Gorgan Explained

Official Name:Gorgan
Native Name:Persian: گرگان
Other Name:Esterabad
Settlement Type:City
Pushpin Map:Iran
Pushpin Label Position:bottom
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:Iran
Subdivision Type1:Province
Subdivision Name1:Golestan
Subdivision Type2:County
Subdivision Name2:Gorgan
Subdivision Type3:District
Subdivision Name3:Central
Area Total Km2:64
Area Total Sq Mi:24
Population As Of:2016
Population Total:350676
Population Density Km2:auto
Population Density Sq Mi:auto
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:Mohammad Reza Seyed Alangi[1]
Leader Title1:City Council Chairperson
Leader Name1:Isa Mehri[2]
Timezone:IRST
Utc Offset:+03:30
Coordinates:36.8378°N 54.4414°W
Elevation M:155
Coordinates Footnotes:[3]
Blank Name:Climate
Blank Info:Csa

Gorgan (Persian: گرگان; in Persian pronounced as /ɡoɾˈɡɒːn/) is a city in the Central District of Gorgan County, Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county,[4] and the district.[5] It lies approximately 400km (200miles) to the northeast of the national capital Tehran, and some 30km (20miles) away from the Caspian Sea.

History

See main article: Hyrcania. There are several archaeological sites near Gorgan, including Tureng Tepe and Shah Tepe, in which remains dating from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic eras. Some other important Neolithic sites in the area are Yarim Tepe, and Sange Chaxmaq. The nearby Shahroud Plain has many such sites. More than 50 are on the Gorgan Plain.[6]

According to the Greek historian Arrian, Zadracarta was the largest city of Hyrcania and the site of the "royal palace".[7] The term means "the yellow city", and it was given to it from the great number of oranges, lemons, and other fruit trees which grew in the outskirts of that city.[8]

Hyrcania became part of the Achaemenid Empire during the reign of Cyrus the Great (559–530 BC), its founder, or his successor Cambyses (530-522 BC).

The Great Wall of Gorgan, the second biggest defensive wall in the world, was built in the Parthian and Sasanian periods.

At the time of the Sasanians, "Gurgan" appeared as the name of a city, province capital, and province.[9]

Gorgan maintained its independence as a Zoroastrian state even after Persia was conquered by the Muslim Arabs in the 7th century.

In 1210, the city was invaded and sacked by the army of Kingdom of Georgia under command of the brothers Mkhargrdzeli.[10] [11]

"Old Gorgan" was destroyed during the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, and the center of the region was moved to what was called "Astarabad", which is currently called "Gorgan".

Gorgan with its surrounding regions was sometimes considered part of the Tabaristan region.

Astarabad was an important political and religious city during the Qajar era.

Demographics

Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 269,226 in 73,702 households.[12] The following census in 2011 counted 329,536 people in 98,019 households.[13] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 350,676 people in 111,099 households.[14]

Geography

Location

The wide Dasht-e Gorgan (Plains of Gorgan) is located north of the city and geographically bounded by 37°00' - 37°30' north latitude and 54°00' - 54°30' east longitude, covering an area of about 170km2.

Some 150km (90miles) east of Gorgan is the Golestan National Park, home to a large portion of the fauna of Iran.

Gorgān Dam is situated 60 km northeast of Gorgan city and has a capacity of 100 million cubic meters.[15]

Climate

Gorgan has a subtropical mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa, Trewartha: Cs), with hot, humid summers and cool, wet winters. In general, Golestan has a moderate and humid climate known as "the moderate Caspian climate". The effective factors behind such a climate are Alborz mountain range, the direction of the mountains, the height of the area, the neighborhood to the sea, vegetation surface, local winds, altitude, and weather fronts. As a result of the above factors, three different climates exist in the region: plain moderate, mountainous, and semi-arid. Gorgan valley has a semi-arid climate. The average annual temperature is 17.8°C.

The annual precipitation is roughly, and usually does not exceed or dip below . The driest year on record was 1953 with only of precipitation, while the wettest year was 1959 with .[16]

Highest recorded temperature:46.2C

Lowest recorded temperature:-11.8C on 7 January 2008.[17]

Sports

Gorgan has a sports venue, Shohada stadium, which is located north of the city limits near the village of Karimabad.[18]

Shahrdari Gorgan competes in the Iranian Basketball Super League and Etka Gorgan F.C. competes in the Azadegan League.

Education

Notable people

See also: List of people from Gorgan.

Ancient

Modern

Sister cities

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Golestane Javan . 6 September 2023 . 6 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230906185941/https://golestanejavan.ir/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4/ . dead .
  2. Web site: «عیسی مهری» رئیس شورای شهر گرگان شد . خبرگزاری فارس . 17 June 2023 . fa . 16 January 2024.
  3. ((OpenStreetMap contributors)) . Gorgan, Gorgan County . . 13 October 2023 . 13 October 2023 . fa.
  4. Web site: Golestan province establishment law . fa . Lamtakam . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214001643/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/93027 . Guardian Council . 14 February 2024 . 17 December 1997 . 14 February 2024.
  5. Web site: Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Mazandaran province, centered in Sari city . fa . Lamtakam . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114003543/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113042 . Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council . Habibi . Hassan . 14 January 2024 . 12 September 1990 . 14 January 2024.
  6. Kourosh Roustaei (2017), Neolithic developments in the Gorgan Plain, south-east of the Caspian Sea. academia.edu
  7. Book: Arrian . Arrian . 1884 . . London . Hodder and Stoughton . Chapter XXV: March to Bactra.—Bessus Aided by Satibaezanes.. 191–193. 3 . Translated by E.J. Chinnock.
  8. Web site: GORGAN v. Pre-Islamic history – Encyclopaedia Iranica. electricpulp.com.
  9. Bivar, A.D.H. "Gorgan" Encyclopædia Iranica online
  10. Book: Yar-Shater, Ehsan . 2010 . Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 2, Parts 5-8 . Abingdon, United Kingdom . Routledge & Kegan Paul . 892 . 9780710090904 .
  11. Book: Brosset, Marie-Felicite . 1858 . Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle . France . imprimerie de l'Académie Impériale des sciences . 468–472 .
  12. Web site: Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006) . 27 . fa . The Statistical Center of Iran . AMAR . 25 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110920085741/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/27.xls . Excel . 20 September 2011.
  13. Web site: Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011) . 27 . fa . The Statistical Center of Iran . Syracuse University . https://web.archive.org/web/20230117141913/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Golestan.xls . 17 January 2023 . 19 December 2022 . Excel.
  14. Web site: Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016) . 27 . fa . The Statistical Center of Iran . AMAR . 19 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190329051758/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_27.xlsx . Excel . 29 March 2019.
  15. Web site: GORGAN i. Geography . 2023-07-14 . Iranicaonline . Encyclopedia Iranica . 15 Dec 2002.
  16. Web site: Form 25: MONTHLY TOTAL OF PRECIPITATION IN MM. Station: Gorgan(40738) . Chaharmahalmet . https://web.archive.org/web/20160317024134/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/gol/GORGAN/25.asp . 17 March 2016 . 25 February 2024 . unfit . Iran Meteorological Organization . y . asp.
  17. Web site: Form 6: TEMPERATURE RECORDS LOWEST IN C. Station: Gorgan(40738) . Chaharmahalmet . https://web.archive.org/web/20160505113309/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/gol/GORGAN/6.asp . 5 May 2016 . 25 February 2024 . unfit . Iran Meteorological Organization . y . asp.
  18. https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright OpenStreetMap Contributions
  19. Web site: Golestan University of Medical Sciences- دانشگاه علوم پزشكي گلستان - Golestan University of Medical Sciences - دانشگاه علوم پزشكي گلستان . GOUMS . 2013-01-26 . 2021-03-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210321043003/http://goums.ac.ir/ . dead .
  20. Web site: 2013-04-24. بزرگداشت دکتر ایرج اعتصام، پیشکسوت آموزش معماری ایران. Tribute to Dr. Iraj Etesam, a pioneer in Iranian architecture education. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130424065919/http://shasa.ir/newsdetail-74963-fa.html. 2013-04-24. 2021-04-10. Iran Building Information Network.
  21. http://www.kz-today.kz/index.php?lang=rus&uin=1138536468&chapter=1153399502 KZ-Today
  22. Web site: Repeating the memory of Guangzhou with Novorossiysk . 11 May 2023 . 7 April 2024 . mehrnews . Mehr news agency . Persian . fa: تکرار خاطره گوانگ ژو با نووروسیسک . 5777121 . fa: شهر گرگان هم از قرارداد خواهرخواندگی عقب نمانده و در سال ۹۷ با شهر گوانگ ژو چین عقد پیمان خواهرخواندگی بست . The city of Gorgan did not lag behind the sisterhood and in 2018 it signed an agreement with the chinease city of Guangzhou.

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