Google Translate Explained

Google Translate
Commercial:Yes
Type:Neural machine translation
Registration:Optional
Language: languages; see below
Num Users:Over 500 million people daily
Owner:Google
Launch Date: (as statistical machine translation)[1]
(as neural machine translation)[2]
Current Status:Active

Google Translate is a multilingual neural machine translation service developed by Google to translate text, documents and websites from one language into another. It offers a website interface, a mobile app for Android and iOS, as well as an API that helps developers build browser extensions and software applications.[3] As of, Google Translate supports languages at various levels.[4] It served over 200 million people daily in May 2013,[5], and over 500 million total users,[6] with more than 100 billion words translated daily.

Launched in April 2006 as a statistical machine translation service, it originally used United Nations and European Parliament documents and transcripts to gather linguistic data. Rather than translating languages directly, it first translated text to English and then pivoted to the target language in most of the language combinations it posited in its grid,[7] with a few exceptions including Catalan–Spanish.[8] During a translation, it looked for patterns in millions of documents to help decide which words to choose and how to arrange them in the target language. In recent years, it has used a deep learning model to power its translations. Its accuracy, which has been criticized on several occasions,[9] has been measured to vary greatly across languages.[10] In November 2016, Google announced that Google Translate would switch to a neural machine translation engine – Google Neural Machine Translation (GNMT) – which translated "whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece. It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar".

History

Google Translate is a web-based free-to-use translation service developed by Google in April 2006.[11] It translates multiple forms of texts and media such as words, phrases and webpages.

Originally, Google Translate was released as a statistical machine translation (SMT) service. The input text had to be translated into English first before being translated into the selected language. Since SMT uses predictive algorithms to translate text, it had poor grammatical accuracy. Despite this, Google initially did not hire experts to resolve this limitation due to the ever-evolving nature of language.

In January 2010, Google introduced an Android app and iOS version in February 2011 to serve as a portable personal interpreter. As of February 2010, it was integrated into browsers such as Chrome and was able to pronounce the translated text, automatically recognize words in a picture and spot unfamiliar text and languages.

In May 2014, Google acquired Word Lens to improve the quality of visual and voice translation.[12] It is able to scan text or a picture using the device and have it translated instantly. Moreover, the system automatically identifies foreign languages and translates speech without requiring individuals to tap the microphone button whenever speech translation is needed.

In November 2016, Google transitioned its translating method to a system called neural machine translation.[13] It uses deep learning techniques to translate whole sentences at a time, which has been measured to be more accurate between English and French, German, Spanish, and Chinese.[14] No measurement results have been provided by Google researchers for GNMT from English to other languages, other languages to English, or between language pairs that do not include English. As of 2018, it translates more than 100 billion words a day.

In 2017, Google Translate was used during a court hearing when court officials at Teesside Magistrates' Court failed to book an interpreter for the Chinese defendant.[15]

At the end of September 2022, Google Translate was discontinued in mainland China, which Google said was due to "low usage".[16] [17]

In 2024, a record of 110 languages including Cantonese, Tok Pisin and some regional languages in Russia including Bashkir, Chechen, Ossetian and Crimean Tatar were added.[18]

Functions

Google Translate can translate multiple forms of text and media, which includes text, speech, and text within still or moving images.[19] [20] Specifically, its functions include:

For most of its features, Google Translate provides the pronunciation, dictionary, and listening to translation. Additionally, Google Translate has introduced its own Translate app, so translation is available with a mobile phone in offline mode.

Features

Web interface

Google Translate produces approximations across languages of multiple forms of text and media, including text, speech, websites, or text on display in still or live video images. For some languages, Google Translate can synthesize speech from text, and in certain pairs it is possible to highlight specific corresponding words and phrases between the source and target text. Results are sometimes shown with dictional information below the translation box, but it is not a dictionary[29] and has been shown to invent translations in all languages for words it does not recognize.[30] If "Detect language" is selected, text in an unknown language can be automatically identified. In the web interface, users can suggest alternate translations, such as for technical terms, or correct mistakes. These suggestions may be included in future updates to the translation process. If a user enters a URL in the source text, Google Translate will produce a hyperlink to a machine translation of the website. Users can save translation proposals in a "phrasebook" for later use, and a shareable URL is generated for each translation.[31] [32] For some languages, text can be entered via an on-screen keyboard, whether through handwriting recognition or speech recognition. It is possible to enter searches in a source language that are first translated to a destination language allowing one to browse and interpret results from the selected destination language in the source language.

Texts written in the Arabic, Cyrillic, Devanagari and Greek scripts can be automatically transliterated from their phonetic equivalents written in the Latin alphabet. The browser version of Google Translate provides the option to show phonetic equivalents of text translated from Japanese to English. The same option is not available on the paid API version.

Many of the more popular languages have a "text-to-speech" audio function that is able to read back a text in that language, up to several hundred words or so. In the case of pluricentric languages, the accent depends on the region: for English, in the Americas, most of the Asia–Pacific and West Asia, the audio uses a female General American accent, whereas in Europe, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Guyana and all other parts of the world, a female British (Received Pronunciation) accent is used, except for a special General Australian accent used in Australia, New Zealand and Norfolk Island, and an Indian English accent used in India; for Spanish, in the Americas, a Latin American accent is used, while in other parts of the world, a Castilian accent is used; for French, a Quebec accent is used in Canada, while in other parts of the world, a standard European accent is used; for Bengali, a male Bangladeshi accent is used, except in India, where a special female Indian Bengali accent is used instead. Until March 2023, some less widely spoken languages used the open-source eSpeak synthesizer for their speech; producing a robotic, awkward voice that may be difficult to understand.

Browser integration

Google Translate is available in some web browsers as an optional downloadable extension that can run the translation engine, which allow right-click command access to the translation service.[33] [34] [35] In February 2010, Google Translate was integrated into the Google Chrome browser by default, for optional automatic webpage translation.[36] [37] [38]

Mobile app

Google Translate
Screenshot Size:200px
Collapsible:yes
Developer:Google
Released: (for Android)
(for iOS)
Ver Layout:stacked
Size:37.44 MB (Android)
177.4 MB (iOS)
Language: languages; see below
Genre:Neural machine translation

The Google Translate app for Android and iOS supports languages and can propose translations for 37 languages via photo, 32 via voice in "conversation mode", and 27 via live video imagery in "augmented reality mode".[39] [40]

The Android app was released in January 2010, and for iOS on February 8, 2011,[41] after an HTML5 web application was released for iOS users in August 2008.[42] The Android app is compatible with devices running at least Android 2.1, while the iOS app is compatible with iPod Touches, iPads and iPhones updated to iOS 7.0+.[43]

A January 2011 Android version experimented with a "Conversation Mode" that aims to allow users to communicate fluidly with a nearby person in another language.[44] Originally limited to English and Spanish, the feature received support for 12 new languages, still in testing, the following October.[45] [46]

The 'Camera input' functionality allows users to take a photograph of a document, signboard, etc. Google Translate recognises the text from the image using optical character recognition (OCR) technology and gives the translation. Camera input is not available for all languages.

In January 2015, the apps gained the ability to propose translations of physical signs in real time using the device's camera, as a result of Google's acquisition of the Word Lens app.[47] [48] The original January launch only supported seven languages, but a July update added support for 20 new languages, with the release of a new implementation that utilizes convolutional neural networks, and also enhanced the speed and quality of Conversation Mode translations (augmented reality).[49] [50] [51] The feature was subsequently renamed Instant Camera. The technology underlying Instant Camera combines image processing and optical character recognition, then attempts to produce cross-language equivalents using standard Google Translate estimations for the text as it is perceived.[52]

On May 11, 2016, Google introduced Tap to Translate for Google Translate for Android. Upon highlighting text in an app that is in a foreign language, Translate will pop up inside of the app and offer translations.[53]

API

On May 26, 2011, Google announced that the Google Translate API for software developers had been deprecated and would cease functioning.[54] [55] [56] The Translate API page stated the reason as "substantial economic burden caused by extensive abuse" with an end date set for December 1, 2011.[57] In response to public pressure, Google announced in June 2011 that the API would continue to be available as a paid service.[58]

Because the API was used in numerous third-party websites and apps, the original decision to deprecate it led some developers to criticize Google and question the viability of using Google APIs in their products.[59] [60]

Google Assistant

Google Translate also provides translations for Google Assistant and the devices that Google Assistant runs on such as Google Nest and Pixel Buds.

Supported languages

As of, the following 243 languages and languages varieties are supported by Google Translate.[61]

  1. Abkhaz
  2. Acehnese
  3. Acholi
  4. Afar
  5. Afrikaans
  6. Albanian
  7. Alur
  8. Amharic
  9. Arabic
  10. Armenian
  11. Assamese
  12. Avar
  13. Awadhi
  14. Aymara
  15. Azerbaijani
  16. Balinese
  17. Baluchi
  18. Bambara
  19. Baoulé
  20. Bashkir
  21. Basque
  22. Batak Karo
  23. Batak Simalungun
  24. Batak Toba
  25. Belarusian
  26. Bemba
  27. Bengali
  28. Betawi
  29. Bhojpuri
  30. Bikol
  31. Bosnian
  32. Breton
  33. Bulgarian
  34. Buryat
  35. Cantonese
  36. Catalan
  37. Cebuano
  38. Chamorro
  39. Chechen
  40. Chichewa
  41. Chinese (Simplified)
  42. Chinese (Traditional)
  43. Chuukese
  44. Chuvash
  45. Corsican
  46. Crimean Tatar
  47. Croatian
  48. Czech
  49. Danish
  50. Dari
  51. Dhivehi
  52. Dinka
  53. Dombe
  54. Dogri
  55. Dutch
  56. Dyula
  57. Dzongkha
  58. English
  59. Esperanto
  60. Estonian
  61. Ewe
  62. Faroese
  63. Fijian
  64. Filipino
  65. Finnish
  66. Fon
  67. French
  68. Frisian
  69. Friulian
  70. Fulani
  71. Ga
  72. Galician
  73. Georgian
  74. German
  75. Greek
  76. Guarani
  77. Gujarati
  78. Haitian Creole
  79. Hakha Chin
  80. Hausa
  81. Hawaiian
  82. Hebrew
  83. Hiligaynon
  84. Hindi
  85. Hmong
  86. Hungarian
  87. Hunsrik
  88. Iban
  89. Icelandic
  90. Igbo
  91. Ilocano
  92. Indonesian
  93. Irish
  94. Italian
  95. Jamaican Patois
  96. Japanese
  97. Javanese
  98. Jingpo
  99. Kalaallisut
  100. Kannada
  101. Kanuri
  102. Kapampangan
  103. Kazakh
  104. Khasi
  105. Khmer
  106. Kiga
  107. Kikongo
  108. Kinyarwanda
  109. Kituba
  110. Kokborok
  111. Komi
  112. Konkani
  113. Korean
  114. Krio
  115. Kurdish (Kurmanji)
  116. Kurdish (Sorani)
  117. Kyrgyz
  118. Lao
  119. Latgalian
  120. Latin
  121. Latvian
  122. Ligurian
  123. Limburgish
  124. Lingala
  125. Lithuanian
  126. Lombard
  127. Luganda
  128. Luo
  129. Luxembourgish
  130. Macedonian
  131. Madurese
  132. Maithili
  133. Makassar
  134. Malagasy
  135. Malay
  136. Malay (Jawi)
  137. Malayalam
  138. Maltese
  139. Mam
  140. Manx
  141. Maori
  142. Marathi
  143. Marshallese
  144. Marwadi
  145. Mauritian Creole
  146. Meadow Mari
  147. Meiteilon (Manipuri)
  148. Minang
  149. Mizo
  150. Mongolian
  151. Myanmar (Burmese)
  152. Nahuatl (Eastern Huasteca)
  153. Ndau
  154. Ndebele (South)
  155. Nepalbhasa (Newari)
  156. Nepali
  157. NKo
  158. Norwegian (Bokmål)
  159. Nuer
  160. Occitan
  161. Odia (Oriya)
  162. Oromo
  163. Ossetian
  164. Pangasinan
  165. Papiamento
  166. Pashto
  167. Persian
  168. Polish
  169. Portuguese (Brazil)
  170. Portuguese (Portugal)
  171. Punjabi (Gurmukhi)
  172. Punjabi (Shahmukhi)
  173. Quechua
  174. Q'eqchi
  175. Romani
  176. Romanian
  177. Rundi
  178. Russian
  179. Sami (North)
  180. Samoan
  181. Sango
  182. Sanskrit
  183. Santali
  184. Scots Gaelic
  185. Sepedi
  186. Serbian
  187. Sesotho
  188. Seychellois Creole
  189. Shan
  190. Shona
  191. Sicilian
  192. Silesian
  193. Sindhi
  194. Sinhala
  195. Slovak
  196. Slovenian
  197. Somali
  198. Spanish
  199. Sundanese
  200. Susu
  201. Swahili
  202. Swati
  203. Swedish
  204. Tahitian
  205. Tajik
  206. Tamazight
  207. Tamazight (Tifinagh)
  208. Tamil
  209. Tatar
  210. Telugu
  211. Tetum
  212. Thai
  213. Tibetan
  214. Tigrinya
  215. Tiv
  216. Tok Pisin
  217. Tongan
  218. Tsonga
  219. Tswana
  220. Tulu
  221. Tumbuka
  222. Turkish
  223. Turkmen
  224. Tuvan
  225. Twi
  226. Udmurt
  227. Ukrainian
  228. Urdu
  229. Uyghur
  230. Uzbek
  231. Venda
  232. Venetian
  233. Vietnamese
  234. Waray
  235. Welsh
  236. Wolof
  237. Xhosa
  238. Yakut
  239. Yiddish
  240. Yoruba
  241. Yucatec Maya
  242. Zapotec
  243. Zulu

Stages

(by chronological order of introduction)

  1. 1st stage
    1. English to and from French
    2. English to and from German
    3. English to and from Spanish
  2. 2nd stage
    1. English to and from Portuguese (Brazil)
  3. 3rd stage
    1. English to and from Italian
  4. 4th stage
    1. English to and from Chinese (Simplified)
    2. English to and from Japanese
    3. English to and from Korean
  5. 5th stage (launched April 28, 2006)
    1. English to and from Arabic
  6. 6th stage (launched December 16, 2006)
    1. English to and from Russian
  7. 7th stage (launched February 9, 2007)
    1. English to and from Chinese (Traditional)
    2. Chinese ((Simplified) to and from Traditional)
  8. 8th stage (all 25 language pairs use Google's machine translation system) (launched October 22, 2007)
    1. English to and from Dutch
    2. English to and from Greek
  9. 9th stage
    1. English to and from Hindi
  10. 10th stage (as of this stage, translation can be done between any two languages, using English as an intermediate step, if needed) (launched May 8, 2008)
    1. Bulgarian
    2. Croatian
    3. Czech
    4. Danish
    5. Finnish
    6. Norwegian (Bokmål)
    7. Polish
    8. Romanian
    9. Swedish
  11. 11th stage (launched September 25, 2008)
    1. Catalan
    2. Filipino (Tagalog)
    3. Hebrew
    4. Indonesian
    5. Latvian
    6. Lithuanian
    7. Serbian
    8. Slovak
    9. Slovene
    10. Ukrainian
    11. Vietnamese
  12. 12th stage (launched January 30, 2009)
    1. Albanian
    2. Estonian
    3. Galician
    4. Hungarian
    5. Maltese
    6. Thai
    7. Turkish
  13. 13th stage (launched June 19, 2009)
    1. Persian
  14. 14th stage (launched August 24, 2009)
    1. Afrikaans
    2. Belarusian
    3. Icelandic
    4. Irish
    5. Macedonian
    6. Malay
    7. Swahili
    8. Welsh
    9. Yiddish
  15. 15th stage (launched November 19, 2009)
    1. The Beta stage is finished. Users can now choose to have the romanization written for Belarusian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Greek, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Thai and Ukrainian. For translations from Arabic, Hindi and Persian, the user can enter a Latin transliteration of the text and the text will be transliterated to the native script for these languages as the user is typing. The text can now be read by a text-to-speech program in English, French, German and Italian.
  16. 16th stage (launched January 30, 2010)
    1. Haitian Creole
  17. 17th stage (launched April 2010)
    1. Speech program launched in Hindi and Spanish.
  18. 18th stage (launched May 5, 2010)
    1. Speech program launched in Afrikaans, Albanian, Catalan, Chinese (Mandarin), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Latvian, Macedonian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Swahili, Swedish, Turkish, Vietnamese and Welsh (based on eSpeak).[62]
  19. 19th stage (launched May 13, 2010)[63]
    1. Armenian
    2. Azerbaijani
    3. Basque
    4. Georgian
    5. Urdu
  20. 20th stage (launched June 2010)
    1. Provides romanization for Arabic.
  21. 21st stage (launched September 2010)
    1. Allows phonetic typing for Arabic, Greek, Hindi, Persian, Russian, Serbian and Urdu.
    2. Latin[64] [65]
  22. 22nd stage (launched December 2010)
    1. Romanization of Arabic removed.
    2. Spell check added.
    3. For some languages, Google replaced text-to-speech synthesizers from eSpeak's robot voice to native speaker's nature voice technologies made by SVOX[66] (Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Swedish and Turkish), and also the old versions of French, German, Italian and Spanish; Latin uses the same synthesizer as Italian.
    4. Speech program launched in Arabic, Japanese and Korean.
  23. 23rd stage (launched January 2011)
    1. Choice of different translations for a word.
  24. 24th stage (launched June 2011)
    • 5 new Indic languages (in alpha) and a transliterated input method:[67]
    1. Bengali
    2. Gujarati
    3. Kannada
    4. Tamil
    5. Telugu
  25. 25th stage (launched July 2011)
    1. Translation rating introduced.
  26. 26th stage (launched January 2012)
    1. Dutch male voice synthesizer replaced with female.
    2. Elena by SVOX replaced the Slovak eSpeak voice.
    3. Transliteration of Yiddish added.
  27. 27th stage (launched February 2012)
    1. Speech program launched in Thai.
    2. Esperanto[68]
  28. 28th stage (launched September 2012)
    1. Lao
  29. 29th stage (launched October 2012)
    1. Transliteration of Lao added. (alpha status)[69] [70]
  30. 30th stage (launched October 2012)
    1. New speech program launched in English.
  31. 31st stage (launched November 2012)
    1. New speech program in French, German, Italian, Latin and Spanish.
  32. 32nd stage (launched March 2013)
    1. Phrasebook added.
  33. 33rd stage (launched April 2013)
    1. Khmer[71]
  34. 34th stage (launched May 2013)
    1. Bosnian
    2. Cebuano[72]
    3. Hmong
    4. Javanese
    5. Marathi
  35. 35th stage (launched May 2013)
    1. 16 additional languages can be used with camera-input: Bulgarian, Catalan, Croatian, Danish, Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Indonesian, Icelandic, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian and Swedish.
  36. 36th stage (launched December 2013)
    1. Hausa
    2. Igbo
    3. Maori
    4. Mongolian
    5. Nepali
    6. Punjabi (Gurmukhi)
    7. Somali
    8. Yoruba
    9. Zulu
  37. 37th stage (launched June 2014)
    1. Definition of words added.
  38. 38th stage (launched December 2014)
    1. Burmese
    2. Chewa
    3. Kazakh
    4. Malagasy
    5. Malayalam
    6. Sinhala[73]
    7. Sotho
    8. Sundanese
    9. Tajik
    10. Uzbek
  39. 39th stage (launched October 2015)
    1. Transliteration of Arabic restored.
  40. 40th stage (launched November 2015)
    1. Aurebesh
  41. 41st stage (launched February 2016)
    1. Aurebesh removed.
    2. Speech program launched in Bengali.[74] [75] [76] [77] [78]
    3. Amharic
    4. Corsican
    5. Hawaiian
    6. Kurdish (Kurmanji)
    7. Kyrgyz
    8. Luxembourgish
    9. Pashto
    10. Samoan
    11. Scottish Gaelic
    12. Shona
    13. Sindhi[79]
    14. West Frisian
    15. Xhosa
  42. 42nd stage (launched September 2016)
    1. Speech program launched in Ukrainian.
  43. 43rd stage (launched December 2016)
    1. Speech program launched in Khmer and Sinhala.
  44. 44th stage (launched June 2018)
    1. Speech program launched in Burmese, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali and Telugu.
  45. 45th stage (launched September 2019)
    1. Speech program launched in Gujarati, Kannada and Urdu.
  46. 46th stage (launched February 2020)[80]
    1. Kinyarwanda
    2. Odia
    3. Tatar
    4. Turkmen
    5. Uyghur
  47. 47th stage (launched February 2021)
    1. Speech program launched in Afrikaans, Bulgarian, Catalan, Icelandic, Latvian, and Serbian (changed from eSpeak to a natural voice).
    2. New speech system (WaveNet) for several languages.
  48. 48th stage (launched January 2022)
    1. Speech program launched in Hebrew.
  49. 49th stage (launched May 2022)[81]
    1. Assamese
    2. Aymara
    3. Bambara
    4. Bhojpuri
    5. Dogri
    6. Ewe
    7. Guarani
    8. Ilocano
    9. Konkani
    10. Krio
    11. Kurdish (Sorani)
    12. Lingala
    13. Luganda
    14. Maithili
    15. Maldivian
    16. Meitei
    17. Mizo
    18. Northern Sotho
    19. Oromo
    20. Quechua
    21. Sanskrit
    22. Tigrinya
    23. Tsonga
    24. Twi
    25. eSpeak voice synthesizer removed from Armenian, Esperanto, Macedonian and Welsh.
  50. 50th stage (launched November 2022)
    1. Speech program launched in Albanian, Bosnian and Swahili (changed from eSpeak to natural).
    2. New speech program launched in Malayalam, Marathi and Tamil.
  51. 51st stage (launched March 2023)
    1. Speech program launched in Croatian (changed from eSpeak to natural).
  52. 52nd stage (launched April 2023)
    1. Speech program launched in Welsh (only on Google search results).
    2. New speech programs launched in Chinese (simplified and traditional), German, Indonesian, Malay, Malayalam, Tamil, and Telugu (Chinese, German, Indonesian, Malayalam and Tamil reverted from WaveNet).
  53. 53rd stage (launched June 2023)
    1. Speech program launched in Lithuanian and Punjabi.
  54. 54th stage (launched June 2024)[82]
    1. Abkhaz
    2. Acehnese
    3. Acholi
    4. Afar
    5. Alur
    6. Avar
    7. Awadhi
    8. Balinese
    9. Baluchi
    10. Baoulé
    11. Bashkir
    12. Batak Karo
    13. Batak Simalungun
    14. Batak Toba
    15. Bemba
    16. Betawi
    17. Bikol
    18. Breton
    19. Buryat
    20. Cantonese
    21. Chamorro
    22. Chechen
    23. Chuukese
    24. Chuvash
    25. Crimean Tatar
    26. Dari
    27. Dinka
    28. Dombe
    29. Dyula
    30. Dzongkha
    31. Faroese
    32. Fijian
    33. Fon
    34. Friulian
    35. Fulani
    36. Ga
    37. Hakha Chin
    38. Hiligaynon
    39. Hunsrik
    40. Iban
    41. Jamaican Patois
    42. Jingpo
    43. Kalaallisut
    44. Kanuri
    45. Kapampangan
    46. Khasi
    47. Kiga
    48. Kikongo
    49. Kituba
    50. Kokborok
    51. Komi
    52. Latgalian
    53. Ligurian
    54. Limburgish
    55. Lombard
    56. Luo
    57. Madurese
    58. Makassar
    59. Malay (Jawi)
    60. Mam
    61. Manx
    62. Marshallese
    63. Marwadi
    64. Mauritian Creole
    65. Meadow Mari
    66. Minang
    67. Nahuatl (Eastern Huasteca)
    68. Ndau
    69. Ndebele (South)
    70. Nepalbhasa (Newari)
    71. NKo
    72. Nuer
    73. Occitan
    74. Ossetian
    75. Pangasinan
    76. Papiamento
    77. Portuguese (Portugal)
    78. Punjabi (Shahmukhi)
    79. Q'eqchi
    80. Romani
    81. Rundi
    82. Sami (North)
    83. Sango
    84. Santali
    85. Seychellois Creole
    86. Shan
    87. Sicilian
    88. Silesian
    89. Susu
    90. Swati
    91. Tahitian
    92. Tamazight
    93. Tamazight (Tifinagh)
    94. Tetum
    95. Tibetan
    96. Tiv
    97. Tok Pisin
    98. Tongan
    99. Tswana
    100. Tulu
    101. Tumbuka
    102. Tuvan
    103. Udmurt
    104. Venda
    105. Venetian
    106. Waray
    107. Wolof
    108. Yakut
    109. Yucatec Maya
    110. Zapotec
    111. Speech program launched in Amharic, Bulgarian, Cantonese, Galician, Hausa, and Welsh

Translation methodology

In April 2006, Google Translate launched with a statistical machine translation engine.

Google Translate does not apply grammatical rules, since its algorithms are based on statistical or pattern analysis rather than traditional rule-based analysis. The system's original creator, Franz Josef Och, has criticized the effectiveness of rule-based algorithms in favor of statistical approaches.[83] [84] Original versions of Google Translate were based on a method called statistical machine translation, and more specifically, on research by Och who won the DARPA contest for speed machine translation in 2003. Och was the head of Google's machine translation group until leaving to join Human Longevity, Inc. in July 2014.[85]

Google Translate does not directly translate from one language to another (L1 → L2). Instead, it often translates first to English and then to the target language (L1 → EN → L2).[86] [87] [88] [89] However, because English, like all human languages, is ambiguous and depends on context, this can cause translation errors. For example, translating French: vous from French to Russian gives French: vous → you → Russian: ты OR Russian: Bы/вы.[90] If Google were using an unambiguous, artificial language as the intermediary, it would be French: vous → you → Russian: Bы/вы OR French: tu → thou → French: ты. Such a suffixing of words disambiguates their different meanings. Hence, publishing in English, using unambiguous words, providing context, or using expressions such as "you all" may or may not make a better one-step translation depending on the target language.

The following languages do not have a direct Google translation to or from English. These languages are translated through the indicated intermediate language (which in most cases is closely related to the desired language but more widely spoken) in addition to through English:

According to Och, a solid base for developing a usable statistical machine translation system for a new pair of languages from scratch would consist of a bilingual text corpus (or parallel collection) of more than 150–200 million words, and two monolingual corpora each of more than a billion words. Statistical models from these data are then used to translate between those languages. To acquire this huge amount of linguistic data, Google used United Nations and European Parliament documents and transcripts.[91] [92] The UN typically publishes documents in all six official UN languages, which has produced a very large 6-language corpus. Google representatives have been involved with domestic conferences in Japan where it has solicited bilingual data from researchers.[93]

When Google Translate generates a translation proposal, it looks for patterns in hundreds of millions of documents to help decide on the best translation. By detecting patterns in documents that have already been translated by human translators, Google Translate makes informed guesses (AI) as to what an appropriate translation should be.[94]

Before October 2007, for languages other than Arabic, Chinese and Russian, Google Translate was based on SYSTRAN, a software engine which is still used by several other online translation services such as Babel Fish (now defunct). From October 2007, Google Translate used proprietary, in-house technology based on statistical machine translation instead,[95] [96] before transitioning to neural machine translation.

Google Translate Community

Google used to have crowdsourcing features for volunteers to be a part of its "Translate Community", intended to help improve Google Translate's accuracy.[97] [98] [99] [100] [101] Volunteers could select up to five languages to help improve translation; users could verify translated phrases and translate phrases in their languages to and from English, helping to improve the accuracy of translating more rare and complex phrases.[102] In August 2016, a Google Crowdsource app was released for Android users, in which translation tasks are offered.[103] [104] There were three ways to contribute. First, Google showed a phrase that one should type in the translated version. Second, Google showed a proposed translation for a user to agree, disagree, or skip. Third, users could suggest translations for phrases where they think they can improve on Google's results. Tests in 44 languages showed that the "suggest an edit" feature led to an improvement in a maximum of 40% of cases over four years.[105] Despite its role in improving translation quality and expanding language coverage, Google closed the Translate Community on March 28, 2024.

Statistical machine translation

Although Google has deployed a new system called neural machine translation for better quality translation, there are languages that still use the traditional translation method called statistical machine translation. It is a rule-based translation method that uses predictive algorithms to guess ways to translate texts in foreign languages. It aims to translate whole phrases rather than single words then gather overlapping phrases for translation. Moreover, it also analyzes bilingual text corpora to generate a statistical model that translates texts from one language to another.[106] [107]

Neural machine translation

In September 2016, a research team at Google announced the development of the Google Neural Machine Translation system (GNMT) to increase fluency and accuracy in Google Translate[108] and in November announced that Google Translate would switch to GNMT.

Google Translate's neural machine translation system used a large end-to-end artificial neural network that attempts to perform deep learning,[109] [110] in particular, long short-term memory networks.[111] [112] GNMT improved the quality of translation over SMT in some instances because it uses an example-based machine translation (EBMT) method in which the system "learns from millions of examples." According to Google researchers, it translated "whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece. It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar". GNMT's "proposed architecture" of "system learning" has been implemented on over a hundred languages supported by Google Translate. With the end-to-end framework, Google states but does not demonstrate for most languages that "the system learns over time to create better, more natural translations." The GNMT network attempts interlingual machine translation, which encodes the "semantics of the sentence rather than simply memorizing phrase-to-phrase translations", and the system did not invent its own universal language, but uses "the commonality found in between many languages".[113] GNMT was first enabled for eight languages: to and from English and Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Turkish. In March 2017, it was enabled for Hindi, Russian and Vietnamese,[114] followed by Bengali, Gujarati, Indonesian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil and Telugu in April.[115]

Since 2020, Google has phased out GNMT and has implemented deep learning networks based on transformers.[116]

Accuracy

Google Translate is not as reliable as human translation. When text is well-structured, written using formal language, with simple sentences, relating to formal topics for which training data is ample, it often produces conversions similar to human translations between English and a number of high-resource languages.[117] Accuracy decreases for those languages when fewer of those conditions apply, for example when sentence length increases or the text uses familiar or literary language. For many other languages vis-à-vis English, it can produce the gist of text in those formal circumstances.[118] Human evaluation from English to all 102 languages shows that the main idea of a text is conveyed more than 50% of the time for 35 languages. For 67 languages, a minimally comprehensible result is not achieved 50% of the time or greater. A few studies have evaluated Chinese, French, German, and Spanish to English, but no systematic human evaluation has been conducted from most Google Translate languages to English. Speculative language-to-language scores extrapolated from English-to-other measurements indicate that Google Translate will produce translation results that convey the gist of a text from one language to another more than half the time in about 1% of language pairs, where neither language is English.[119] Research conducted in 2011 showed that Google Translate got a slightly higher score than the UCLA minimum score for the English Proficiency Exam.[120] Due to its identical choice of words without considering the flexibility of choosing alternative words or expressions, it produces a relatively similar translation to human translation from the perspective of formality, referential cohesion, and conceptual cohesion.[121] Moreover, a number of languages are translated into a sentence structure and sentence length similar to a human translation. Furthermore, Google carried out a test that required native speakers of each language to rate the translation on a scale between 0 and 6, and Google Translate scored 5.43 on average.

When used as a dictionary to translate single words, Google Translate is highly inaccurate because it must guess between polysemic words. Among the top 100 words in the English language, which make up more than 50% of all written English, the average word has more than 15 senses,[122] which makes the odds against a correct translation about 15 to 1 if each sense maps to a different word in the target language. Most common English words have at least two senses, which produces 50/50 odds in the likely case that the target language uses different words for those different senses. The odds are similar from other languages to English. Google Translate makes statistical guesses that raise the likelihood of producing the most frequent sense of a word, with the consequence that an accurate translation will be unobtainable in cases that do not match the majority or plurality corpus occurrence. The accuracy of single-word predictions has not been measured for any language. Because almost all non-English language pairs pivot through English, the odds against obtaining accurate single-word translations from one non-English language to another can be estimated by multiplying the number of senses in the source language with the number of senses each of those terms have in English. When Google Translate does not have a word in its vocabulary, it makes up a result as part of its algorithm.

Limitations

Google Translate, like other automatic translation tools, has its limitations, struggles with polysemy (the multiple meanings a word may have)[123] and multiword expressions (terms that have meanings that cannot be understood or translated by analyzing the individual word units that compose them).[124] A word in a foreign language might have two different meanings in the translated language. This might lead to mistranslation. Additionally, grammatical errors remain a major limitation to the accuracy of Google Translate.[125] Google Translate struggles to differentiate between imperfect and perfect aspects in Romance languages. The subjunctive mood is often erroneous. Moreover, the formal second person (French: vous) is often chosen, whatever the context. Since its English reference material contains only "you" forms, it has difficulty translating a language with "you all" or formal "you" variations.

Due to differences between languages in investment, research, and the extent of digital resources, the accuracy of Google Translate varies greatly among languages. Some languages produce better results than others. Most languages from Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, tend to score poorly in relation to the scores of many well-financed European languages, Afrikaans and Chinese being the high-scoring exceptions from their continents.[126] No languages indigenous to Australia are included within Google Translate. Higher scores for European can be partially attributed to the Europarl Corpus, a trove of documents from the European Parliament that have been professionally translated by the mandate of the European Union into as many as 21 languages. A 2010 analysis indicated that French to English translation is relatively accurate,[127] and 2011 and 2012 analyses showed that Italian to English translation is relatively accurate as well.[128] [129] However, if the source text is shorter, rule-based machine translations often perform better; this effect is particularly evident in Chinese to English translations. While edits of translations may be submitted, in Chinese specifically one cannot edit sentences as a whole. Instead, one must edit sometimes arbitrary sets of characters, leading to incorrect edits.

The service can be used as a dictionary by typing in words. One can translate from a book by using a scanner and an OCR like Google Drive. In its Written Words Translation function, there is a word limit on the amount of text that can be translated at once. Therefore, long text should be transferred to a document form and translated through its Document Translate function.

Open-source licenses and components

Language License
Albanian Albanet CC BY 3.0/GPL 3
Arabic CC BY-SA 3.0
Catalan Multilingual Central Repository CC BY 3.0
Chinese Chinese Wordnet Wordnet
Danish DanNet Wordnet
English Princeton WordNet Wordnet
Finnish FinnWordNet Wordnet
French WOLF (WOrdnet Libre du Français) CeCILL-C
Galician Multilingual Central Repository CC BY 3.0
Haitian Creole MIT-Haiti Initiative CC BY 4.0
Hebrew Hebrew Wordnet Wordnet
Indonesian Wordnet Bahasa MIT
Italian MultiWordNet CC BY 3.0
Japanese Japanese Wordnet Wordnet
Malay Wordnet Bahasa MIT
Norwegian Norwegian Wordnet Wordnet
Persian Persian Wordnet Free-to-use
Polish Wordnet
Portuguese OpenWN-PT CC BY-SA 3.0
Spanish Multilingual Central Repository CC BY 3.0
Thai Thai Wordnet Wordnet
Irish language data from Foras na Gaeilge's New English-Irish Dictionary. (English database designed and developed for Foras na Gaeilge by Lexicography MasterClass Ltd.) Welsh language data from Gweiadur by Gwerin.

Certain content is copyrighted by Oxford University Press, United States. Some phrase translations come from Wikitravel.[130]

Reviews

Shortly after launching the translation service for the first time, Google won an international competition for English–Arabic and English–Chinese machine translation.[131]

Translation mistakes and oddities

Since Google Translate uses statistical matching to translate, translated text can often include apparently nonsensical and obvious errors,[132] often swapping common terms for similar but nonequivalent common terms in the other language,[133] as well as inverting sentence meaning.[134] Novelty websites like Bad Translator and Translation Party have used the service to produce humorous text by translating back and forth between multiple languages,[135] similar to the children's game telephone.[136]

See also

External links

Notes and References

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