Throne of God in Islam explained

Al-Arsh (Arabic: العرش|lit=The Throne|translit=Al-ʿArsh) is the throne of God in Islamic theology. It is believed to be the largest of all the creations of God.[1] [2]

The Throne of God has figured in extensive theological debates across Islamic history with respect to the question of the anthropomorphism and corporealism of God.[3]

Quran

The Quran mentions the throne some 25 times (33 times as Al-Arsh), such as in verse and :

The Quran depicts the angels as carrying the throne of God and praising his glory .

The Ayat al-Kursi (often glossed as "Verse of the footstool"), is a verse from Al-Baqara, the second sura of the Quran. It references the Kursi (كرسي) which is different from the Throne (عرش), and also God's greatest name, Al-Hayy Al-Qayyoom ("The Living, the Eternal").[4]

Hadith

Sunni

Sunni prophetic hadith say that The Throne is above the roof of Al-Firdaus Al-'Ala, the highest level of Paradise where God's closest and most beloved servants in the hereafter shall dwell.[5]

Sunni scholars of hadith have stated that Muhammad said the reward for reciting Ayatul Kursi after every prayer is Paradise,[6] and that reciting it is a protection from the devil.[7]

Characteristics

Views

Sufi

Sufi Muslims believe God created the throne as a sign of his power and not as place of dwelling.[12]

Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi (d. 429/1037) in his al-Farq bayn al-Firaq (The Difference between the Sects) reports that 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, said: "God created the Throne as an indication of His power, not for taking it as a place for Himself."[13] The vast majority of Islamic scholars, including Sunnis (Ash'aris, Maturidis and Sufis), Mu'tazilis, and Shi'is (Twelvers and Isma'ilis) believe the Throne (Arabic: العرش al-'Arsh) as a symbol of God's power and authority and not as a dwelling place for Himself,[14] [15] [16] others describe it as an allegory, and many others said that the heart of the believer is the Throne of Allah (قلب المؤمن عرش الله), a quote criticized by Salafi Muslim scholars.[17]

Salafi

Some Islamic sects, such as the Karramis and the Salafis believe that God has created it as a place of dwelling.[18] [19] [20]

Bearers of the Throne

Bearers of the Throne or ḥamlat al-arsh (حملة العرش) are a group of angels in Islam. The Quran mentions them in and . Other hadiths describes them with six wings and four faces.[21] While according to a hadith transmitted from At-Targhib wat-Tarhib authored by ʻAbd al-ʻAẓīm ibn ʻAbd al-Qawī al-Mundhirī, the bearers of the throne were angels who shaped like a rooster, with their feet on the earth and their nape supporting the Throne of God in the highest sky. a number modern Islamic scholars from Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and other institutes Yemen and Mauritania also agreed the soundness of this hadith by quoting the commentary from Ibn Abi al-Izz who supported this narrative.

These four angels are also held to be created from different elements: One from light, one from fire, one from water and one from mercy. It is also said they are so large that a journey from their earlobes to their shoulders would take seven hundred years.[22] According to various Islamic tafsir scholars which compiled by Islamic University of Madinah and Indonesian religious ministry, the number of these angels will be added from four into eight angels during the Day of Resurrection.[23] This interpretation were based on Qur'an chapter .[23]

According to Al-Suyuti who quoted a Hadith which transmitted by Ibn al-Mubarak, archangel Israfil is one of the bearer of the throne.[24]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Islam Issa (academic)

    . Islam Issa. Islam Issa (academic). Milton in the Arab-Muslim World. 2016. Taylor & Francis. 9781317095927. 97.

  2. Book: Tafseer al-Qurtubi, 8/302, 303.
  3. Book: Sinai, Nicolai . Key terms of the Qur'an: a critical dictionary . 2023 . Princeton university press . 978-0-691-24131-9 . Princeton (N.J.) . 68–69.
  4. Book: Book 004, Number 1768: (Sahih Muslim).
  5. Book: Saheeh al-Bukhaari (#2581).
  6. Book: Sunnan Nasai'i al Kubra, (6/30), At-Tabarani; Al-Kabeer (8/114).
  7. [Sahih al-Bukhari]
  8. https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/9566/%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87 ما هو الفرق بين عرش الربّ وكرسيه
  9. [Ibn Taymiyyah]
  10. https://kalemtayeb.com/safahat/item/18293 خلق العرش والكرسي
  11. Al-Tawhid p.: 105, and Al-Bayhaqi in the Names and Attributes p.: 401, and Ibn al-Qayyim in Mukhtasar al-Sawa’iq al-Mursalah p.:435 Al-Dhahabi in Al-Ulwu li’l-Ali al-Ghaffar p. 64.
  12. Book: The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi.
  13. Web site: Allah's Establishment Over the Throne. As-Sunnah Foundation of America. sunnah.org. https://archive.today/20210531025556/http://sunnah.org/2012/05/05/allahs-establishment-over-the-throne/. 31 May 2021.
  14. Web site: Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori. The Creed of Imam Tahawi. Afghan Islamic Cultural Centre in London, UK. 20–24.
  15. Book: Shahrur . Muhammad . The Qur'an, Morality and Critical Reason: The Essential Muhammad Shahrur . 2009 . BRILL . 9789047424345 . en.
  16. Book: Yılmaz . Hakkı . The Division By Division English Interpretation of THE NOBLE QUR'AN in The Order of Revelation . 14 June 2020 . Hakkı Yılmaz . 566 . en.
  17. Book: Jabbar . Abdunur Ibn Abdul . আকীদাহ্ সম্পর্কিত কতিপয় গুরুত্বপূর্ণ মাস'আলাহ্ - বাংলা - আব্দুননূর ইবন আব্দুল জাব্বার (Some Important Mas'alahs Regarding Aqidah - Bengali - Abdunur Ibn Abdul Jabbar) . 7 April 2015 . Islamhouse.com . 7 . 6 January 2023 . bn.
  18. Book: Rifai . Sayyid Rami Al . The Light Of Allah In The Heavens and The Earth: The Creation Of The Atom (24:35) and The Physics Of Spirituality . 2016 . Sunnah Muakada . en.
  19. Book: Elias . Jamal J. . The Throne Carrier of God: The Life and Thought of 'Ala' ad-dawla as-Simnani . 1995 . SUNY Press . 9780791426111 . en.
  20. Book: al-Din . Khwajah Kamal . The Islamic Review . 1963 . Woking Muslim Mission and Literary Trust . en.
  21. Book: Stephen Burge. Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi Akhbar al-malik. Routledge. 2015. 978-1-136-50473-0. 265.
  22. Book: Syrinx von Hees. Enzyklopädie als Spiegel des Weltbildes: Qazwīnīs Wunder der Schöpfung: eine Naturkunde des 13. Jahrhunderts. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2002. 978-3-447-04511-7. 283. german.
  23. Web site: Wahbah al-Zuhayli . Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di . Muhammad Sulaiman Al Asyqar . Wahbah al-Zuhayli . Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di. Surat An-Nazi'at ayat 5; Tafsir Juz Amma . Tafsirweb . Islamic University of Madinah. 30 January 2022 . Indonesian, Arabic.
  24. Book: Al-Suyuti . Al-Suyuti . Muhammad as Said Basyuni . Mishabul Munir . Abu Hajir . Yasir . Muhammad . Misteri Alam Malaikat . 2021 . Religion / Islam / General . Pustaka al-Kautsar . 29–33, 172 . 9789795929512 . 6 February 2022 . id . Quoting Ibnul Mubarak from a book of az-Zuhd; ad Durr al-Manshur, chain narration from Ibnul Mubarak to Ibn SHihab (1/92).

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