Gopal (caste) explained

Caste Name:	Gopal (Gauda)
Subdivisions:	Mathurapuria Gopapuria Magadhaa
Populated States:	Odisha
Population:	431,474 (1901 census)^[1] 890,702 (1931 census)^[2]
Religions:	Hinduism
Languages:	Odia
Classification:	Ahir (Yadav)
Related:	Ahir, Sadgope

Gopal or Gouda is an Indian caste,^{[3] [4] [5]} from Odisha State in East India. Their traditional occupations include dairy farming, cattle herding, cultivation and carrying palanquins of deities.^{[6] [7]} They also worked as Paikas (soldiers) under the kings.^{[8] [9]} Gopal is the name of the milkmen or herdsmen caste in Odisha, which is known by other names (such as Ahir, Yadav, Goala etc.) in various parts of India.^{[10] [11]}

According to 1931 census of India, they are second largest caste by numbers and comprise around 9% of Odisha's population.^[12]

Etymology

The word Gopal derived from vedic "Gopala", which "Go" refers to cow and "Pala" refers to protector or herder. Hence "Gopala" literally means "cow herder"^{[13] [14]}

Origin and history

The Gopalas (Gaudas) like all Yadavs claim that they are descendants from Krishna of the ancient Yadava clan after the Sanskritisation process by Arya Samaj in 1930.^{[15] [16]} In the Mahasabha held in 1930, Dairy faming castes such as Ahirs, Gaudas, Gopalas etc were advised to Identify themselves as "Son of Krishna" and hence they can identify themselves as martial caste.^[17]

Since 1930 during the Sanskritisation of castes in India, The Gopalas started to be incorporated into a newly established Yadav community, along with Ahir, Gops, Goalas, and Sadgops.^[18]

Subdivisions

The Gopalas (Gaudas) are three types:- Mathurapuria, Gopapuria and Magadhaa,^[19] where Mathurapurias and Gopapurias are superior to Magadha classes.^[20] Which symbolically refer to their ancestral land of Mathura and Gokul (Gopa) of Uttar Pradesh and Magadha of Bihar.^[21] While the Magadha Gauda are inhabitants of Singhbhum and western Mayurbhanj, they possibly represent an accretion of some aboriginal tribes.^{[22] [23]} There are minor differences among them, some area of odisha the Gopalas are also known as their other names including: Mahakud, Sholakhandia, Sadgope and Gopal Baishnab^{[24] [25] [26]} among them.

Culture

Festival

• The Dola Purnima (Holi festival): is the Major festival of Gopalas (Gaudas),^[27] It starts from the tenth day of the bright fortnight of the month of Falguna (Feb-March) known as Fagu 'Dasami'. This festival is celebrated for five days in Odisha. In this festival they place the idols of Radha Krishna in a Bimana (richly decorated palanquins), Smearing the heads with Abira (a violet coloured powder). Specially people of Gopala community carrying this palanquin and take round a procession with village Priest, drummers, pipers and the Sankirtana Mandalis. The procession halts in front of each household and the deity is offered Bhog. On the final day of the purnima the celebration culminates in a swing-festival for the deities.^[28]
• The Dahi-handi Jatra (curd-pot festival): The birthday of Lord Krishna on the eighth day of Krushna pakshya is popularly celebrated throughout India as Janmastami on the ninth day. Lord Krishna along with his friends had broken the curd-pot in the house of the king Nanda. This tradition is maintained in Paralakhemundi as Dahi-handi-Jatra. On the ninth day or Nabami, the people tie a curd pot with a bamboo and place it between two poles. Traditionally, a Gauda-boy as the representative of Lord Krishna breaks the curd pot. The other boys throw the coloured water from a hand pump (pichakari). Then the people place the Radha Krishna on a stage called 'Kunja’ and take a procession around the town.^{[29] [30]}

Tradition

• Laudi Badi Khela is a traditional dance with combination of martial art and folk dance (called Laudi Nacha & Badi Khela) of the Gaudas (Gopalas), which is performed during Dola Purnima. In this dance the young Gopala boys wearing a special clothes in associated with Krishna. At first they practice 'Badi Khela'(martial art) by one or two trained people of their community, who held a sword in the right hand and a stick in left hand. They perform this art for sometime and then played 'Laudi'(folk dance) by a group of minimum 9 to 12 boys. Each boys holding two stick in their hand, dance with striking each other's stick in a rhythmical manner in front of the Palanquin of Radha Krishna.^{[31] [32]}
• Gopalila is a traditional puppet theatre, performed by Gopals (Cowherd boys) of Odisha. They perform this theater on the occasion of Janmastami and Govardhan Puja. The concept of this theatre is associated with god Krishna's life.^[33]

Titles

The Gopalas uses surnames like Behera, Das, Palei, Palai, Pandab, Yadav, Hati, Kabi, Bhutia, Mahakul, Mahakhud, Mahakud, Mohapatra, Sasmal, Rout, Parida,Barik, Podh, Jal, Bhujabal,^[34] Khilar, Singh, Routray, Samantray, Pratihari,^{[35] [36] [37]} Chaudhuri, Mandei, Senapati, Dalua, Apata, Nayak ^[38] Bagarti, Pradhan, Khuntia, Bag/Bagh, Hansha, Dalchhatra, Kharsel, Karuan, Nag and Shandh, Banchhor among others.^[39]

Social Status

Gopalas are followers of Vaishnavism.^[40] Among them Gopapurias and Sadgops are the relics of Bala Gopala cult.^[41] They are one of a caste of Panikhia Jati group of Odisha.^[42] They assist Brahmins on ritual occasion and also serve as priests in some temples.^{[43] [44] [45]} They are included in the SEBC/OBC list of the state.^{[46] [47]}

See also

• Ahir
  • Gopa (caste)
  • List of Yadavs
• Maniyani (caste)
• Raut (caste)
  • Yadav

Notes and References

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2. Book: Lacey, W. g . Bihar and Orissa – Census Of India 1931 . 7 . Part II, Tables . 1932 . 137.
3. Book: Dipti Ray . 2007 . Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540) . Northern Book Centre . 90– . 9788172111953 .
4. Book: Orissa (India). Orissa District Gazetteers: Cuttack. 1966. Superintendent, Orissa Government Press . 168.
5. Book: Nishamani Kar . 2002 . Animal Husbandry and Rural Development: Restructuring and Planned Development of the Bovine Economy . Deep and Deep Publications . 206– . 9788176293587 .
6. Book: Rabindra Nath Pati. Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects. Jagannatha Dash. APH Publishing. 2002. 978-81-7648-322-3. 196–.
7. Book: Mahapatra, M. . Traditional Structure and Change in an Orissan Temple . Punthi Pustak . Indische Studien . 1981 . 2022-11-27 .
8. Book: Akio Tanabe . 29 July 2021 . Caste and Equality in India: A Historical Anthropology of Diverse Society and Vernacular Democracy . Routledge . 978-1-00-040933-8 .
9. Book: Surajit Sinha . Centre for Studies in Social Sciences . 1987 . Tribal Polities and State Systems in Pre-colonial Eastern and North Eastern India . Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta . 9788170740148 .
10. Book: Rolamba. 1982. Joshi Research Institute.
11. Book: Kumar Suresh Singh . People of India: Bio-cultural Dimensions : a K.S. Singh Festschrift . 1993 . Inter-India Publications . 9788121003254 .
12. Book: Kumar, Sanjay. Rob Jenkins . Regional Reflections: Comparing Politics Across India's States . JANATA REGIONALIZED: CONTRASTING BASES OF ELECTORAL SUPPORT IN BIHAR AND ORISSA . 6. Oxford University Press . Delhi. 2004.
13. Book: John A. Grimes. A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. 1 January 1996. SUNY Press. 978-0-7914-3067-5. 129–.
14. Book: Georg Feuerstein. Subhash Kak. David Frawley. In Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India. 1999. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. 978-81-208-1626-8. 149–.
15. Book: Rabindra Nath Pati. Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects. Jagannatha Dash. APH Publishing. 2002. 978-81-7648-322-3. 196–.
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19. Book: ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS (KHORDA) . Dr. Taradatt. gopabandhuacademy.gov.in .
20. Book: Orissa (India). Orissa District Gazetteers: Sambalpur. 1972. Superintendent, Orissa Government Press.
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22. Book: Taradatt, Dr . Mayurbhanj district Gazzetter . 1967 . 99.
23. Book: Laeequddin, Muhammad . Census of Mayurbhanj State 1931 . 1937 . I . Calcutta . Caledonin Printing Company . 173–178, 197–198 . saoa.crl.25352830 . free. 496724918.
24. Book: Russell, R.V. . Macmillan and Company, limited . The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India . II . 1916 . 2023-06-17 . 20. Alt URL
25. Book: Nagendra Kumar Padhi. Police and the Weaker Sections. 2007. APH Publishing. 978-81-313-0129-6. 55–.
26. Web site: www.stscodisha.gov.in .
27. Book: Ramesh P. Mohanty. Dalits Development and Change: An Empirical Study. 2003. Discovery Publishing House. 978-81-7141-696-7. 38–.
28. Web site: Dola Purnima (Holi) . Odisha Tourism . 2010-01-01 . 2020-10-16.
29. Web site: magazines.odisha.gov.in .
30. Book: The Orissa Historical Research Journal. 2004. Superintendent of Research and Museum.
31. Web site: Nanda . Kanhu . Odihsa's folk dance 'Laudi Khela' during Dola fest loses its fame and charm. . Odisha Views . 2013-04-06 . 2020-08-11.
32. Web site: gopabandhuacademy.gov.in .
33. Book: James R. Brandon. Martin Banham. The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre. 28 January 1997. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-58822-5. 101–.
34. Patra . Patitapaban . 1994 . Archaeological remains of Dhenkanal. 205 . Utkal University, Bhubaneswar . 10603/118750.
35. Book: Singh, K.S. . Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles . Anthropological Survey of India . National series . 1996 . 978-0-19-563357-3 . 2023-07-03 . 1082.
36. Book: India. Department of Anthropology . Memoir: (India. Dept. of Anthropology) . Manager of Publications, Delhi . nos. 5-7 . 1958 . 2023-06-30 .
37. Book: Roy, S.C. . Man in India . A. K. Bose . v. 44 . 1964 . 2023-07-03 .
38. Book: Shyam Sunder Tripathy. Buddhism and Other Religious Cults of South-east India. 1988. Sundeep Prakashan. 978-81-85067-15-5.
39. Web site: gopabandhuacademy.gov.in .
40. Book: Dilip Kumar Mukherjee. Chaitanya. 1970. National Book Trust, India.
41. Book: Misra, B. . Indian Culture and Cult of Jagannātha . Punthi Pustak . Orissa studies project . 1986 . 2022-12-03 .
42. Book: Nava Kishor Das. Odisha. 2012. Anthropological Survey of India by Seagull Books. 978-81-7046-293-4.
43. Book: Prabhat Mukherjee. The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa. 1981. Asian Educational Services. 978-81-206-0229-8. 83–.
44. Book: The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay. 1925. Education Society's Press.
45. Book: Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur). Man in India. 1998. A. K. Bose.
46. Web site: Odisha State Commission for Backward Classes . Odisha State Commission for Backward Classes . 2023-08-24.
47. Book: Prasad, D. M. Ravi . Eradication of Caste and Birth of New Humanity . 2004 . Deep & Deep Publications . 978-81-7629-513-0 . 29 . en.