| Hangul: | 고국천왕, 국양왕 |
| Hanja: | , |
| Rr: | Gogukcheon-wang, Gugyang-wang |
| Mr: | Kogukch'ŏn-wang, Kugyang-wang |
| Hangulborn: | 고남무 |
| Rrborn: | Go Nammu |
| Mrborn: | Ko Nammu |
King Gogukcheon of Goguryeo (died 197, r. 179–197)[1] was the ninth monarch of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
Gogukcheon was the second son of Goguryeo's eighth king, Sindae.[2] Though his older brother, Go Balgi (고발기), was originally the crown prince, the court officials supported Gogukcheon, who was made crown prince in 176.
However, this record is an error caused by Kim Busik's erroneous quotation of 《Tongdian》, who thought that I-imo was the same person as King Gogukcheon, and the established theory in the Korean history academia is that King Gogukcheon's older brother Gobalgi[拔奇] and King Sansang's older brother Gobalgi[發岐] are the same person. And it is believed in the Korean history academia that King Gogukcheon was not the second son of King Sindae, but the first son of King Sindae.[3]
In 180, Gogukcheon married Lady U, the daughter of U So of the Jena-bu, further consolidating central power.[4] Lady U remained queen after her husband's death due to her marriage with Gogukcheon's brother and subsequent king Sansang. During his reign, the names of five 'bu', or powerful regional clans, become names of districts of the central kingdom, and rebellions by the aristocracy were suppressed, notably in 191.
In 184, Gogukcheon sent his younger brother, Prince Gye-su to fight Chinese Han Dynasty invasion force of the governor of Liaodong.[5] Though Prince Gye-Su was able to block the army, the king later directly led his armies to repel Han forces in 184. In 191, King Gogukcheon adopted a meritocratic system for selecting government officials. As a result, he discovered many talented people from all over Goguryeo, the greatest of them being Ŭl P'a-so, who was given the position of Prime Minister.[6]
The ancient text Samguk Sagi says that Gogukcheon went hunting one day in 194 and encountered a starving village. He gave some of his clothes and food to one of the villagers, and felt that the starvation of his people was his responsibility.[7] Gogukcheon worked to improve the lives of farmers and peasants in his kingdom. Jindae law is a grain loan system enacted by Gogukcheon in 194.[8] This system allowed people to borrow grain from March to July and pay back in October. This system was maintained by the age of Joseon dynasty as "Hwangok", which indicates the law was highly preserved more than a thousand years.
Though Gogukcheon's ascension signaled a change from fraternal succession to father-son succession by primogeniture,[9] he was succeeded by his brother Sansang. Gogukcheon's posthumous name was derived from his burial area, Gogukcheon-won (故國川原,고국천원).[10]