Glochidion Explained

Glochidion is a genus of flowering plants, of the family Phyllanthaceae, known as cheese trees or buttonwood in Australia, and leafflower trees in the scientific literature. It comprises about 300 species,[1] distributed from Madagascar to the Pacific Islands. Glochidion species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Aenetus eximia and Endoclita damor. The Nicobarese people have attested to the medicinal properties found in G. calocarpum, saying that its bark and seed are most effective in curing abdominal disorders associated with amoebiasis.[2]

Glochidion are of note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because they have a specialized mutualism with moths in the genus Epicephala (leafflower moths), in which the moths actively pollinate the flowers—thereby ensuring that the tree may produce viable seeds—but also lay eggs in the flowers' ovaries, where their larvae consume a subset of the developing seeds as nourishment.[3] [4] [5] Other species of Epicephala are pollinators, and in some cases, non-pollinating seed predators, of certain species of plants in the genera Phyllanthus[6] [7] and Breynia,[8] [9] both closely related to Glochidion.[10] This relationship is similar to those between figs and fig wasps and yuccas and yucca moths.

Although the genus Glochidion is native only to the Old World, the East Asian species Glochidion puberum has become naturalized at several locations in the U.S. state of Alabama.[11] [12]

In a 2006 revision of the Phyllanthaceae, it was recommended that Glochidion be subsumed in Phyllanthus.[13] New combinations in Phyllanthus have been published for Madagascar[14] and the Pacific Islands,[15] but most remain to be published.

Selected species

See main article: List of Glochidion species. 328 species are accepted. Selected species include:

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Carl T. Bergstrom. Lee Alan Dugatkin. Evolution. 2012. Norton. 978-0-393-92592-0. 630. 2016-10-24. 2016-11-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20161118183851/https://books.google.com/books?id=SeaEZwEACAAJ. live.
  2. See p. 412 in: Hammer . K . Barilla (Salsola soda, Chenopodiaceae). Economic Botany. 44. 3 . 410–412 . 1990 . 10.1007/bf03183925 . 4255259. 32113455 .
  3. Kato . M. . Takimura . A. . Kawakita . A. . 2003 . An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA . 100 . 9. 5264–5267 . 10.1073/pnas.0837153100. 154333 . 12695568. 2003PNAS..100.5264K . free .
  4. Hembry . D. H. . Okamoto . T. . Gillespie . R. G. . 2012 . Repeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualists . Biology Letters . 8 . 2 . 258–261 . 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0771. 3297384 . 21900312.
  5. Luo . S.-X. . Yao . G. . Wang . Z. . Zhang . D. . Hembry . D. H. . 2017 . A novel, enigmatic basal leafflower moth lineage pollinating a derived leafflower host illustrates the dynamics of host shifts, partner replacement, and apparent co-adaptation in intimate mutualisms . The American Naturalist . 189 . 4 . 422–435 . 10.1086/690623 . 28350503 . 6103454 . 10150/623805 . 3922814 . free . 2019-09-05 . 2021-11-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211124172948/https://arizona.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10150/623805/690623.pdf;jsessionid=C1EBDAA7FE0678A461C480BB693B1D0A?sequence=1 . live .
  6. Kawakita . A. . Kato . M. . 2004 . Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in New Caledonian Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) . American Journal of Botany . 91 . 3 . 410–415 . 10.3732/ajb.91.3.410. 21653396 .
  7. Kawakita . A. . Kato . M. . 2009 . Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association . Proceedings of the Royal Society B . 276 . 1656 . 417–426 . 10.1098/rspb.2008.1226. 2664352 . 18948251.
  8. Kawakita . A. . Kato . M. . 2004 . Obligate pollination mutualism in Breynia (Phyllanthaceae): further documentation of pollination mutualism involving Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae) . American Journal of Botany . 91 . 9 . 1319–1325 . 10.3732/ajb.91.9.1319. 21652364 .
  9. Zhang . J. . Wang . S. . Li . H. . Hu . B. . Yang . X. . Wang . Z. . 2012 . Diffuse coevolution between two Epicephala species (Gracillariidae) and two Breynia species (Phyllanthaceae) . PLOS ONE . 7 . 7 . e41657 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0041657. 3407192 . 22848559. 2012PLoSO...741657Z . free .
  10. Kathriarachchi . H. . Samuel . R. . Hoffmann . P. . Mlinarec . J. . Wurdack . K. J. . Ralimanana . H. . Stuessy . T. F. . Chase . M. W. . 2006 . Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae: Euphorbiaceae sensu lato) based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data . American Journal of Botany . 93 . 4 . 637–655 . 10.3732/ajb.93.4.637 . 21646224. free .
  11. Fearn . M. L. . Urbatsch . L. E. . 2001 . Glochidion puberum (Euphorbiaceae) naturalized in southern Alabama . SIDA, Contributions to Botany . 19 . 711–714 .
  12. Web site: Glochidion puberum in Flora of North America @ . Efloras.org . 2021-11-24 . 2017-04-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170411055555/http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200012580 . live .
  13. Hoffmann . Petra . Kathriarachchi . Hashendra S. . Wurdack . Kenneth J. . 2006 . A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae . Kew Bulletin . 61 . 1. 37–53 .
  14. Hoffmann, P. and McPherson, G., 2003. Transfer of Madagascan Glochidion to Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae sl or Phyllanthaceae). Novon 13(3):307-310.
  15. Wagner WL, Lorence DH. A nomenclator of Pacific oceanic island Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae), including Glochidion. PhytoKeys. 2011(4):67-94

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