Gorgotoqui language explained

Gorgotoqui
Region:	eastern Bolivia
Extinct:	17th century
Familycolor:	American
Family:	unclassified Bororoan ?
Iso3:	none
Linglist:	0is
Glotto:	none

Gorgotoqui is a currently undocumented extinct language of the Chiquitania region of the eastern Bolivian lowlands. It may have been a Bororoan language.

Spellings

Alternate spellings include Borogotoqui, Brotoqui, Corocoqui, Corocotoqui, Corocotoquy, Corogotoqui, Corotoque, Gorgotaci, Gorgotoci, Gorgotoquci, Gorogotoqui, Guorcocoqui, Jorocotoqui, Korchkoki, Orotocoqui.

History

During the period of the Jesuit missions to Chiquitos, Gorgotoqui was the most populous language in the area. It became a lingua franca and the sole language of the Jesuit missions (ICOMOS 1990:59). A Jesuit priest^[1] wrote a grammar, but no-one has been able to locate it "in recent years" (Adelaar & Muysken 2004:32), and no other documentation has survived. Thus a language that was regionally important during the colonial era disappeared under pressure from more successful indigenous peoples (Adelaar 2007:326); this appears to have occurred in under half a century (Alarcón 2001:101).

Classification

Loukotka (1968) classified Gorgotoqui as a language isolate, but Kaufman (1990) left it unclassified because of a lack of data. Several languages of the missions "had nothing in common" according to Oliva & Pazos (1895:15).^[2]

Bororoan affiliation

Combès (2010) suggests that Gorgotoqui may have been a Bororoan language.^[3] Nikulin (2019) suggests the etymology barogo- /barəkə-/ ‘animal’ + -doge /-toke/ ‘plural [+animate]’ for the ethnonym Gorgotoqui.^[4]

Combès (2012) also suggests that Penoquí was likely a name given to the Gorgotoqui during the 16th century, and that they were related to the Otuqui (Otuke); indeed, the Gorgotoqui may have been Otuqui who had undergone heavy Chiquitano cultural influence. The Penoqui and Otuqui both lived in the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos together with the Chiquitano.^[5]

Notes and References

1. Kaspar Rueß (Spanish: Gaspar Ruíz), 11 November 1585, Haunstadt, Bavaria – 12 April 1624, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (O'Neill & María 2001:3432; Huonder 1899:121)
2. Book: Loukotka, Čestmír . Čestmír Loukotka

   . Čestmír Loukotka . Classification of South American Indian languages . registration . UCLA Latin American Center . 1968 . Los Angeles.

3. Combès, Isabelle. 2010. Diccionario étnico: Santa Cruz la Vieja y su entorno en el siglo XVI. Cochabamba: Itinera-rios/Instituto Latinoamericano de Misionología. (Colección Scripta Autochtona, 4.)
4. Nikulin . Andrey . Contacto de lenguas en la Chiquitanía . Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas . 2020 . 2 . 2 . 5–30. 10.18468/rbli.2019v2n2.p05-30 . 225674786 . free .
5. Combès, Isabelle. 2012. Susnik y los gorgotoquis. Efervescencia étnica en la Chiquitania (Oriente boliviano), p. 201–220. Indiana, v. 29. Berlín.

   References

   • Willem Adelaar and Pieter Muysken (2004) The languages of the Andes. Cambridge University Press
   • Willem Adelaar (2007) "The importance of toponomy, family names and historical documentation for the study of disappearing and recently extinct languages in the Andean region", in Wetzels (ed.) Language endangerment and endangered languages: linguistic and anthropological studies with special emphasis on the languages and cultures of the Andean-Amazonian border area. CNWS Publications
   • Roberto Balza Alarcón (2001) Tierra, territorio y territorialidad indígena: un estudio antropológico sobre la evolución en las formas de ocupación del espacio del pueblo indígena chiquitano de la ex-reducción jesuita de San José. IWGIA
   • Anton Huonder (1899) Deutsche Jesuitenmissionäre des 17. Und 18. Jahrhunderts: Ein Beitrag zur Missionsgeschichte und zur deutschen Biographie. Herder
   • ICOMOS (1990) "Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos", in Advisory Body Evaluation No. 529. UNESCO.
   • Terrence Kaufman (1990) "Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more". In D. L. Payne (ed.) Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press
   • Čestmír Loukotka (1968) Classification of South American Indian Languages. University of California, Los Angeles
   • Charles O'Neill & Joaquín María (2001) Diccionario histórico de la compañía de Jesús: Piatti-Zwaans. Universidad Pontificia de Comillas de Madrid
   • Anello Oliva & Juan Francisco Pazos (1895) Libro primero del manuscrito original del R.P. Anello Oliva, S.J. Imprenta y libreria de S. Pedro
   • Gaspar Ruíz (ca 1620) Gramática de la lengua gorgotoqui del Perú.