Gori, Georgia Explained

Official Name:Gori
Native Name:გორი
Native Name Lang:ka
Settlement Type:City
Pushpin Map:Georgia (country)#Shida Kartli
Mapsize:350px
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Type1:Region
Subdivision Name1:Shida Kartli
Subdivision Type2:Municipality
Subdivision Name2:Gori
Area Total Km2:16.85
Population As Of:January 1, 2024
Population Footnotes:[1]
Population Total:42596
Population Density Km2:auto
Timezone:Georgian Time
Utc Offset:+4
Coordinates:41.9667°N 44.1°W
Elevation M:588
Blank Name:Climate
Blank Info:Cfb
Postal Code Type:Postal code
Postal Code:1400
Pushpin Relief:y
Module:
Wikidata:yes
Zoom:13
Frame-Height:400
Stroke-Width:1

Gori (Georgian: გორი in Georgian pronounced as /ˈɡoɾi/) is a city in eastern Georgia, which serves as the regional capital of Shida Kartli. It is located at the confluence of two rivers, the Mtkvari and the Liakhvi. Gori is the fifth most populous city in Georgia. Its name comes from the Georgian word gora (გორა), meaning "heap", "hill",[2] or "mountain".

A settlement known here from the Hellenistic period, with the Gori Fortress built at least in 7th century, it received town status in the 12th century. Gori was an important military stronghold in the Middle Ages and maintains a strategic importance due to its location on the principal highway connecting eastern and western parts of Georgia. In the course of its history, Gori has been invaded by the armies of regional powers several times. The city was occupied by Russian troops during the 2008 Russo–Georgian War.

Gori is also known as the birthplace of communist revolutionary and Soviet politician Joseph Stalin, ballistic missile designer Aleksandr Nadiradze, and philosopher Merab Mamardashvili.

Geography and climate

Gori is located 86 kilometres west of Georgia's capital Tbilisi, at the confluence of the rivers Mtkvari and Greater Liakhvi, 588m (1,929feet) above sea level. The climate is humid subtropical, transitioning to humid continental climate, with warm and moderately humid weather. Summer is usually hot. The average annual temperature is 11.2°C, minimal in January (-0.4abbr=onNaNabbr=on) and maximal in July and August (22.1abbr=onNaNabbr=on). The maximum precipitation falls in May (65.8mm) and minimum in February (28.2mm). Precipitation here averages 5071NaN1.

Highest recorded temperature: 38°C on 13 August 2006[3]

Lowest recorded temperature: -22.2°C on 16 December 2004[3]

History

The territory of Gori has been populated since the early Bronze Age. According to medieval Georgian chronicles, the town of Gori was founded by King David IV (r. 1089–1125) who settled refugees from Armenia there.[4] However, the fortress of Gori (Goris-Tsikhe) appears to have been in use already in the 7th century, and archaeological evidence indicates the existence of an urban community in Classical Antiquity. In 1299, Gori was captured by the Alan tribesmen fleeing the Mongol conquest of their original homeland in the North Caucasus. The Georgian king George V recovered the town in 1320, pushing the Alans back over the Caucasus mountains.

With the downfall of the medieval Georgian kingdom, Gori – strategically located at the crossroads of major transit routes – was frequently targeted by foreign invaders, and changed its masters on several occasions. It was first taken and sacked by Uzun Hassan of the Ak Koyunlu in 1477, followed by Tahmasp I of Persia in the mid-16th century. By the end of that century, Gori briefly passed to the Ottomans through the 1578–90 Ottoman–Persian War, and became their major outpost in Georgia until being recovered by the Georgians under Simon I of Kartli after heavy fighting in 1599. The town was once again garrisoned by the Persians under Shah Abbas I in 1614. Following successive occupations by the Ottomans (1723–35) and Persians (1735–40s), Gori returned to Georgian control under the kings Teimuraz II and Erekle II whose efforts helped to advance economy and culture in the town. Following the Russian annexation of Georgia, Gori was granted the status of a town within the Gori Uyezd of the Tiflis Governorate in 1801. It grew in size and population throughout the 19th century. A plan of 1824 shows the town on the hill slopes below the citadel, and a moat around it.[5] The town was destroyed in the 1920 earthquake, and almost completely rebuilt in the Soviet period. An important industrial center in Soviet times, Gori suffered from an economic collapse and the outflow of the population during the years of a post-Soviet crisis of the 1990s.

Gori is close to the Georgian–Ossetian conflict zone. It is connected to breakaway South Ossetia's capital Tskhinvali via a railroad spur which has been defunct since the early 1990s. Since the 2000s, Georgia has increased the military infrastructure in and around the city. Thus, the Central Military Hospital was relocated from Tbilisi to Gori and re-equipped in October 2006.[6] On January 18, 2008, Georgia's second NATO-standard base to accommodate the 1st Infantry Brigade (Georgia) of the Georgian Ground Forces was established at Gori.[7] The Georgian Agrarian Science Academy Branch was established in the city in 1995; this became Sukhishvili University in 2003.

2008 conflict

See main article: Occupation of Gori. In the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, the town came under aerial attack by the Russian Air Force from the outset of the conflict. Military targets and residential districts of Gori were hit by the airstrikes, resulting in civilian injuries and deaths.[8] [9] Human Rights Watch (HRW) claimed that Russian forces had indiscriminately deployed cluster bombs in civilian areas around Gori. According to HRW, on August 12 Russian forces dropped cluster bombs in the centre of Gori, killing 11 civilians and wounding dozens more.[10] Russian military officials deny using cluster munitions in the conflict, calling the HRW assertion "slanderous" and questioning the HRW's objectivity.[11] Numerous unexploded "bomblets" have been found by locals and HRW employees.[12]

By August 11, Georgian military personnel, government, and most residents had fled the city, which was then captured and occupied by the Russian military and South Ossetian separatist militia. HRW accused the militia of unleashing a campaign of looting, arson, kidnapping and other attacks against the remaining civilian population.[13] The Russian and South Ossetian forces withdrew from the city on August 22, 2008.[14] The following day Units of the Georgian Army returned to Gori. However, Russian checkpoints remained near Gori as well as in so-called buffer zones near the borders with Abkhazia and South Ossetia.[15]

Demographics

Year1865189719141916197719892002201420222023
Population5,10010,269[16] 25,355[17] 18,454[18] 54,100[19] 68,92449,522[20] 48,14344,524[21] 44,387[22]

Landmarks

Gori and its environs house several notable cultural and historical landmarks. Although for many foreigners Gori is principally known as the birthplace of Joseph Stalin, in Georgian historical memory the city has long been associated with its citadel, the Gori Fortress, which is built on a cliffy hill overlooking the central part of the modern city. On another hill stands the 18th century St. George's church of Gorijvari, a popular place of pilgrimage. The famous ancient rock-hewn town of Uplistsikhe and the 7th century Ateni Sioni Church are located not far from Gori.

Stalin's association with the city is emphasized by the Joseph Stalin Museum in downtown Gori and, until recently, the Stalin monument in front of the Gori City Hall, one of the few such monuments to survive Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization program. The monument was a source of controversy in a newly independent Georgia in the 1990s, but for several years the post-communist government acceded to the Gori citizens' request and left the statue untouched.[23] [24] It was ultimately removed on June 25, 2010.[25] However, on 20 December 2012, the municipal assembly of Gori voted to reinstate the monument.[26] [27]

Administrative divisions

The city is divided into 11 administrative districts, they are:[28]

No.DistrictNo.DistrictNo.DistrictNo.District
1Kvernaki Settlement 4Tsmindatskali 2nd Locality 7Chala-Tskarosubani Settlement 10Central Settlement 1st Locality
2Verkhvebi Settlement 5IDPs Settlement 8Kombinati Settlement 1st Locality 11Central Settlement 2nd Locality
3Tsmindatskali 1st Locality 6Sadguri-Elektripikatsia Settlement 9Kombinati Settlement 2nd Locality

Notable people

Important sights

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Population by regions . National Statistics Office of Georgia . 28 April 2024 .
  2. E.M. Pospelov, Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira (Moscow, 1998), p. 121.
  3. Web site: World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Gori-37531 . ncei.noaa.gov . 17 March 2024 . . y . Excel . CSV . ..
  4. [Sempad the Constable]
  5. Закарая, П. (1983) Памятники Восточной Грузии. Искусство, Москва, 376 с. [Zakaraya, P. Monuments of Eastern Georgia](In Russian)
  6. http://www.georgiatoday.ge/article_details.php?id=3663 Georgia Today: "Georgian Armed Forces modernize infrastructure"
  7. http://www.mod.gov.ge/?l=E&m=11&sm=3&st=15&id=839 New military base in Gori
  8. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7550804.stm "Russian jets attack Georgian town"
  9. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/georgia/2529986/Georgia-conflict-Screams-of-the-injured-rise-from-residential-streets.html "Georgia conflict: Screams of the injured rise from residential streets"
  10. https://web.archive.org/web/20080817074112/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/08/14/georgi19625.htm "Georgia: Russian Cluster Bombs Kill Civilians. Stop Using Weapon Banned by 107 Nations"
  11. https://web.archive.org/web/20080916143656/http://www.polit.ru/dossie/2008/08/21/brod.html Александр Брод: западных правозащитников не интересует трагедия Южной Осетии
  12. https://web.archive.org/web/20080825151247/https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/08/20/georgi19660.htm "Georgia: Civilians Killed by Russian Cluster Bomb ‘Duds’. More Attacks Confirmed; Unexploded Ordnance Threatens Many"
  13. https://web.archive.org/web/20080818143437/https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/08/16/georgi19630.htm Russia/Georgia: Militias Attack Civilians in Gori Region; Russia Should Curb Militias and Allow in Humanitarian Aid
  14. http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19270 Civil Georgia: "Police Back in Gori"
  15. Web site: Schwirtz. Michael. 24 August 2008. Georgia Prepares for Refugees; Russians Declare Pullback Finished. The New York Times.
  16. Web site: Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. . 2022-06-29 . www.demoscope.ru.
  17. Book: Кавказский календарь на 1915 год . Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom . 1915 . 70th . Tiflis . 245 . Russian . Caucasian calendar for 1915 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211104234033/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417320 . 4 November 2021.
  18. Book: Кавказский календарь на 1917 год . Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom . 1917 . 72nd . Tiflis . 206–213 . Russian . Caucasian calendar for 1917 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211104233151/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322 . 4 November 2021.
  19. Kakabadze, V., Gvasalia, J., Gagoshidze I., Menabde, L., Zakaria, P. (1978), გორი ("Gori"). Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 3, p. 226. Tbilisi.
  20. Web site: 2002 General Population Census Major Findings. National Statistics Office of Georgia. 10 May 2016.
  21. Web site: Population by cities and boroughs, as of 1 January 2022 . www.geostat.ge . GeoStat . 18 May 2022.
  22. Web site: Population - National Statistics Office of Georgia . 2023-06-28 . www.geostat.ge . en.
  23. Will Lasky. Selling Stalin. Georgian Business Magazine, Issue 4, August 2007.
  24. Salome Asatiani. Great Terror: In Stalin's Birthplace, Forgiving And Forgetting. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 14, 2007.
  25. "Stalin statue removed in Georgian town of Gori", BBC News, 25 June 2010
  26. "Georgia: A Stalinist Restoration", The New York Times, 20 December 2012
  27. "Georgia to Reinstate Stalin Monument", RIA Novosti, 21 December 2012
  28. Web site: Administrative Entities . gori.gov.ge . 9 May 2019 .
  29. Web site: Gorijvari. visitingeorgia.com. 17 July 2015 .