Lev Parnas Explained

Lev Parnas
Native Name Lang:uk
Native Name:Лев Парнас
Birth Date:6 February 1972
Birth Place:Odesa, Ukrainian SSR (now Ukraine)
Nationality:American
Education:Brooklyn College
Baruch College
Children:6, including Aaron Parnas

Lev Parnas (Ukrainian: Лев Парнас|{{transliteration|uk|ukrainian|Lev Parnas; born February 6, 1972 in Odesa)[1] is a Soviet-born American businessman and former associate of Rudy Giuliani. Parnas, Giuliani, Igor Fruman, John Solomon, Yuriy Lutsenko, Dmytro Firtash and his allies, Victoria Toensing and Joe diGenova, were involved in creating the false Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory, which is part of the Trump–Ukraine scandal's efforts to damage Joe Biden.[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] As president, Donald Trump said he did not know Parnas or what he was involved in; Parnas insisted Trump "knew exactly what was going on".[10]

In October 2021, Parnas was found guilty in U.S. Federal Court on six counts related to illegal donations to the 2020 campaign of Donald Trump.[11] He was sentenced to 20 months in prison, three years of supervised release and $2,322,500 in restitution on June 29, 2022.[12]

Early life and education

Parnas was born in Odesa, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, in 1972 to a Jewish family.[13] [14] His family brought him at the age of three to the U.S. via the U.S. Refugee Resettlement Program, first to Detroit, and later to Brooklyn. He was a student at Brooklyn College and Baruch College. He also worked at Kings Highway Realty, where he sold Trump Organization co-ops.[15]

Career

Parnas moved to Florida in 1995 and became a broker, working for firms including Euro-Atlantic Securities, Mammoth Bullion and Monolith Bullion. He later founded Parnas Holdings. After a failed film project, he partnered with Igor Fruman in an energy related venture.[1] [16] The Miami Herald maintains he "left a long trail of debts in Florida and beyond."[17]

In 2013, Parnas founded a firm he named Fraud Guarantee. Parnas had chosen the name after he personally experienced cleaning up his Google search results after accusations of fraud in previous ventures. Florida authorities apparently dissolved Fraud Guarantee in September 2014 for failing to file an annual report, which would have limited the company to activities related to closing itself down.

In 2019, Parnas served as a translator for a legal case involving Dmytro Firtash, one of Ukraine's wealthiest oligarchs with self-admitted Russian mob connections,[18] who is fighting extradition to the U.S. to face bribery charges. Firtash has lived on bail in Vienna since 2014.[19] According to prosecutors, Parnas was paid by DiGenova & Toensing, LLP as an interpreter to communicate with their client, Firtash. [20] A Swiss lawyer for Firtash loaned $1 million to Parnas's wife in September 2019, according to Federal prosecutors.[21]

Parnas has also been involved in Jewish charities and causes in the US, Ukraine and Israel.[22] Parnas is on the board of the Ukrainian-Jewish charity Friends of Anatevka, founded by Ukrainian rabbi Moshe Reuven Azman, to provide a refuge for Jews affected by the Russian military intervention in Ukraine.[23] Parnas and Fruman visited Israel in the summer of 2018 as a part of a delegation, led by former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee and joined by Anthony Scaramucci, of "right-wing Jewish and evangelical supporters of Trump." The group met with U.S. Ambassador to Israel, David M. Friedman, Benjamin Netanyahu's son Yair Netanyahu, as well as billionaire Simon Falic of Florida (Duty Free Americas), one of Netanyahu's most generous donors.[24] Huckabee joined the two again in March 2019 when they were awarded the Chovevei Zion (Lovers of Zion) awards at a gala for the National Council of Young Israel, an event focused on supporting President Trump and Israeli West Bank settlements. Rudy Giuliani and House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy were also in attendance. While in Israel Parnas and Fruman also met with oligarch Ihor Kolomoyskyi, a wealthy Ukrainian under investigation by the Department of Justice for money laundering.[22]

Trump–Ukraine scandal

See main article: Trump–Ukraine scandal. As early as April 2018, Giuliani, Parnas, and Fruman began assisting Trump's re-election efforts and they identified Ambassador Marie Yovanovitch as being an obstacle. On January 24, 2020, during the Trump impeachment trial, ABC News published a recording that Parnas's attorney claimed was made by Fruman and shared with Parnas.[25] The recording appears to be from a small gathering with Trump, apparently during a dinner held April 30, 2018 at Trump Hotel Washington. A voice identified as Parnas's is heard to say to Trump: "The biggest problem there, I think where we need to start is we gotta get rid of the Ambassador."

Late in 2018, Giuliani dispatched the two to Ukraine to search for damaging information on Trump's U.S. political rivals. According to The New York Times, "Their mission was to find people and information that could be used to undermine the Special Counsel's investigation, and also to damage former Vice President Joseph R. Biden."[26] Both were at the center of the pro-Trump forces' push to remove Ambassador Yovanovitch, because her loyalty to Trump was deemed insufficient.[26] It was reported the two also pressed for support for allegations that former Ukrainian officials schemed to manipulate the 2016 election to support Hillary Clinton, by revealing adverse information about Paul Manafort, chairman of Trump's campaign, which became a central element in Mueller's special counsel investigation.[27]

Over the course of a year beginning in 2018, Parnas and Fruman assisted Giuliani and his associates to contact Ukrainians who were working on finding alleged corruption surrounding Hunter Biden and Burisma.[26] These included Yuriy Lutsenko, then the Prosecutor General of Ukraine, who was crucial to Giuliani's efforts to produce damaging information. Viktor Shokin, a former Prosecutor General of Ukraine, was part of this group.

In late September 2019 the whistleblower report was released, which characterized Parnas and Fruman as "two associates of Mr. Giuliani."[28] [29]

On September 30, 2019, the House Intelligence Committee requested documents from Parnas.[30] They were initially represented by John M. Dowd, who was Trump's personal attorney during part of the Mueller investigation in 2017–18.[31] [32] Trump consented to this representation, as evidenced in an email from White House Counsel Jay Sekulow to the president.[33] Parnas later disclosed that they met with Dowd in Dowd's home and conducted a conference call with Sekulow and Giuliani. They concluded they would claim immunity and not cooperate on the basis Giuliani was the President's attorney, protected by attorney-client privilege, and they were working under the direction of Giuliani.[34] On October 7, 2019, Dowd informed the Miami Herald newspaper there would be no cooperation, Mike Pompeo made a similar announcement, and State Department employee Charles Kent failed to appear before the House Intelligence Committee.[35] On October 8, 2019, White House counsel Pat Cipollone issued a document that confirmed that Trump and his administration would not cooperate with the impeachment inquiry in any manner.[36]

Arrest and prosecution

Parnas and Fruman were arrested on the evening of October 9, 2019, at Dulles International Airport, and charged with planning to direct funds from a foreign government "to U.S. politicians while trying to influence U.S.-Ukraine relations".[37] They had one-way tickets to Frankfurt, Germany, and were reported to be going to Vienna, Austria.[38] [39] [40] The head of the New York FBI office described the investigation as "about corrupt behavior, deliberate lawbreaking".[3] [2] [40]

The charges alleged Parnas and Fruman were involved in the campaign to oust Ambassador Yovanovitch from her post and have her recalled.[41] [42] In 2018, the operation included Parnas and Fruman donating funds and pledging further additional moneys to an unnamed Congressman, who was allegedly recruited for the campaign to oust her.[42] The funds were allegedly funneled through a shell company, Global Energy Producers, and some violated campaign limits.[43] Parnas and Fruman were also charged with unlawful campaign contributions. Based on campaign finance filings, former congressman Pete Sessions (R-Texas) was identified as the unnamed recipient. In 2018, as the Chairman of the House Rules Committee, Sessions wrote a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo saying that Ambassador Yovanovitch should be fired for privately expressing "disdain" for the Trump administration.[42]

The House Intelligence Committee converted their request for documents from Parnas and Fruman into subpoenas on October 10, 2019.[44] The New York field office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), along with SDNY prosecutors, were conducting a criminal investigation of Giuliani's relationship with Parnas and Fruman.[45] Giuliani was at the time under investigation for potentially violating lobbying laws, but that investigation ended without charges.[46] [47]

Parnas dismissed Dowd and retained Joseph Bondy, who announced on November 5, 2019, that Parnas "is now prepared to comply with requests for records and testimony from congressional impeachment investigators".[48]

On November 22, 2019, Parnas stated to CNN that he would be willing to testify to Congress regarding his, Republican congressman Devin Nunes, Giuliani's and Trump's role in the Ukraine affairs.[49] Documents released to a watchdog group showed communication took place between Giuliani and Pompeo shortly before Ambassador Yovanovitch was removed from her post. Memos from Giuliani to Pompeo regarding a January 23, 2019, meeting with Ukraine's former prosecutor general Victor Shokin were included. Giuliani noted that Igor Fruman and Lev Parnas were present at the meeting. Shokin was ousted from his job in 2016 because of his lack of attention to corruption cases.[50]

On January 20, 2020, Bondy filed a motion seeking the appointment of a special prosecutor outside the Justice Department and for U.S. Attorney General William Barr to recuse himself.[51] The U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York Geoffrey Berman recused himself in the Michael Cohen case owing to his political support of Trump.[52] Trump reportedly asked then acting U.S. Attorney General Matthew Whitaker to override Berman's recusal and to prosecute Cohen.[53] To date, Berman has not recused himself in the Parnas case despite similar potential conflicts of interest as in the Cohen case. Additionally, Berman worked at the same law firm as Giuliani.[54]

In a May 2021 letter to federal judge J. Paul Oetken, Bondy wrote he had seen a government chart detailing the extent to which SDNY investigators had acquired communications of parties related to the Parnas case, and asserted:

The evidence seized likely includes e-mail, text, and encrypted communications that are either non-privileged or subject to an exception to any potentially applicable privilege, between, inter alia, Rudolph Giuliani, Victoria Toensing, the former President, former Attorney General William P. Barr, high-level members of the Justice Department, Presidential impeachment attorneys Jay Sekulow, Jane Raskin and others, Senator Lindsey Graham, Congressman Devin Nunes and others, relating to the timing of the arrest and indictment of the defendants as to prevent potential disclosures to Congress in the first impeachment inquiry of then-President Donald. J. Trump.[55] [56]
Parnas asked for the charges to be dismissed, claiming that the Trump administration had prosecuted him to protect Trump against Congressional investigations, but a federal judge rejected this claim as a "conspiracy theory."[57] Parnas was subsequently convicted in March 2022 and sentenced to 20 months in prison[58]

MSNBC interview

In early January 2020, an attorney for Parnas turned over photos, text messages and thousands of pages of documents to the House Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.[59] On January 15 and 16, 2020 MSNBC aired segments of an interview of Parnas conducted by Rachel Maddow.[60] [34] This was Parnas's first television interview regarding his involvement in the Trump-Ukraine scandal.[61] Some of Parnas's claims were supported by documentary evidence released by the House that same week.[62] [63] [64] [65] Elements of the interview including time lines that were cross-checked by some news organizations against event records such as the date Pence announced he would not be going to Ukraine.[66] [67] White House press secretary Stephanie Grisham, Pence spokesman Marc Short, and a Justice Department spokesman stressed the fact that Parnas was under indictment and therefore should not be believed.[68] Trump repeated the claims he did not know Parnas, and denied he was aware of a key letter by Giuliani to the Ukrainian President wherein Giuliani claimed that he was acting on the behalf of Trump.[69] [70]

Parnas made many claims in the interview:

One of the significant documents discussed during the interview was Giuliani's letter to President-elect Zelenskyy that was released by the House Intelligence Committee.[76] The letter was seen as evidence that President Trump knew of his attorney's activities on his behalf.[77] Giuliani wrote that he represented the private interests of President Trump with his "knowledge and consent".[78] [79] The letter was presented to the U.S. Senate during the impeachment trial of President Trump.[80]

When asked by Rachel Maddow, Parnas claimed that his decision to speak out was made to protect this country from President Trump and his allies, stating that they are all part of one large "cult."[81]

Text messages with Robert Hyde

Included within the documents released by the House in January 2020 were text messages between Parnas and Robert F. Hyde, a Republican candidate for Congress in Connecticut. The messages indicated that Ambassador Yovanovitch was under surveillance and implied she was in possible danger. During the interview with Maddow, Parnas largely discounted this possibility and said Hyde drank a lot.[60] However, during her testimony, the Ambassador stated that she was advised to leave Ukraine on "the next plane" in April 2019 because her security was at risk.[82] Maddow played clips of this testimony during the airing of the interview. The FBI finally visited Hyde to make inquiries on January 16, 2020—the day after the first segment of the interview aired—even though they reportedly had the messages in hand since Parnas's arrest in October 2019.[83] Ukrainian authorities announced they were conducting an investigation that same day.[84] Hyde claimed he was getting the information he was giving to Parnas from a Belgium citizen named Anthony de Caluwe he had met at GOP functions.[85] Initially, de Caluwe denied any involvement and then later claimed it was all a "joke" after evidence was released by the House that supported Hyde's assertions.[85]

An official from the Department of Justice attributed the delay between when they received the messages and finally acted to Parnas and claimed they were unable to read the messages contained within Parnas's iPhone until recently.[86] Parnas's attorney in turn wrote that the Department of Justice sat on documents since December 3, 2019 when the messages from the iPhone were first extracted.[86] Secretary of State Mike Pompeo issued a statement a full two days after the texts were revealed and stated "to the best of (his) recollection" never heard all of this.[87] He announced he would look into it but also stated he didn't think anything would come of the investigation.[88]

January 16, 2020 CNN interview

Parnas was also interviewed by Anderson Cooper of CNN on January 16, 2020. The primary different claims made by Parnas during this interview were as follows:

Giuliani's rebuttal

On January 20, 2020, Giuliani appeared on Fox News' The Ingraham Angle and claimed he was "heartbroken" by the "stupid lies" told by Parnas the previous week. Giuliani said he was very close with Parnas, even godfather to his child, and very disappointed. He said Parnas was just trying to avoid jail and was telling lies like Michael Cohen. He also said he would not get into a point by point rebuttal of all the claims Parnas made, but would testify to all the facts if he was called as a witness. He welcomed an opportunity to testify where he would inform everyone about "unbelievable amount of corruption that went on between the Democratic Party and Ukraine". Giuliani stressed two areas in which hes stated that Parnas had "lied".[89]

Giuliani stressed that owing to these two "lies", that nothing in the two Parnas interviews should be believed. Giuliani also insisted that Parnas was wrong when he implicated William Barr. He further stated he never spoke to Barr about it and that it was wrong to accuse Barr of being part of it. When asked if he directed the surveillance of the Ambassador to Ukraine, Giuliani replied, "I can definitely tell you I didn't."[90]

Campaign funding

Some of the money to potentially fund efforts by Giuliani, Parnas, and Fruman appears to have come from a Republican donor and Trump supporter Charles Gucciardo. Gucciardo's attorney claimed his client's $500,000 was an investment made in 2018 with Parnas's firm Fraud Guarantee.[91] These funds in turn were claimed to be a retainer fee from Fraud Guarantee to Giuliani.[92] [93] [94] According to Giulani, he was "ramping up" the business.

Harry Sargeant III, a billionaire Republican donor, helped bankroll the travels of Parnas and Fruman, thereby supporting their overall efforts to pressure Ukraine to help with Trump's re-election effort.[95] An attorney representing Sargeant said the funds were loans. Dmytro Firtash's Swiss attorney also described a $1 million payment made to Parnas's wife as being a "loan".[21]

Reporters in a Bloomberg News article wrote that it was unlikely President Trump paid for Giuliani's Parnas's and Fruman's expensive travels and stays at expensive hotels. Therefore, monies and loans to fund their work in Ukraine on his behalf to win a Federal election appear to be reportable campaign contributions. Further any foreign contributions would have been illegal.[96] Bloomberg News is named for, and partly owned by, Michael Bloomberg who was seeking the Democratic nomination to run against President Trump.

Possible Trump meeting

On January 24, 2020, ABC News released an audio recording that appeared to be a conversation between Parnas and President Trump. The recording may have been made at a dinner gathering held on April 30, 2018, at the Trump International Hotel. On the recording, President Trump can be heard ordering someone, who may have been Johnny DeStefano, to fire Ambassador Yovanovitch.[97] [98] Trump's order came after Parnas said something to the effect that it was important to get rid of her first. Parnas's attorney appeared on the Rachel Maddow show that same evening and stated the tape was made by Fruman and given to Parnas. Parnas in turn uploaded it to his document cloud. Parnas's attorney stated that Parnas didn't provide the tape to ABC News.[99] Apparently, the ABC News article prompted Parnas to search his document cloud where he located the full tape that is over an hour long. Parnas's attorney stated the whole tape has been given to the House Intelligence Committee.

The tape was made public on 25 January. Trump is heard discussing golf with Jack Nicklaus III (grandson of golfer Jack Nicklaus), and trade deals and steel quotas with Barry Zekelman of Zekelman Industries.[100]

Congressional testimony

See also: Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory. At the invitation of committee Democrats, on March 20, 2024, Parnas testified before the Republican-controlled House Oversight Committee investigation into the Biden family that was pursuing the impeachment of President Joe Biden.[101] [102] [103] Parnas testified, in part:[104]

Personal life

Lev Parnas lives with his wife and five of his six children in Boca Raton, Florida.[105] [106] he is the father of TikToker Aaron Parnas.

Bibliography

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Entous . Adam . How Lev Parnas Became Part of the Trump Campaign's "One Big Family" . The New Yorker . 15 October 2019 . en . October 17, 2019 . January 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200118183537/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/why-lev-parnas-worked-for-rudy-giuliani-and-donald-trump . live.
  2. News: AP sources: Trump allies pressed Ukraine over gas firm. Butler. Desmond . Biesekler . Michael . Lardner . Richard . . October 6, 2019. October 7, 2019. live. https://archive.today/20191007000124/https://apnews.com/d7440cffba4940f5b85cd3dfa3500fb2. October 7, 2019.
  3. Web site: United States of America v. Lev Parnas, Igor Fruman, David Correia, and Andrey Kukushkin . Berman. Geoffrey S.. Geoffrey Berman . United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. 5. Sealed indictment. The Wall Street Journal. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191012045123/https://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/U.S.v.LevParnasetalIndictment.pdf. October 12, 2019. October 12, 2019.
  4. News: Giuliani's Ukraine Team: In Search of Influence, Dirt and Money. Kenneth P.. Vogel. October 10, 2019. The New York Times. October 11, 2019. October 11, 2019. https://archive.today/20191011125733/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/us/politics/rudy-giuliani-ukraine-associates.html. live.
  5. News: Sisak . Michael R. . Balsamo . Michael . Tucker . Eric . Feds raid Giuliani's home, office, escalating criminal probe . . 28 April 2021 . 4 March 2022 . February 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220215112443/https://apnews.com/article/rudy-giuliani-trump-investigation-warrant-7a413e1bbb819cb52cd402d64a982185 . live .
  6. News: Kalmbacher . Colin . Fox News Internal 'Briefing Book' Admits Rudy Giuliani Spreads 'Disinformation' . Law&Crime (lawandcrime.com) . 6 February 2020 . 4 March 2022 . 5 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220305015312/https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/fox-news-internal-memo-admits-rudy-giuliani-spreads-disinformation/ . "The document’s existence was first made public by three-year Fox News veteran and former freelance producer Marcus DiPaola, who says he left the network under suspicious circumstances—after providing information to the Federal Bureau of Investigation—in January of last year.".
  7. News: Sommer . Will . Tani . Maxwell . Kirell . Andrew . Fox News Internal Document Bashes Pro-Trump Fox Regulars for Spreading 'Disinformation' . . 6 February 2020 . 4 March 2022 . 7 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200207180035/https://www.thedailybeast.com/fox-news-internal-document-bashes-john-solomon-joe-digenova-and-rudy-giuliani-for-spreading-disinformation.
  8. News: DiPaola . Marcus J. . Here's the front page of the internal Fox News Trump-Ukraine timeline. I'll start tweeting some of the highlights shortly. . . 8 February 2020 . 4 March 2022 . 8 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200208055834/https://twitter.com/marcusdipaola/status/1225433935183843335. Based on a 9 December 2019 update of the document.
  9. News: Keys . Matthew . Here's the full Fox News "Brain Room" book on Trump-connected "disinformation campaign" . The Desk . 6 February 2020 . 4 March 2022 . 5 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220305010152/https://thedesk.net/2020/02/brain-room-trump-ukraine-full-book-download/. Based on a 9 December 2019 update of the document.
  10. News: Steve . Herman . Ken . Bredemeier . Trump Terms Parnas Claims 'The Current Hoax' . January 16, 2020 . Voice of America . en . 2020-01-20 . January 17, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200117185835/https://www.voanews.com/usa/us-politics/trump-terms-parnas-claims-current-hoax . live .
  11. News: Moynihan. Colin. 2021-10-22. Lev Parnas, Ex-Giuliani Ally, Is Convicted of Campaign Finance Charges. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-10-22. 0362-4331. November 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211106145548/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/22/nyregion/lev-parnas-guilty-giuiliani.html. live.
  12. News: Morales . Mark . Former Giuliani associate Lev Parnas sentenced to 30 months in prison . CNN . June 29, 2022 . June 29, 2022 . July 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220704015211/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/29/politics/lev-parnas-giuliani-sentence/index.html . live .
  13. News: How 2 Soviet Émigrés Fueled the Trump Impeachment Flames . Michael . Rothfeld . Ben . Protess . William . Rashbaum . Kenneth . Vogel . Andrew . Kramer . 19 December 2019 . The New York Times . 20 January 2020 . January 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200116143002/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/19/nyregion/lev-parnas-igor-fruman.html . live .
  14. Web site: Yonat . Shimron . Why are so many players in the impeachment trial Jewish? . . November 13, 2019 . In fact, Vindman, Parnas and Fruman were able to immigrate to the U.S. precisely because they are Jewish. . January 22, 2020 . November 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191115004454/https://religionnews.com/2019/11/13/why-are-so-many-players-in-the-impeachment-trial-jewish/ . live .
  15. News: How Lev Parnas Became Part of the Trump Campaign's "One Big Family". Entous. Adam. The New Yorker. 2019-10-15. 2020-01-18. en. 0028-792X. January 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200118183537/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/why-lev-parnas-worked-for-rudy-giuliani-and-donald-trump. live.
  16. News: Giuliani's arrested associates have tangled past . . October 11, 2019 . . subscription . October 17, 2019 . December 8, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191208002519/https://www.ft.com/content/2b3f185a-ebb0-11e9-a240-3b065ef5fc55 . live.
  17. News: Florida businessmen with Giuliani, Ukraine ties arrested on campaign finance charges . Alex . Daugherty . David . Smiley . Nicholas . Nehamas . Kevin G. . Hall . October 10, 2019 . Miami Herald . October 17, 2019 . October 17, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191017234818/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article235903397.html . live .
  18. Married to the Ukrainian Mob . Michael . Weiss . March 19, 2014 . . November 12, 2019 . July 11, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200711223009/https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/03/19/married-to-the-ukrainian-mob/ . live.
  19. News: 'Enough is enough' says Ukrainian oligarch, charged 10 years ago in mysterious Chicago bribe case . . March 12, 2024. Chuck Goudie. Barb Markoff. Christine Tressel. Tom Jones.
  20. News: Who is Dmytro Firtash? The man linked to $1 million loan to Giuliani ally has a shadowy past . NBC News . January 25, 2020. Tom Winter. Ken Dilanian. Dan De Luce.
  21. Web site: Rudy Giuliani associate Lev Parnas received $1 million from lawyer of indicted Ukrainian oligarch . McCoy. Kevin . December 18, 2019 . USA Today . en-US. 2019-12-21.
  22. Web site: Congress Wants Answers From Two Men Who Led Smear Campaign Against Biden — Under Giuliani's Direction . Michael . Sallah . Tanya . Kozyreva . Aubrey . Belford . October 1, 2019 . BuzzFeed News . October 26, 2019 . December 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191228003823/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mikesallah/house-subpoenas-giuliani . live.
  23. News: Orthodox Synagogue association honored 2 Giuliani associates before arrests . Ben . Sales . October 11, 2019 . . October 18, 2019 . December 7, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191207032936/https://www.timesofisrael.com/orthodox-synagogue-association-honored-2-giuliani-associates-before-arrests/ . live.
  24. News: These arrested Giuliani Associates, Linked to Trump's Ukraine scandal, Have Ties to Israel's Right . Amir . Tibon . October 10, 2019 . . November 24, 2019 . January 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200120013726/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-these-arrested-giuliani-associates-linked-to-trump-s-ukraine-scandal-have-ties-to-israel-s-right-1.7966022 . live.
  25. News: Erica . Orden . Kara . Scannell . Vicky . Ward . January 25, 2020 . Trump captured on tape demanding firing of ambassador to Ukraine, attorney says . CNN.com . en . 2020-01-24 . January 24, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200124233540/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/24/politics/trump-phone-call-ukraine-ambassador/index.html . live .
  26. News: Giuliani's Ukraine Team: In Search of Influence, Dirt and Money. Vogel. Kenneth P.. October 10, 2019. The New York Times. live. https://archive.today/20191011125733/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/us/politics/rudy-giuliani-ukraine-associates.html. October 11, 2019.
  27. Web site: Giuliani Associates Urged Ukraine's Prior President to Open Biden, Election Probes . November 8, 2019 . Rebecca . Ballhaus . Alan . Cullison . Brett . Forrest . The Wall Street Journal . en-US . 2020-01-18 . December 30, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230211300/https://www.wsj.com/articles/giuliani-associates-urged-ukraines-prior-president-to-open-biden-election-probes-11573247707 . live.
  28. Web site: READ: House Intel Committee Releases Whistleblower Complaint On Trump-Ukraine Call . Brandon . Carter . September 26, 2019 . NPR.org . en . 2020-01-20 . January 19, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200119020429/https://www.npr.org/2019/09/26/764071379/read-house-intel-releases-whistleblower-complaint-on-trump-ukraine-call . live .
  29. Web site: Meet The Businessman Helping Giuliani Try To Find Dirt On Democrats In Ukraine . Jeff . Brady . 2019-09-27 . NPR.org . en . 2020-01-20 . September 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190928000145/https://www.npr.org/2019/09/27/765026582/meet-the-businessman-helping-giuliani-find-dirt-on-democrats-in-ukraine . live.
  30. Web site: Letter to Lev Parnas requesting document production. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20191128204744/https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/20190930%20-%20Parnas%20Letter%20and%20Doc%20Request%20Schedule.pdf. dead. November 28, 2019. Shiff. Adam. September 30, 2019. House Oversight. January 20, 2020.
  31. Web site: Lev Parnas offers impeachment investigators "hard evidence" of Trump administration wrongdoing . Igor . Derysh . November 22, 2019 . . November 24, 2019 . January 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200118220956/https://www.salon.com/2019/11/22/lev-parnas-offers-impeachment-investigators-hard-evidence-of-trump-wrongdoing/ . live.
  32. News: It's not just Giuliani: The intertwining team focused on Trump and Ukraine. Bump. Philip. October 21, 2019. The Washington Post. October 25, 2019. January 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200116123940/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/10/21/its-not-just-giuliani-intertwining-team-focused-trump-ukraine/. live.
  33. Web site: Here's what the Parnas revelations mean for Trump . January 16, 2020 . Natasha . Bertrand . Darren . Samuelsohn . Politico.com . en . 2020-01-20 . January 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200120135716/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/01/16/lev-parnas-revelations-trump-100216 . live .
  34. Web site: Part two of the Lev Parnas interview. TRANSCRIPT: 1/16/20, The Rachel Maddow Show. 2020-01-16. MSNBC.com. 2020-01-19. January 19, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200119173835/http://www.msnbc.com/transcripts/rachel-maddow-show/2020-01-16. live.
  35. News: Florida businessmen with Giuliani, Ukraine ties won't comply with impeachment inquiry . October 7, 2019 . Alex . Daugherty . Kevin G. . Hall . Miami Herald . en . 2020-01-22 . January 25, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200125073312/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article235876792.html . live .
  36. Web site: 'Full halt': White House says it will not cooperate with Trump impeachment inquiry. Breuninger. Kevin. 2019-10-08. CNBC.com. en. 2020-01-20. January 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200105154236/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/08/white-house-tells-house-democrats-it-will-not-participate-in-trump-impeachment-inquiry.html. live.
  37. News: Two business associates of Trump's personal attorney Giuliani have been arrested on campaign finance charges. Barrett. Devlin. October 10, 2019. The Washington Post. Wagner. John. Helderman. Rosalind. October 12, 2019. October 10, 2019. https://archive.today/20191010142412/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/two-business-associates-of-trumps-personal-lawyer-giuliani-have-been-arrested-and-are-in-custody/2019/10/10/9f9c101a-eb63-11e9-9306-47cb0324fd44_story.html. live.
  38. News: 2 Giuliani Associates Arrested With One-Way Tickets at U.S. Airport. Mazzetti. Mark. 2019-10-10. The New York Times. 2020-01-18. Sullivan. Eileen. en-US. 0362-4331. Goldman. Adam. Rashbaum. William K.. October 11, 2019. https://archive.today/20191011032751/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/us/politics/lev-parnas-igor-fruman-arrested-giuliani.html. live.
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  40. News: Two business associates of Trump's personal attorney Giuliani have been arrested on campaign finance charges . Barrett. Devlin . Wagner. John . Helderman. Rosalind S. . October 10, 2018. The Washington Post . October 10, 2018. live. https://archive.today/20191012042904/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/two-business-associates-of-trumps-personal-lawyer-giuliani-have-been-arrested-and-are-in-custody/2019/10/10/9f9c101a-eb63-11e9-9306-47cb0324fd44_story.html. October 12, 2019 . limited.
  41. News: Two Giuliani Associates Who Helped Him on Ukraine Charged with Campaign-Finance Violations. Wall Street Journal. October 11, 2019. October 11, 2019. October 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191013033251/https://www.wsj.com/articles/two-foreign-born-men-who-helped-giuliani-on-ukraine-arrested-on-campaign-finance-charges-11570714188. live.
  42. News: 2 Giuliani Associates Tied to Ukraine Scandal Arrested on Campaign Finance Charges . Mazzetti. Mark . October 10, 2019. The New York Times . live. https://archive.today/20191011032751/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/us/politics/lev-parnas-igor-fruman-arrested-giuliani.html. October 11, 2019 . Sullivan. Eileen. Goldman. Adam. Rashbaum. William K..
  43. News: How A Complicated Web Connects 2 Soviet-Born Businessmen With The Impeachment Inquiry . NPR.org . Ari . Shapiro . Ari Shapiro . October 23, 2019 . October 23, 2019 . January 19, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200119020439/https://www.npr.org/2019/10/23/771849041/how-a-complicated-web-connects-2-soviet-born-businessmen-with-the-impeachment-in . live.
  44. Web site: Giuliani associates tied to Ukraine efforts are subpoenaed in House impeachment inquiry. Breuninger. Kevin. 2019-10-10. CNBC.com. en. 2020-01-20. February 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200205142225/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/10/democrats-subpoena-giulianis-ukraine-associates-in-impeachment-inquiry.html. live.
  45. News: Rudy Giuliani's relationship with arrested men is subject of criminal investigation: Sources. Katersky. Aaron. October 11, 2019. October 11, 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191011164943/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/rudy-giulianis-relationship-arrested-men-subject-criminal-investigation/story?id=66212654. October 11, 2019. Margolin. Josh. ABC News.
  46. News: Giuliani Is Said to Be Under Investigation for Ukraine Work. Schmidt. Michael S.. October 11, 2019. The New York Times. October 12, 2019. Protess. Ben. Vogel. Kenneth P.. Rashbaum. William K.. Michael S. Schmidt. Kenneth P. Vogel. October 13, 2019. https://archive.today/20191013024624/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/11/us/politics/rudy-giuliani-investigation.html. live.
  47. News: Kara . Scannell . Feds end Ukraine-related foreign lobbying investigation into Rudy Giuliani without filing charges . 20 March 2024 . CNN . 14 November 2022.
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  49. Web site: Exclusive: Giuliani associate willing to tell Congress Nunes met with ex-Ukrainian official to get dirt on Biden. Ward. Vicky. November 23, 2019. CNN.com. 2019-11-23. November 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191123101643/https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/22/politics/nunes-vienna-trip-ukrainian-prosecutor-biden/index.html. live.
  50. Web site: New Records Show Contact Between Pompeo and Giuliani. Parton. Jon. November 22, 2019. Courthouse News. November 24, 2019. November 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191124014141/https://www.courthousenews.com/new-records-show-contact-between-pompeo-and-giuliani/. live.
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  52. Web site: Top N.Y. prosecutor Geoffrey Berman, a Trump appointee, recused from Michael Cohen inquiry . 2018-04-10 . Johnson . Kevin . USA Today . en-US . 2020-01-20 . February 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200214105925/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/04/10/top-ny-prosecutor-geoffrey-berman-trump-appointee-recused-michael-cohen-inquiry/502367002/ . live .
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  54. Web site: Trump selects Giuliani's law partner for top prosecutor job in New York replacing Preet Bharara. January 3, 2018. Choi. David. Business Insider. 2020-01-21. July 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200707231559/https://www.businessinsider.com/new-york-prosecutor-geoffrey-berman-replace-preet-bharara-2018-1. live.
  55. Web site: Faulty redactions in court document show federal investigators seized more info in case against Rudy Giuliani than previously disclosed. Erica Orden and Kara Scannell. CNN. May 25, 2021. May 25, 2021. June 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210610145602/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/25/politics/giuliani-redactions-investigations/index.html. live.
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  60. Rachel Maddow Interviews Lev Parnas . Parnas . Lev . . . 2020-01-15 . MSNBC . 2020-01-19 . December 1, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201201192657/https://www.msnbc.com/transcripts/rachel-maddow-show/2020-01-15-msna1322756 . live .
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  63. Rudy Giuliani's Bagman Lev Parnas Blows Up Trump's Ukraine Defense. Cassidy. John. 2020-01-16. The New Yorker. 2020-01-19. February 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210226051815/https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/rudy-giulianis-bagman-lev-parnas-blows-up-trumps-ukraine-defense. live.
  64. Web site: READ: House Democrats release additional materials from Giuliani associate Lev Parnas . January 18, 2020 . CNN.com . 2020-01-19 . January 19, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200119095957/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/17/politics/lev-parnas-additional-materials/index.html . live .
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  70. Web site: Trump continues to insist he doesn't know Giuliani associate Parnas. January 16, 2020. Kevin. Liptak. Erica. Orden. CNN.com . 2020-01-19. February 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210209190910/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/16/politics/donald-trump-lev-parnas-ukraine/index.html. live.
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  72. Web site: Text messages show a Giuliani associate discussing how to stalk 'that b---h' Marie Yovanovitch in Ukraine in a bid to get her fired. Frias. Lauren. January 15, 2020. Business Insider. 2020-01-16. January 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200116043025/https://www.businessinsider.com/texts-giuliani-ally-lev-parnas-discuss-stalking-yovanovitch-2020-1. live.
  73. Web site: Who is Robert Hyde, the latest figure to emerge in Ukraine scandal?. Stracqualursi. Veronica. LeBlanc. Paul. January 16, 2020. CNN.com. 2020-01-16. Kelly. Caroline. January 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200116061621/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/15/politics/who-is-robert-hyde-trump-ukraine/index.html. live.
  74. 'Take Her Out': Donald Trump's Role in Ukraine Scheme Is Reportedly Caught on Tape . January 24, 2020 . Cassidy . John . The New Yorker . en . 2020-01-25 . January 25, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200125061919/https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/take-her-out-donald-trumps-role-in-the-ukraine-scheme-is-caught-on-tape . live .
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  76. Web site: PDF document from the House Intelligence Committee to the House Judiciary Committee containing the letter from Giuliani to President-Elect Zelensky. January 14, 2020. US House Intelligence Committee. January 23, 2020. January 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200118072730/https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/20200114_-_hpsci_transmittal_letter_to_hjc_-_new_evidence_attachment.pdf . live.
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  79. Web site: Giuliani admits to Daily News he told Ukrainian president he was acting with Trump's 'consent' while pushing for Biden investigation. Sommerfeldt. 2020-01-14. Chris. nydailynews.com. 2020-01-23. January 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200115165759/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-giuliani-ukraine-20200114-em4mj4k6pregrdlvagznmjw2be-story.html. live.
  80. Web site: House prosecutors wrap day 1 of opening arguments in Trump's impeachment trial by imploring the Senate to choose country over party . Sheth. Sonam. January 22, 2020. Business Insider . en-US. 2020-01-23. January 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200122182012/https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-impeachment-trial-opening-arguments-live-updates-2020-1. live.
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  82. Ex-U.S. Ambassador Was Warned to Leave Ukraine on 'Next Flight' Over Threats to Her Security. Kroll. Ryan. Bort. Andy. 2019-11-04. Rolling Stone. en-US. 2020-01-23. Kroll. Andy. January 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200125123420/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/marie-yovanovitch-former-ukraine-ambassador-threatened-by-trump-907836/. live.
  83. News: Ukraine to probe possible surveillance of U.S. envoy as FBI approaches man who claimed to have tracked her. Stern. David. January 16, 2020. Washington Post. January 21, 2020. January 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200120185551/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/ukraine-opens-probe-into-possible-surveillance-of-us-ambassador-yovanovitch/2020/01/16/a5ae3e82-3862-11ea-a1ff-c48c1d59a4a1_story.html. live.
  84. News: Ukraine opens probe into possible surveillance of U.S. Ambassador Yovanovitch. Stern. David L.. Khurshudyan. Isabelle. 2020-01-16. StamfordAdvocate. 2020-01-20. The Washington Post. March 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200330143655/https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Ukraine-opens-probe-into-possible-surveillance-of-14980092.php. live.
  85. Web site: Trump backer from Europe says supposed Yovanovitch surveillance was a joke . Josh . Lederman . Anna . Schechter . January 18, 2020 . NBC News . en . 2020-01-23 . January 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200126083940/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/texts-suggest-robert-hyde-passed-along-details-about-yovanovitch-movements-n1118226 . live.
  86. Web site: Feds And Parnas Feud Over Why It Was So Hard To Unlock His iPhone. Kovensky. Josh. 2020-01-22. TalkingPointsMemo.com. en-US. 2020-01-23. January 23, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123021614/https://talkingpointsmemo.com/muckraker/feds-and-parnas-feud-over-why-it-was-so-hard-to-unlock-his-iphone. live.
  87. News: Pompeo stonewalls as evidence emerges of possible surveillance of ex-Ukraine ambassador . January 16, 2020 . Jennifer . Hansler . CNN.com . 2020-01-23 . January 22, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200122165458/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/16/politics/pompeo-state-department-silence-new-evidence/index.html . live .
  88. Web site: After more than 48 hours of silence, Pompeo says State will investigate possible surveillance of ex-US ambassador . January 17, 2020 . Jennifer . Hansler . CNN.com . 2020-01-23 . January 22, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200122182923/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/17/politics/pompeo-yovanovitch-surveillance/index.html . live .
  89. Web site: Giuliani 'heartbroken' by Lev Parnas' 'stupid lies,' says he's trying to avoid jail. Creitz. Charles. January 20, 2020. Fox News. January 20, 2020. January 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200121043032/https://www.foxnews.com/media/rudy-giuliani-heartbroken-by-stupid-lies-by-lev-parnas-hes-trying-to-avoid-jail-like-michael-cohen. live.
  90. News: Josh. Feldman. Rudy Giuliani: Lev Parnas Is Telling Lies. 2020-01-21. Mediaite.com. en. 2020-01-21. January 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200121111337/https://www.mediaite.com/tv/rudy-giuliani-denies-directing-surveillance-of-yovanovitch-says-lev-parnas-telling-stupid-lies/. live.
  91. Web site: Pro-Trump Lawyer Made $500K Payment to Giuliani on Lev Parnas' Behalf: NYT. Arciga. Julia. 2019-11-07. The Daily Beast. en. 2020-01-24. October 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201027191554/https://www.thedailybeast.com/charles-gucciardo-pro-trump-lawyer-made-dollar500000-payment-to-rudy-giuliani-on-lev-parnas-behalf-nyt. live.
  92. News: Karen. Freifeld. Aram. Roston. Exclusive: Trump lawyer Giuliani was paid $500,000 to consult on indicted associate's firm. 2019-10-16. Reuters. 2020-01-25. en. January 31, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200131023430/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-whistleblower-giuliani-excl-idUSKBN1WU07Z. live.
  93. News: Behind the Deal That Put Giuliani Together With a Dirt-Hunting Partner . Vogel. Kenneth P. . 2019-11-06. The New York Times. 2019-11-23. Protess. Ben. en-US. 0362-4331. Nir. Sarah Maslin. November 9, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191109202915/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/06/us/politics/ukraine-giuliani-charles-gucciardo.html. live.
  94. News: New York lawyer is source of $500,000 paid to Trump attorney Giuliani. Freifeld. Karen. 2019-11-08. Reuters.com . 2019-11-23. en. November 10, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191110024927/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-impeachment-giuliani-idUSKBN1XH29L. live.
  95. News: January 16, 2020. Billionaire oil magnate funded travel by Lev Parnas. Friedman. Dan. Mother Jones. en-US. 2020-01-20. January 19, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200119111859/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/01/billionaire-oil-magnate-funded-travel-by-lev-parnas/. live.
  96. News: Rudy Giuliani Sidekick Lev Parnas Traces Part of Money Trail to Ukraine. Farrell. Greg. January 23, 2020. Bloomberg News. January 23, 2020. January 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200128085809/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-23/giuliani-s-sidekick-parnas-traces-part-of-money-trail-to-ukraine. live.
  97. News: Lawmakers react to apparent recording of Trump saying Yovanovitch should be fired. Libby. Cathey. ABC News. January 24, 2020. January 24, 2020. January 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200124175235/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/recording-appears-capture-trump-private-dinner-ukraine-ambassador/story?id=68506437. live.
  98. News: 'Take her out': Recording appears to capture Trump at private dinner saying he wants Ukraine ambassador fired. Katherine. Faulders. John. Santucci. Allison. Percorin. Olivia. Rubin. ABC News. January 24, 2020. January 24, 2020. January 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200125010704/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/lawmakers-react-apparent-recording-trump-yovanovitch-fired/story?id=68509992. live.
  99. News: The Rachel Maddow Show. Listen to recording that appears to show Pres. Trump ordering removal of Ukraine ambassador. MSNBC. 2020-01-25. January 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200125054228/https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow/watch/audio-recording-appears-to-show-conversation-between-parnas-and-trump-about-ukraine-ambassador-77516869528. live.
  100. Web site: Tape Made Public of Trump Discussing Ukraine With Donors . . 2020-01-25 . 25 January 2020 . Kenneth P. . Vogel . Ben . Protess . At the beginning of the video, the person holding the phone walks around the private suite filming chatter among the guests, who included Donald Trump Jr., Jack Nicklaus III, the grandson and namesake of the legendary golfer, and Barry Zekelman, a Canadian billionaire whose steel business is mostly in the United States. . January 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200126034353/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/25/us/politics/trump-ukraine-donors.html . live.
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  102. Web site: Rohrlich . Justin . Comer Keeps Stepping In It as Impeachment Witness Dishes Dirt on Giuliani . . March 20, 2024 . March 21, 2024.
  103. Web site: Parnas . Lev . Lev Parnas . March 19, 2024 . Written Statement of Lev Parnas, March 19, 2024 . . PDF . March 21, 2024.
  104. Web site: Walsh . Sheri . At House impeachment inquiry hearing, key witness Lev Parnas blasts Republicans for pushing 'falsehoods' . . March 20, 2024 . March 22, 2024.
  105. Web site: Judge allows Giuliani associate Lev Parnas to remain free on bail, prosecutors reveal $1 million payment from lawyer for indicted Ukraine oligarch . Mangan . Dan . CNBC . 11 February 2020 . December 17, 2019 . 'He has five children who are still in the home and one who is in a law firm,' Bondy said. 'Not once has he ever tried to flee.' . January 20, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200120215308/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/17/prosecutor-seek-to-revoke-lev-parnas-bail-cite-firtash-payment.html . live.
  106. Web site: Lev Parnas' life in Boca Raton: Suburban dad got his start in penny stocks on 'Maggot Mile' . https://web.archive.org/web/20201127220459/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/20200124/lev-parnasrsquo-life-in-boca-raton-suburban-dad-got-his-start-in-penny-stocks-on-lsquomaggot-milersquo . 2020-11-27 . January 24, 2020 . Musgrave . Jane . The Palm Beach Post . 11 February 2020 .

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