.se/xmlui/bitstream/handle/raa/3661/rv2002_07.pdf?sequence=3 . live.
  24. Web site: Andersson . Dan . Varför kom skottarna till Göteborg? . Why did the Scots go to Gothenburg? . www.expressen.se . . 4 January 2009 . 26 August 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043450/http://www.expressen.se/gt/kultur/varfor-kom-skottarna-till-goteborg/ . live.
  25. Web site: Direktören som grundade industriskola . The director who founded the industrial school . www.företagsamheten.se . Svenskt Näringsliv . 26 August 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160616194134/http://xn--fretagsamheten-vpb.se/Entreprenorer/Entreprenorer/William-Chalmers/ . 16 June 2016.
  26. Web site: En industriföretagare danas – Alexander Keillers första år i Sverige . The making of an industrialist – Alexander Keiller's first year in Sweden . www.warne.se . 26 August 2015 . 3 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221902/http://www.warne.se/docs/Keiller_8-17.pdf . live.
  27. Web site: Keiller park . www.goteborg.com . Göteborgs Turistbyrå . 26 August 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023218/http://www.goteborg.com/keillers-park/ . live.
  28. Book: Nevéus . Clara . de Wærn . Bror Jaques . Eriksson . Kurt . Ny svensk vapenbok . The Book of New Swedish Weapons . 1992 . Streiffert i samarbete med Riksarkivet . Stockholm . 978-91-7886-092-0 . 70 . .
  29. Encyclopedia: Ostindiska kompanier . East India companies . Nordisk familjebok–Uggleupplagan . Leche, V . Nyström, J.F. . Warburg, K . Westrin, Theodor . Theodor Westrin . 1914 . 20 . Nordisk familjeboks förl. . 1060–1062 . Stockholm . sv . 26 August 2015 . 25 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150925135021/http://runeberg.org/nfbt/0570.html . live.
  30. Book: Ur Göteborgs Häfder – om de styrande och de styrde 1621–1748 . From Gothenburg's annals – of the rulers and the ruled 1621–1748 . Sigfrid . Wieselgren . P A Norstedt & Söner . Stockholm . 1878 . 10.
  31. Book: Viktor Rydberg, hans levnad och diktning . Viktor Rydberg, his life and poetry . ALB. Bonniers Book Publishing . Stockholm . 1913 . Karl . Warburg . . 9781278687216. 54 . 26 August 2015 . 25 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150925135024/http://runeberg.org/warburyd/0068.html . live.
  32. Book: Millennium – årtusendets bok . Millennium – the millennium book (the awkward title is because the first word of the original title was literally "Millennium") . Jan Hansson . . 1999 . 104 . 978-91-973363-2-1 . .
  33. Book: Sfären Nr 5 SKF Göteborg: Sven Wingquist 75 år . Sphere No. 5 SKF Gothenburg Sven Wingquist 75 years . A. Holber . Wezäta . Göteborg . 1951 . 4.
  34. Web site: Volvo's founders : Volvo Group – Global . Volvo.com . 14 April 1927 . 26 August 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090522012609/http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo%2Bgroup/history/volvosfounders/volvo_founders.htm . 22 May 2009.
  35. Encyclopedia: Göteborg . Nordisk familjebok–Uggleupplagan . Westrin, Theodor . Theodor Westrin . 1909 . Nordisk familjeboks förl. . 890–898 . Stockholm . sv . 27 August 2015 . 30 June 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150630232429/http://runeberg.org/nfbj/0481.html . live.
  36. News: Lunchdebatt om regional utveckling . Lunch Debate on Regional Development . SVT Nyheter . . 27 August 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141650/http://www.svt.se/nyheter/live/lunchdebatt-om-regional-utveckling . live . Nyheter . SVT.
  37. Web site: 2024-02-22 . Folkmängd i Göteborgsregionen 2023 . 2024-07-23 . goteborgsregionen.se . sv.
  38. Book: Baum . Greta . Göteborgs gatunamn 1621 t o m 2000 . Gothenburg street names between the years 1621 to 2000 . 2001 . Tre böcker . Gothenburg . 978-91-7029-460-0 . .
  39. Web site: Spangenberg . Jonas . Låt oss hellre bygga miljonprogram än miljonärsprogram . Let us rather build than undertake the Million Millionaire program . www.gp.se . . 16 April 2014 . 27 August 2015 . 17 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171017235415/https://www.gp.se/nyheter/debatt/l%C3%A5t-oss-hellre-bygga-miljonprogram-%C3%A4n-miljon%C3%A4rsprogram-1.465385 . live.
  40. Web site: Angereds stadsdelsförvaltning . Angered district administration . www.goteborg.se . . 27 August 2015 . 22 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095203/http://goteborg.se/wps/portal/enheter/stadsdelsforvaltning/angereds-stadsdelsforvaltning/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zijYyDTVyDXYwNLNzMjA08A53D3H2CnI0czY30wwkpiAJKG-AAjgb6XvpR6Tn5SUCrwp30I9203ZM8ykG2OuYlGVuk60cVpaalFqUW6WXkF5foR5SXl-ul5-en56TqFafqF-RGVHkWOyoCAE3dTOE!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ . live.
  41. Web site: Andersson . Leif . Vad händer med Golfströmmen? . What happens to the Gulf Stream? . www.gu.se . . 26 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151120232805/http://tellus.science.gu.se/seminarier_och_kurser/golfstr_mmens_framtid . 20 November 2015 . dead . sv.
  42. Web site: Säsongens första snöfall . The season's first snowfall . SMHI . 27 October 2015 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052042/http://www.smhi.se/nyhetsarkiv/sasongens-forsta-snofall-i-gotaland-kallt-i-norr-1.13420 . live.
  43. Web site: Dublin, Ireland – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data . Weather Atlas . 25 January 2019 . 26 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190126000903/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/ireland/dublin-climate . live.
  44. Book: Prytz . Carl Gustaf . Kronologiska anteckningar rörande Göteborg . Chronological records of Gothenburg . 1898 . Wald. Zachrissons Boktryckeri . Gothenburg . 112 . 2 . .
  45. Web site: Parker i Göteborg . Parks in Gothenburg . www.ilovegoteborg.se . Göteborgsguiden . 26 August 2015 . 20 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150820045259/http://www.ilovegoteborg.se/goteborg_parker.asp . live.
  46. Web site: Tornbrant . Hanna . Johan Lindqvist:I dag steppar Slottsskogen upp . Johan Lindqvist: Today, attendance up for tap-dancing at Slottskogen . www.gp.se . 14 August 2015 . . 26 August 2015 . 17 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171017235941/https://www.gp.se/n%C3%B6je/musik/johan-lindqvist-i-dag-steppar-slottsskogen-upp-1.126442 . live.
  47. Web site: Änggårdsbergen . www.lansstyrelsen.se . Västra Götalands County . 27 August 2015 . 14 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150214141549/http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/vastragotaland/Sv/djur-och-natur/skyddad-natur/naturreservat/lanets-naturreservat/goteborg/anggardsbergen/Pages/index.aspx . live.
  48. Web site: Delsjöområdet . Västra Götalands County . 27 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141102083410/http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/vastragotaland/Sv/djur-och-natur/skyddad-natur/naturreservat/lanets-naturreservat/goteborg/delsjoomradet/Pages/index.aspx . 2 November 2014 . dead.
  49. Book: Hallén . Per . Storstadens utmark: Delsjöområdets historia under 10 000 år : fem kulturhistoriska vandringar och en cykeltur . Large city for suburbs: Delsjö area's history over 10,000 years old: five cultural tours and a bike ride . 2007 . Friluftsfrämjandet, Göteborgs distrikt . Gothenburg . 978-91-631-9896-0 . .
  50. Web site: Hisingsparken . www.goteborg.se . . 27 August 2015 . 2 July 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160702051305/http://goteborg.se/wps/wcm/connect/5cd0fec0-5029-48b7-9258-af6f7182e496/Tv%C3%A5vik_Hisingsparken.pdf?MOD=AJPERES . live.
  51. Web site: Familjekväll 120619 . Family Evening 120619 . www.flunsan.se . Flunsåparken . 27 August 2015 . 25 October 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151025035540/http://flunsan.se/nyheter/page/4/ . dead.
  52. http://w3.goteborg.se/botaniska/engelska/english_start.html Göteborg Botanical Garden
  53. [Nationalencyklopedin]
  54. Book: Warfinge . Henrik . Skansen Kronan: vägledning genom militärhistoriska samlingarna . Skansen Crown: a guide through military history collections . 1982 . Göteborgs museers informationsavd. . Gothenburg . .
  55. Book: Sjölin . Mats . Att fånga det flyktiga: Göteborgs museum 150 år . To capture the fleeting: 150 years of Gothenburg Museum . 2011 . Carlsson i samarbete med Göteborgs stadsmuseum . Stockholm . 978-91-7331-453-4 . . sv.
  56. Web site: Ask . Victoria . Förträdgården som försvann . Disappearing gardens . www.antiquum.se . Byggnadskultur . 2008 . 28 August 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110555/http://www.antiquum.se/pdf/Fortradgardar.pdf . 22 December 2015.
  57. Web site: Landshövdingehus . www.stadshem.se . Stadshem . 28 August 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105449/http://www.stadshem.se/byggnadsstil/landshovdingehus . live.
  58. Web site: Lönnroth . Gudrun . Kulturhistoriskt värdefull bebyggelse i Göteborg . Historically valuable buildings in Gothenburg . www.goteborgsstadsmuseum.se . . 26 August 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222134113/http://goteborgsstadsmuseum.se/sites/default/files/media/bevarandeprogram_gbg_vol_1_del_2.pdf . 22 December 2015.
  59. Book: Ternevall . Evert . Masthuggskyrkan 1914–1964: en minnesskrift . Masthuggskyrkan 1914–1964: a memorial publication . 1964 . .
  60. Book: Hammarskiöld . Hans . Linde Bjur . Gunilla . Lärn . Viveca . Fasader i Göteborg : hus från industrialismens genombrott till sekelskiftet . Facades in Gothenburg: houses from industrialism to the turn of the century . 1996 . Gedin . Stockholm . 978-91-7964-195-5 . 123 . .
  61. Web site: Summerburst på Ullevi . Summerburst at Ullevi . www.higab.se . Higab . 29 August 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030057/http://www.higab.se/page.asp?link=1-155-1660 . live.
  62. Web site: Arkitektur i Göteborg . Architecture in Gothenburg . www.goteborg.com . Göteborgs Turistbyrå . 26 August 2015 . 19 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150819234948/http://www.goteborg.com/arkitektur-i-goteborg/ . live.
  63. Eliaeson . Pär . Fowelin . Johan . Learning from Wingårdh . Arkitekturtidskriften KRITIK . September 2010 . 9/10 . 16 . 26 August 2015 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045110/http://www.syntesforlag.se/kritik/9-10.pdf . live.
  64. Web site: Stationsinfo: Göteborg Centralstation . Station info: Gothenburg Central Station . www.stationsinfo.se . Samtrafiken . 27 August 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150728091309/http://www.stationsinfo.se/station/GoteborgCentral/ . 28 July 2015.
  65. Book: Krantz, Claes . Tåg 62 : SJ-utställning i Göteborg 11 maj – 15 juli, En exposé över järnvägen igår, idag och imorgon . Train 62: SJ-show in Gothenburg 11 May to 15 July, An exposé of Railways yesterday, today and tomorrow . Claes Horn . Statens järnvägar . 1962 . 5 .
  66. Web site: Åttiosex meter över Göta Älv . Eighty-six meters above Göta Älv . www.vasakronan.se . Vasakronan AB . 27 August 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150713061745/http://vasakronan.se/profilfastighet/lilla-bommen . 13 July 2015.
  67. Web site: Om operahuset . About the opera house . www.sv.opera.se . Göteborgsoperan . 27 August 2015 . 20 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150920161154/http://sv.opera.se/om-oss/om-operahuset/ . live.
  68. Book: 100 utmärkta hus i Göteborg . 100 excellent houses in Gothenburg . Manne . Ekman . Margareta . Rydbo . Göteborgs Stadsmuseum, Alfa Print AB . Sundbyberg . 2007 . 978-91-85488-78-0 . . 78.
  69. Web site: GÖTEBORG INOM VALLGRAVEN 3:7 – husnr 1, GÖTEBORGS SYNAGOGA . GOTHENBURG WITHIN THE MOAT 3: 7 – HOUSE NO. 1, GOTHENBURG SYNAGOGUE . www.bebyggelseregistret.raa.se . . 27 August 2015 . 23 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224950/http://www.bebyggelseregistret.raa.se/bbr2/byggnad/visaHistorik.raa?page=historik&visaHistorik=true&byggnadId=21400000216266 . live.
  70. Web site: Gunnebo House and Gardens . www.swedishgardens.se . Swedish Society of Public Park & Gardens . 27 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150811031237/http://www.swedishgardens.se/portfolio-items/park-5/ . 11 August 2015 . dead.
  71. Book: Göteborgstrakten – bygd och natur . Gothenburg area – rural and nature . Claes Claesson . Göteborgs stadsfullmäktiges beredning för natur- och kulturskydd . Gothenburg . . 1951. 45.
  72. News: Antennen är högst i stan . Antenna is highest in town . . 29 November 1995 . 11.
  73. Web site: Gothenburg: A City Built on Rock 'n' Roll . natgeotraveller.in . National Geographic Traveller India . 8 March 2019 . 7 June 2022 . Zac . O'Yeah . https://web.archive.org/web/20190313071556/http://www.natgeotraveller.in/gothenburg-a-city-built-on-rock-n-roll/ . 13 March 2019 . live.
  74. Book: Caldenby . Claes . Byggnader i Göteborg . 1979 . Sektionen för arkitektur, Chalmers tekniska högskola . Gothenburg . 8 . 6 May 2016 . 12 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161212222733/https://books.google.com/books?id=-uhOAAAAYAAJ . live.
  75. Web site: Världskulturmuseet – Start . Varldskulturmuseet.se . 8 July 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090604140110/http://www.varldskulturmuseet.se/smvk/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=126&l=sv_SE . 4 June 2009 . dead.
  76. Web site: Världskulturmuseet, Göteborg . www.sfv.se . . 29 August 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122206/http://www.sfv.se/sv/fastigheter/sverige/vastra-gotalands-lan-o/varldskulturmuseet-i-goteborg/ . live.
  77. Web site: Museer . www.goteborg.se . . 29 August 2015 . 5 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004845/http://goteborg.se/wps/portal/invanare/kultur-o-fritid/kultur-utbud/museer/!ut/p/z1/hY5LDoIwFEXX4gb6Ci21DssAwyeKiQnQiQFSK0k_BohNXL24AOOdnZwzuCChBen616T7dfKuNxt3kt3qqLjwNBL4fDxkOL-WdXYqK17RGJp_gdw0_jGBoQA5DRaF0SKMyJ5RyqI44QnmlDBoUuiMDWQU3yfCDYRrkLO6q1nN6OGXFdoQAtLea6PQouBp23e-iN0HvyP0mQ!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ . live.
  78. Web site: Aeroseum . www.goteborg.com . Göteborgs Turistbyrå . 29 August 2015 . 6 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150906013846/http://www.goteborg.com/aeroseum/ . dead.
  79. Web site: Volvo museum . www.volvomuseum.com . Volvo museum . 29 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081121083538/http://www.volvomuseum.com/ . 21 November 2008 . dead.
  80. Web site: Universeum . www.goteborg.com . Göteborgs Turistbyrå . 29 August 2015 . 10 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150910044638/http://www.goteborg.com/universeum/ . live.
  81. News: Nobelpristagare till Universeum . . 7 June 2003 . 29 August 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150556/http://www.svd.se/nobelpristagare-till-universeum_95824 . live.
  82. Web site: Best Amusement Parks 2005 . 2021-11-21 . Forbes . en . 25 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225150829/https://www.forbes.com/2005/05/25/cx_sb_0526featslide.html . live.
  83. Forbes.com . Forbes.com . 25 May 2005 . 12 March 2013 . 20 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121020114619/http://www.forbes.com/2005/05/25/cx_sb_0526featslide_6.html?thisSpeed=20000 . live.
  84. Book: Olesen . Elisabet . Adventure Guide to Sweden . Hunter Publishing, Inc . 978-1588435064 . March 2005 . 11 October 2020 . 4 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704070308/https://books.google.com/books?id=PUXYAAAAQBAJ&q=most+popular+attraction+in+Sweden+by+number+of+visitors . live.
  85. Web site: Theatre, Meet Gothenburgs rich theatre scene. . www.goteborg.com . Gothenburg Tourist Centre . 1 September 2015 . 10 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150910183355/http://www.goteborg.com/en/Theatre/ . live.
  86. Web site: Avenyn . www.goteborg.com . Gothenburg Tourist Centre . 1 September 2015 . 9 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150909211720/http://www.goteborg.com/en/avenyn/ . live.
  87. Guide till Sveriges arkitektur, red. Waern, Caldenby, Arkitektur förlag
  88. News: 12 Största köpcentrumen Fastighetsvärlden. 12 October 2012 . Fastighetsvärlden . 19 November 2017 . sv-SE . 1 December 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031420/https://www.fastighetsvarlden.se/analys-fakta/topplistor/12-storsta-kopcentrumen . live.
  89. Web site: Ohlson . Gunnar . De serverar världens största kanelbulle . They serve the world's largest cinnamon rolls . www.expressen.se . 4 October 2013 . . 1 September 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043132/http://www.expressen.se/gt/de-serverar-varldens-storsta-kanelbulle/ . live.
  90. Information from the tourist company Göteborg & Co, website www.goteborg.com
  91. News: Metcalf . Stephen . 2007-09-23 . Sweden Unzipped . en-US . The New York Times . 2021-11-21 . 0362-4331 . 9 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210609060845/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/travel/tmagazine/10well-goteborg-t.html . live.
  92. Web site: Gustav Adolfs-bakelsens historia . Danska wienerbageriet . sv . 1 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150812213301/http://danskan.se/historia/gustav-adolf-bakelsens-historia . 12 August 2015 . dead.
  93. Web site: Göteborg International Film Festival . https://web.archive.org/web/20080124154359/http://www.filmfestival.org/filmfestival/page/en/information/festivalen . 24 January 2008 . 25 July 2009 . dead.
  94. Web site: Göteborg Book Fair . www.svenskamassan.se . . 1 September 2015.
  95. News: Kärnstrand . Moa . Dags för årets största bokfest . 11 April 2018 . Metro . 25 September 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145330/https://www.metro.se/artikel/dags-f%C3%B6r-%C3%A5rets-st%C3%B6rsta-bokfest-xr . 12 April 2018 . dead.
  96. News: Radikal Bokmässa i Göteborg . 10 February 2021 . Aktuellt Focus . 28 September 2017 . sv-SE . 10 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210210204113/https://aktuelltfokus.se/radikal-bokmassa-i-goteborg-2/ . live.
  97. Web site: 2013-09-20 . Världsrekordförsök inleder Göteborgs tolfte vetenskapsfestival – Vårt Göteborg . 2021-11-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130920143531/http://www.vartgoteborg.se/prod/sk/vargotnu.nsf/1/utbildning,varldsrekordforsok_inleder_goteborgs_tolfte_vetenskapsfestival . 20 September 2013.
  98. Web site: Festivalens hemsida . Vetenskaps Festivalen . 6 September 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061101015134/http://www.goteborg.com/templates/Page.aspx?id=1601 . 1 November 2006.
  99. Web site: The International Science Festival Gothenburg . www.gu.se . . 1 September 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024132/http://www.gu.se/english/research/science-events/the-international-science-festival . live.
  100. Web site: Gothenburg, Sweden to host the 2010 IFLA World Library and Information Congress . www.ifla.org . . 1 September 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042613/http://www.ifla.org/news/gothenburg-sweden-to-host-the-2010-ifla-world-library-and-information-congress . live.
  101. Web site: Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra under the baton of Maestro Kent Nagano Impresses People with "Sound of Scandinavia" of Volvo's Birthplace . www.wupromotion.com . Wu Promotion Co . 1 September 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022040/http://www.wupromotion.com/en/news/857-gothenburg-symphony-orchestra-under-the-baton-of-maestro-kent-nagano-impresses-people-with-sound-of-scandinavia-of-volvos-birthplace . 17 November 2015.
  102. Book: Kube, Michael . Kurt Atterberg (1887–1974) An Overview of his Life and Work . Classic Produktion Osnabrück . 1999.
  103. Web site: The Spotnicks får Göteborgs Spårvägars Kulturpris . www.goteborgssparvagar.se . 15 August 2013 . . 11 December 2015 . 22 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115120/http://www.goteborgssparvagar.se/the-spotnicks-far-goteborgs-sparvagars-kulturpris/ . live.
  104. Web site: Hansén . Stig . Soundtrack of Gothenburg . . 9 January 2011 . 1 September 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043445/http://www.expressen.se/gt/kultur/soundtrack-of-gothenburg/ . live.
  105. Web site: Ace of Base FAQ . 5 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20000408221541/http://www.aceofbase.net/info/faq.htm . 8 April 2000 . dead.
  106. Web site: Åberg . Evelina . Jens Lekman till Ersmark . . 1 September 2015 . 5 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150705125458/http://www.vk.se/1415684/jens-lekman-till-ersmark . live.
  107. Web site: Hogan . Marc . Jens Lekman, Night Falls Over Kortedala, Secretly Canadian / Service; 2007 . 5 September 2007 . Pitchfork Media . 1 September 2015 . 8 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150908153845/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/10620-night-falls-over-kortedala/ . live.
  108. Web site: Thane . Rich . The End Of Fame: Studio announce split after 10 years . www.thelineofbestfit.com . The Line Of Best Fit . 1 September 2015 . 17 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025033/http://www.thelineofbestfit.com/features/articles/the-end-of-fame-studio-announce-split-after-10-years-77625 . live.
  109. Web site: McRuvie . Sarah . Ten Things You Never Knew About The Knife's Karin Dreijer Andersson . . 12 June 2013 . 1 September 2015 . 6 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150906232747/http://www.clashmusic.com/features/ten-things-you-never-knew-about-karin-dreijer-andersson . live.
  110. Web site: Air France: "GBG Belongs to Us" . Pitchfork Media . 19 June 2009 . 1 September 2015 . 10 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150910194138/http://pitchfork.com/forkcast/13028-gbg-belongs-to-us/ . live.
  111. News: Svanell . Adam . Tough Alliance vill inte hitta hem . . 15 May 2007 . 1 September 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112156/http://www.svd.se/artikel_227865 . live.
  112. Web site: A new way for Jose . . 23 September 2007 . 1 September 2015 . 30 July 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160730202603/http://www.theage.com.au/news/music/a-new-way-for-jose/2007/09/20/1189881687722.html . live.
  113. Web site: El Perro Del Mar . www.luger.se . Lugerinc AB . 1 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150923005302/http://www.luger.se/el-perro-del-mar . 23 September 2015 . dead.
  114. Web site: Cragg . Michael . A fairytale unicorn roadtrip with Little Dragon . Dazed . 14 February 2014 . 1 September 2015 . 23 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225252/http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/18414/1/little-dragons-big-pop-moment . live.
  115. Web site: Håkan Hellström . www.nok.se . . 2 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024030/http://www.nok.se/-Settings-/Digitala-laromedel/STM---Textbok-1/Musiktips/Pop-rock-med-mera/Hakan-Hellstrom/ . 17 November 2015 . dead.
  116. Web site: Sigander . Miranda . Hellström nöjd med "sin" film . . 20 May 2013 . 2 September 2015 . 18 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171018001633/https://www.gp.se/n%C3%B6je/musik/hellstr%C3%B6m-n%C3%B6jd-med-sin-film-1.542607 . live.
  117. Web site: Lindell . Elin . Supergroupies vill sprida glädje . . 19 July 2006 . 2 September 2015 . 18 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171018003157/https://www.gp.se/n%C3%B6je/supergroupies-vill-sprida-gl%C3%A4dje-1.1148572 . live.
  118. Web site: Dark Tranquillity – hårda melodier från Göteborg . . 3 September 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150127/http://www.svt.se/sa-javla-metal/dark-tranquillity-harda-melodier-fran-goteborg . live.
  119. Web site: Thrash metal . . 3 September 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150138/http://www.svt.se/sa-javla-metal/thrash-metal . live.
  120. Web site: Claeson . Daniel . Evergrey: Gothenburg Sound Festival, Trädgårn, lördag . . 3 January 2015 . 3 September 2015 . 18 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171018004142/https://www.gp.se/n%C3%B6je/musik/evergrey-gothenburg-sound-festival-tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rn-l%C3%B6rdag-1.40578 . live.
  121. Web site: Dream Evil förband till HammerFall i Storbritannien . Musiknyheter . 3 September 2015 . 17 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033320/http://www.musiknyheter.nu/dream-evil-forband-till-hammerfall-i-storbritannien_20100321.html . live.
  122. Web site: Kendall . Ben . No Metaltown in 2014 . Göteborg Daily . 3 September 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020516/http://www.goteborgdaily.se/no-metaltown-in-2014 . 17 November 2015.
  123. Web site: Metaltown 2012 . www.festivalinfo.se . Festivalinfo.se . 3 September 2015 . 17 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025843/http://www.festivalinfo.se/festival/metaltown-2012 . live.
  124. Web site: Hofberg . Christel . Way out west hyllas . . 28 April 2009 . 3 September 2015 . 18 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171018004337/https://www.gp.se/n%C3%B6je/way-out-west-hyllas-1.1110388 . live.
  125. Web site: Petersson . Maria . New York Times tipsar om Way out West . . 28 July 2013 . 3 September 2015 . 18 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171018004451/https://www.gp.se/n%C3%B6je/new-york-times-tipsar-om-way-out-west-1.567309 . live.
  126. Web site: Evenemang . www.goteborg.com . Göteborgs Turistbyrå . 3 September 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023215/http://www.goteborg.com/evenemang/?page=1&tags=5555&startdate=&enddate=&datetype=&view=listing&sort=a-z . live.
  127. Book: Jerneryd . Roland . Hur idrotten kom till stan: Göteborgs idrottshistoria 1800–1950 . 1981 . Göteborgs Hembygdsförbund . Gothenburg . 154 . . Göteborg förr och nu, 0348-2189; 15 . sv.
  128. Web site: Jönsson . Ingemar . Den första storhetstiden . www.ifkgoteborg.se . . 3 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044549/http://www.ifkgoteborg.se/Om-IFK-Goteborg/Presentation/Historik/1906-1910/ . 24 September 2015 . dead.
  129. Web site: Swedish champions since 1896. . www.svenskfotboll.se . . 3 September 2015 . 2 December 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091202133827/http://svenskfotboll.se/allsvenskan/historik/ . live.
  130. Web site: UEFA Cup . Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) . 18 May 2007 . 3 September 2015 . 3 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191321/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/ec3b.html . live.
  131. Web site: Historik . . 3 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091006085721/http://www.bkhacken.se/index.php/om-bk-hacken/historik/ . 6 October 2009 . dead.
  132. Web site: Into . Miika . Final HJ18 Pixbo Wallenstam IBF – Lindome IBK . www.goteborgcupinnebandy.cups.nu . Göteborg Cup Innebandy . 3 May 2015 . 3 September 2015 . 22 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222103719/http://goteborgcupinnebandy.cups.nu/final-hj18-pixbo-wallenstam-ibf---lindome-ibk . live.
  133. Web site: Holmqvist . Mattias . Pojkar A – Steg 3 . www.svenskhandboll.se . . 3 September 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112539/http://www.svenskhandboll.se/USM/Expertpaneler/PojkarA-Steg3/ . dead.
  134. Web site: Frölunda HC nyheter . www.hockeynyheter.se . HockeyNyheter.se . 3 September 2015 . 22 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153350/http://www.hockeynyheter.se/shl/frolunda-hc . live.
  135. Web site: Publiken sviker – Elitlaget Gothia basket läggs ner . www.svt.se . 7 May 2010 . . 3 September 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151215/http://www.svt.se/sport/publiken-sviker-elitlaget-gothia-basket-laggs-ner . live.
  136. Web site: Google Translate . 12 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170117031809/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=sv&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbandy.com%2Fwcs%2Ftemplate1.asp%3Fpid%3D15%26mid%3D79%26pageid%3D84%26t%3DArena%2520Heden . 17 January 2017 . dead.
  137. Web site: Scandinavium Arena . https://web.archive.org/web/20130127064205/http://www.goteborg2013.com/competition/scandinavium/ . dead . 27 January 2013 . www.goteborg2013.com . go:teborg2013 . 3 September 2015.
  138. Web site: Gamla Ullevi . Higabgruppen . Välkommen till "Fotbollsarenan" . sv . 8 February 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090316031257/http://www.higab.se/fotbollsarenan/default.asp . 16 March 2009.
  139. Web site: TT . Ny tävlingsdräkt ska ge medaljplats i skridsko-VM . www.expressen.se . . 8 February 2007 . 3 September 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150450/http://www.expressen.se/sport/ny-tavlingsdrakt-ska-ge-medaljplats-i-skridsko-vm/ . live.
  140. Web site: Ruddalens IP (plan) . www.svenskfotboll.se . . 3 September 2015 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221250/http://svenskfotboll.se/elitettan/spelprogram/?scr=venue&faid=2323 . live.
  141. Web site: Litsky . Frank . Ingemar Johansson, Who Beat Patterson for Heavyweight Title, Dies at 76 . The New York Times . 31 January 2009 . 3 September 2015 . 18 July 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160718001641/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/01/sports/othersports/01johansson.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1 . live.
  142. News: Fergie's greatest triumph? – How Aberdeen conquered European football . . 9 May 2013 . 18 May 2020 . 12 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032810/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-22456162 . live.
  143. Web site: Lohr . Steve . Sunday in Sweden: Vikings Beat Bears . . 15 August 1988 . 11 September 2015 . 3 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150903235351/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/15/sports/sunday-in-sweden-vikings-beat-bears.html . live.
  144. Web site: Krastev . Todor . Men Handball XIII World Championship 1993 Sweden 10.03–20.03 – Champion Russia . www.todor66.com . Todor Krastev . 11 September 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150922001404/http://www.todor66.com/handball/World/Men_1993.html . 22 September 2015.
  145. Web site: Världsmästerskap och Europamästerskap i Scandinavium . www.gotevent.se . Got Event . 11 September 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150415062123/http://www.gotevent.se/arenafakta/SCA_masterskap.asp . 15 April 2015.
  146. Web site: Svenskar på VM . www.friidrott.se . Svenska Friidrottsförbundet . 11 September 2015 . 11 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150911041937/http://www.friidrott.se/historik/internationellt/VM.aspx . live.
  147. Web site: Whitten . Phillip . Swimming in 1997 . www.britannica.com . . 11 September 2015.
  148. Web site: Full Time Report . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) . 19 May 2004 . 11 September 2015 . 9 June 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160609192054/http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/uefacup/2003/75432_FR.pdf . live.
  149. Web site: Tidsprogram med svenska ögon . www.friidrott.se . Svenska Friidrottsförbundet . 11 September 2015 . 23 October 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151023162252/http://www.friidrott.se/ovrigt/tidsprogram/em06swetp.aspx . live.
  150. Web site: Lysacek withdraws from world championships . www.icenetwork.com . Ice Network . 11 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200216/http://web.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080313&content_id=45647&vkey=ice_pressrelease . 3 March 2016 . dead.
  151. News: World's largest youth soccer cup gets underway in Gothenburg . Sveriges Radio . 14 July 2015 . . 11 September 2015 . 31 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150731183952/http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6211186 . live.
  152. Web site: Facts and figures about Västra Götaland . www.lansstyrelsen.se . Västra Götaland County administrative boards . 11 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160629150352/http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/vastragotaland/SiteCollectionDocuments/Sv/publikationer/broschyrer-foldrar/vastra-gotaland-eng.pdf . 29 June 2016 . dead.
  153. Web site: Finamasters.org . 2021-11-21 . Finamasters.org . es . 6 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210506214415/http://www.2010finamasters.org/touchdown-las-mujeres-espana/ . live.
  154. Web site: Den 27 juli — 6 augusti 2010 arrangerades Världsmästerskapen i masterssimning i Göteborg, Mölndal och Borås. . www.boras.se . . 11 September 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151022160121/http://www.boras.se/forvaltningar/fritidsochfolkhalsoforvaltningen/fritidsochfolkhalsoforvaltningen/error/mastersvm.4.63fbc1fa126f45b1ad78000137756.html . 22 October 2015.
  155. Web site: Mikulski . Lisa . US baseball players look to create a field of dreams in Gothenburg . www.thelocal.se . 30 May 2013 . The Local . 3 September 2015 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070538/http://www.thelocal.se/20130530/48204 . live.
  156. Web site: Eliasson . Carina . Fritidsbåtar hotar skärgården . www.science.gu.se . . 7 September 2012 . 3 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134611/http://science.gu.se/aktuellt/nyheter/Nyheter+Detalj/fritidsbatar-hotar-skargarden.cid1095258 . 4 March 2016 . dead.
  157. News: Littorin . Jens . Edström . Cecilia . Live: Se målgången i Volvo Ocean Race . Dagens Nyheter . . 22 June 2015 . 11 September 2015 . 23 June 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150623053432/http://www.dn.se/sport/live-se-malgangen-i-volvo-ocean-race/ . live.
  158. Web site: Louis Vuitton America's Cup World Series Goteborg . www.gkss.se . . 11 September 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150814202643/http://gkss.se/Kappsegling/gkss-kappseglingsprogram-2015/americas-cup-world-series/ . 14 August 2015.
  159. Web site: Knowledge and Industry . www.goteborg.com . Gothenburg Convention Bureau . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140719075947/http://corporate.goteborg.com/choose-gothenburg/convention/knownledge-and-industry/?lang=en . 19 July 2014.
  160. Web site: The 100 Largest Employers in the Gothenburg Region 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210618152508/http://swedishlifesciences.se/sites/default/files/the100largestemployers_1.pdf/ . dead . 18 June 2021 . www.swedishlifesciences.se . Business Region Göteborg . 31 August 2015.
  161. Web site: Hulter . Johannes . Gör upp med museal ångest . www.nytid.se . . 31 August 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151004010221/http://www.nytid.se/default.aspx?page=3&ledarenytid=341 . 4 October 2015.
  162. Web site: Norway, Sweden and Denmark Pipelines map – Crude Oil (petroleum) pipelines – Natural Gas pipelines – Products pipelines . 30 July 2011 . 27 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927005759/http://www.theodora.com/pipelines/norway_sweden_denmark_pipelines.html . live.
  163. Web site: Följ med på resan till Ostindien . sv . Join the trip to the East Indies . Svenska Ostindiska Kompaniet . . 31 August 2015 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002056/http://ostindiska.nordiskamuseet.se/ . live.
  164. Web site: Varvshistoria . www.varvshistoriska.se . Varvshistoriska Föreningen i Göteborg . 31 August 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151004035514/http://www.varvshistoriska.se/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22&Itemid=2 . 4 October 2015.
  165. Web site: "lindholmsdockan.com" . 2024-02-01 . lindholmsdockan.com.
  166. Web site: The World According to GaWC 2020 . GaWC – Research Network . Globalization and World Cities . 31 August 2020 . 24 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html . live.
  167. Web site: World's 15 Most Inventive Cities . Pentland . William . 9 July 2013 . . 15 July 2013 . 14 July 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130714054907/http://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2013/07/09/worlds-15-most-inventive-cities/ . live.
  168. Web site: Wimarson . Nils . Göteborg. En översikt vid trehundraårsjubileet 1923 över stadens kommunala, kulturella och sociala förhållanden samt viktigaste näringsgrenar . www.runeberg.org . Stadsfullmäktiges jubeleumsberedning . 1923 . 647 . 31 August 2015 . 22 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150922030847/http://runeberg.org/gbg1923/0647.html . live.
  169. Web site: Kommunfullmäktige . www.goteborg.se . . 31 August 2015 . 4 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704070314/https://goteborg.se/wps/portal/start/kommun-o-politik/kommunens-organisation/kommunfullmaktige/om-kommunfullmaktige/!ut/p/z1/hY_RCoIwFIbfaGdO0-1yu1BSSYsk201orCWoC5UGPX0WXQXluTvn_z8-DkgoQfbVvdHV1Ji-auf9KP1T7sRbKhyOs4iFeL1P8nCTpJlwPTgsFeQc4x_D8Yf_PosdES7GUUbe_KL_j2CBj0E2dYfsuUMYEbIKKKGM0cCjzGfB63_e1y7VIAd1UYMa0NWME5TWWqSN0a1Co4JbVxTlI-VPB9F3Ag!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ . live.
  170. Web site: Vad gör Valmyndigheten "mellan valen"? . www.val.se . . 31 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150814075516/http://www.val.se/om_oss/det_har_gor_vi/valmyndigheten_mellan_valen/index.html . 14 August 2015 . dead.
  171. Hysing . Erik . 1 April 2015 . Citizen participation or representative government – Building legitimacy for the Gothenburg congestion tax . Transport Policy . 39 . 1–8 . 10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.01.002.
  172. Web site: Scopus – Welcome to Scopus . www.scopus.com . 14 November 2016.
  173. Web site: Folkmängden efter region, födelseland och kön. År 2000 - 2021 . 27 August 2022 . 6 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221006012016/https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FolkmRegFlandK/ . live .
  174. Web site: Number of persons with foreign or Swedish background (detailed division) by region, age and sex. Year 2002 – 2019 . Statistikdatabasen . 2020-04-08 . 19 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200419170843/http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101Q/UtlSvBakgFin/ . live.
  175. Web site: Foreign citizens by region, age in ten year groups and sex. Year 1973 – 2019 . Statistikdatabasen . 2020-04-08 . 19 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200419183036/http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101F/UtlmedbTotNK/ . live.
  176. Web site: Utrikes födda efter födelseland samt utländsk bakgrund 2014 . www.goteborg.se . Göteborgs Stad . 25 May 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170925114712/http://www4.goteborg.se/prod/g-info/statistik.nsf/34f4087fac810b1ac1256cdf003efa4b/515686b279c47e6bc1257e2a0043e6ef!OpenDocument . 25 September 2017 . dead.
  177. Web site: Befolkningsutveckling 2022 - Statistik och analys - Göteborgs Stad.
  178. Web site: About the university . University of Gothenburg . 8 July 2009 . 18 March 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090318190622/http://www.gu.se/english/about_the_university/ . live.
  179. http://www.chalmers.se/en/sections/about_chalmers/premises-campus Premises and campus
  180. Web site: Göteborg, search . www.folkhogskola.nu . Folkhögskolornas informationstjänst . 30 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160617001255/https://www.folkhogskola.nu/Detaljerad-sokning/?q=g%C3%B6teborg&s=j . 17 June 2016 . dead.
  181. Web site: Gymnasieskolor . www.goteborg.se . . 30 August 2015 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191436/http://goteborg.se/wps/portal/invanare/forskola-o-utbildning/gymnasieskola/gymnasieskolor/!ut/p/z1/hVBLDoIwED2LF-gMH7EsYSFBjIifQLsxaGptFEqQWOPpReLKRJ3dzPvMmwEOBfC6vClZdkrX5aXvGfd2S2uW0dAKMI38KcabZDldJPPIcV3I_xF4D-OXCvCt_xyHKzt0EKPUHvQ_7GfA1b4i5lARJB51PGrTsTX2kfrUhzwElp9ZfM9elwT13qESeCuOohUtOelrB4Uxhkit5UWQqwDW55l8XZhMYA0ceFNKVQ8_AuYiNNW2eMQdRROMngEsvOA!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/p0/IZ7_P1JQ8B1A0OG9F0ITKPFNKLG3K7=CZ6_P1JQ8B1A0OG9F0ITKPFNKLG344=MDfilterDirection!filterOrganisationType!filterArea=Epagination!0

    /

    . live.
  182. Web site: Rudolphi . Martin . Allélänken . www.chalmers.se . . 30 August 2015 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045451/http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/161322.pdf . live.
  183. Web site: Tilldelningsbeslut fattat för upphandlingen "Region- och pendeltåg i Väst 2010" . www.mynewsdesk.com . 28 August 2009 . Västtrafik . 30 August 2015 . 24 October 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151024003648/http://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/vasttrafik/pressreleases/tilldelningsbeslut-fattat-foer-upphandlingen-region-och-pendeltaag-i-vaest-2010-314030 . live.
  184. Web site: Nils Ericson Terminal (Gothenburg) . www.vasttrafik.se . Västtrafik . 30 August 2015 . 4 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140204051407/http://www.vasttrafik.se/#!/en/1/19/15/ . live.
  185. Web site: Buses . www.swedavia.com . en . 9 March 2018 . 9 March 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180309183025/https://www.swedavia.com/landvetter/bus/?_ga=2.50784876.410697247.1520592379-1822352776.1515495902 . live.
  186. Web site: Statistik inom Swedavia . www.swedavia.se . sv . 9 March 2018 . 23 December 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171223003845/https://www.swedavia.se/om-swedavia/statistik/ . live.
  187. Web site: Om flygplatsen Göteborg Landvetter Airport . www.swedavia.se . sv . 9 March 2018 . 17 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171017234501/https://www.swedavia.se/landvetter/om-flygplatsen/ . live.
  188. Web site: Gothenburg City Airport stops commercial flights . thelocal.se . 13 January 2015 . 13 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150113154753/http://www.thelocal.se/20150113/gothenburg-city-airport-to-close . live.
  189. Web site: Carlsson . Anders . Ryanair och Wizz till Landvetter men Sparrow lägger ner . www.flygtorget.se . Flygtorget . 30 August 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013952/http://www.flygtorget.se/Aktuellt/Artikel/?Id=10799 . live.
  190. Web site: Pavlica . Adrianna . Berg . Kalle . Flygplan får inte landa på flygplatsen i Säve . www.expressen.se . . 28 November 2014 . 30 August 2015 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043208/http://www.expressen.se/gt/flygplan-far-inte-landa-pa-flygplatsen-i-save/ . live.
  191. Web site: Stena Line . www.goteborgshamn.se . . 30 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023140/http://www.goteborgshamn.se/Vara-tjanster/Unicitet1/ . 24 September 2015 . dead.
  192. http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=4805&date=20060906 "DFDS scraps Newcastle-Gothenburg line"
  193. Web site: 1800-talet . www.goteborgshamn.se . . 30 August 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150810213055/http://www.goteborgshamn.se/Om-hamnen/Historia/Historik1/ . 10 August 2015.
  194. Web site: Linjeutbud . www.goteborgshamn.se . . 30 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023138/http://www.goteborgshamn.se/Terminaler--partners/Linjekarta/ . 24 September 2015 . dead.
  195. Statistics from Web site: Startpage . Port of Göteborg . en . 2021-11-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080820013607/http://www.portgot.com/ . 20 August 2008.
  196. Web site: Radarparet nummer ett . www.gp.se . 4 May 2013 . . 31 August 2015 . 18 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171018005509/https://www.gp.se/nyheter/g%C3%B6teborg/radarparet-nummer-ett-1.535518 . live.
  197. Book: Drakos . Georg . Kal-å-Ada-vitsarna: en studie i folklore och lokal identitet : uppsats för påbyggnadskurs etnologi . 1986 . institutionen för etnologi . Stockholm . .
  198. Book: Bernhardsson . Brittmo . Clarin . Björn . Alla tiders Kal och Ada . 2014 . MTM . Johanneshov . .
  199. Web site: Kal & Ada . www.liseberg.se . . 31 August 2015 . 22 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222100626/http://liseberg.se/sv/hem/Nojesparken/Tradgard-och-kultur/Konstens-Liseberg/Kal--Ada/ . live.
  200. Fogelberg, Benedict Erland . 10 . 590 . 1.
  201. Web site: PewDiePie becomes first YouTuber to hit 100 million subscribers . CBC Kids News . 26 August 2019 . 8 February 2020 . 29 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190829032216/https://www.cbc.ca/kidsnews/post/pewdiepie-becomes-first-youtuber-to-hit-100-million-subscribers . live.
  202. Web site: Gothenburg, Sweden: Things to do in the greenest city on Earth . Mark . Johanson . CNN . 4 November 2019 . en . 30 March 2020 . 11 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200311093605/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/gothenburg-sweden-things-to-do/index.html . live.
  203. Web site: Awards . 30 March 2020 . 28 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201028114436/https://goteborg.se/wps/portal/enhetssida/gothenburg-european-office/awards/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zifS0s3D083A0C3I19DQwCQ30CfFxMjQy9zU30wwkpiAJKG-AAjgb6XvpR6Tn5SRCrHPOSjC3S9aOKUtNSi1KL9EqLgMIZJSUFxVaqBqoG5eXleun5-ek5qXrJ-bmqBti0ZOQXl-hHoKrUL8iNqPJJDXcEAKauR2o!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ . live.
  204. Web site: Gothenburg Award . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130721021004/http://www.gothenburgaward.com/se/ . 21 July 2013.
  205. Web site: Dr Mike Biddle to receive Gothenburg Sustainable Development Award . electronic-recycling.ie . 19 July 2013 . 5 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131105050748/http://www.electronic-recycling.ie/blog/index.php/2012/11/dr-mike-biddle-mba-polymers-to-receive-gothenburg-award-for-sustainable-development/ . dead.
  206. Web site: Award Winners . gothenburgaward.com . 17 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140222023642/http://www.gothenburgaward.com/en/award-winners/ . 22 February 2014 . dead.
  207. Web site: Riktlinjer för Internationellt Samarbete . https://web.archive.org/web/20140517114713/http://goteborg.se/wps/wcm/connect/f8e454a7-0ec9-4669-a44f-a70894adaf55/G%C3%96TEBORGS%2BSTADS%2BRIKTLINJER%2BF%C3%96R%2BINTERNATIONELLT%2BSAMARBETE.pdf?MOD=AJPERES . dead . 17 May 2014 . Göteborgs Stad . sv . 5 . 15 May 2014.
  208. Web site: Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie . 10 August 2013 . Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków . pl . Kraków -Partnership Cities . https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html . 2 July 2013 . dead.
  209. See: Les villes partenaires en Europe, Göteborg . Accessed on 15 May 2014.
  210. Web site: Wong . Rachel . 2020-04-24 . Gothenburg axes twin city agreement with Shanghai as Sweden closes all Confucius Institutes . 2021-11-21 . Hong Kong Free Press HKFP . en-GB . 4 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210704070233/https://hongkongfp.com/2020/04/24/gothenburg-axes-twin-city-agreement-with-shanghai-as-sweden-closes-all-confucius-institutes/ . live.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Gothenburg".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.