| Gettysburg | |
| Settlement Type: | Borough |
| Mapsize: | 260px |
| Pushpin Map: | Pennsylvania#USA |
| Pushpin Label: | Gettysburg |
| Pushpin Label Position: | top |
| Pushpin Relief: | yes |
| Coordinates: | 39.8283°N -77.2322°W |
| Coordinates Footnotes: | [1] |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: | United States |
| Subdivision Type1: | State |
| Subdivision Type2: | County |
| Subdivision Name1: | Pennsylvania |
| Subdivision Name2: | Adams |
| Established Title: | Settled |
| Established Date: | 1780 |
| Established Title1: | Incorporated |
| Established Date1: | 1806 |
| Government Type: | Borough Council |
| Leader Title: | Mayor |
| Leader Name: | Rita C. Frealing (D) |
| Unit Pref: | Imperial |
| Area Footnotes: | [2] |
| Area Total Km2: | 4.31 |
| Area Land Km2: | 4.30 |
| Area Water Km2: | 0.01 |
| Elevation Ft: | 560 |
| Population Total: | 7106 |
| Population As Of: | 2020 |
| Population Density Km2: | 1653.03 |
| Postal Code Type: | ZIP Code |
| Postal Code: | 17325 |
| Area Code: | 717 |
| Website: | https://www.gettysburgpa.gov/ |
| Timezone: | Eastern (EST) |
| Utc Offset: | -5 |
| Timezone Dst: | EDT |
| Utc Offset Dst: | -4 |
| Blank Name: | FIPS code |
| Blank Info: | 42-28960 |
| Area Total Sq Mi: | 1.66 |
| Area Land Sq Mi: | 1.66 |
| Area Water Sq Mi: | 0.01 |
| Population Density Sq Mi: | 4280.72 |
| Named For: | Samuel Gettys |
Gettysburg (;)[3] is a borough in Pennsylvania and the county seat of Adams County, Pennsylvania, the United States.[4] As of the 2020 census, the borough had a population of 7,106 people.
Gettysburg was the site of the Battle of Gettysburg, the bloodiest battle of the American Civil War, fought from July 1 to July 3 of 1863. Later that year, on November 19, President Abraham Lincoln traveled to dedicate Gettysburg National Cemetery, where he delivered the Gettysburg Address, a carefully crafted 271-word address considered one of the most famous speeches in history.
Gettysburg is home to the Gettysburg National Military Park, where the Battle of Gettysburg was fought mainly; the Battle of Gettysburg had the most casualties of any Civil War battle.
In 1760, Irishman Samuel Gettys settled at the Shippensburg-Baltimore and Philadelphia-Pittsburgh crossroads, in what was then western York County, and established a tavern frequented by soldiers and traders. In 1786, his son James purchased 116 acres of his land, divided it up into 220 lots and sold them, and is thus considered the founder of Gettysburgh.[5] The borough boundary was established, with the Dobbin House tavern (established in 1776) sitting in the southwest.
As early as 1790, a movement seeking to split off the western portion of York County into a separate county had begun. A commission was drawn up to fix the site of the new county's seat; they ultimately chose a location in Strabane Township (now Straban Township), just northeast of Gettysburg. In 1791, additional trustees were appointed to plan to construct public buildings in Gettysburg instead of in Straban. On January 22, 1800, the Pennsylvania Legislature created Adams County, with Gettysburg as its county seat.[6]
In 1858, the Gettysburg Railroad completed the construction of a railroad line from Gettysburg to Hanover, and the Gettysburg Railroad Station opened a year later. Passenger train service to the town ended in 1942. The station was restored in 2006. In 2011, Senator Robert Casey introduced S. 1897, including the railroad station within the boundary of Gettysburg National Military Park.[7] By 1860, the borough had grown in size to consist of "450 buildings [which] housed carriage manufacturing, shoemakers, and tanneries".[8]
See main article: Gettysburg campaign. Between July 1 and 3, 1863, the Battle of Gettysburg, one of the bloodiest battles during the American Civil War, was fought across the fields and heights surrounding the town.
The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, under the command of Robert E Lee, experienced success in the early stages of the battle but was ultimately defeated by the Army of the Potomac, commanded by George G. Meade. Lee executed an orderly withdrawal and escaped across the Potomac River without being drawn into another battle. Meade was heavily criticized by President Abraham Lincoln for his cautious pursuit and failure to destroy Lee's retreating army.
Casualties were high, with total losses on both sides – over 27,000 Confederate and 23,000 Union. The residents of Gettysburg were left to care for the wounded, and bury the dead following the Confederate retreat. Approximately 8,000 men and 3,000 horses lay under the summer sun. The Union soldiers' bodies were gradually reinterred in what is today known as Gettysburg National Cemetery, where, on November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln attended a ceremony to officially consecrate the grounds and delivered his Gettysburg Address.
A 20-year-old woman, Jennie Wade, was the only civilian killed during the battle. She was hit by a stray bullet that passed through her kitchen door while she was making bread on July 3.[9]
Physical damage can still be seen in some of the houses throughout the town, notably the Schmucker House[10] located on Seminary Ridge.
See main article: Gettysburg furniture companies. The furniture manufacturing industry employed people in Gettysburg for the first half of the 20th century. The "Gettysburg Manufacturing Company", formed in 1902, was the first company established in the borough for the purpose of manufacturing residential furniture. Other companies soon followed. The borough's industry reached peak production and success about the 1920s. This important industry declined from 1951, when the three main companies either moved, closed or were sold. The Gettysburg Furniture Company factory closed in 1960, becoming a warehouse and distribution point for other furniture factories outside of Pennsylvania.
Gettysburg manufacturing associated with tourism included a late 19th century foundry that manufactured gun carriages, bridgeworks and cannons for the Gettysburg Battlefield, as well as a construction industry for hotels, stables, and other buildings for tourist services. Early tourist buildings in the borough included museums (like the 1881 Danner Museum[11]), souvenir shops, buildings of the electric trolley (preceded by a horse trolley from the Gettysburg Railroad Station to the Springs Hotel), and stands for hackmen who drove visitors in jitneys (horse-drawn group taxis) on tours. Modern tourist services in the borough include ghost tours, bed and breakfast lodging, and historical interpretation (reenactors, etc.).
Gettysburg is the site of the Eisenhower National Historic Site that preserves the home and farm of Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Gettysburg is located near the intersection of U.S. routes 15 and 30, approximately west of York and north of Frederick, Maryland. Rock Creek, a tributary of the Monocacy River and part of the Potomac River watershed, flows along its eastern edge. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 4.3sqkm, all land.[12]
Gettysburg lies in the humid continental climate zone of northern and central Pennsylvania, just north of the humid subtropical zone of central Maryland, with hot, humid summers and cool winters. On average, January is the coldest month, with an average temperature of . Winters range from cool to moderately cold, with relatively frequent snowfalls. July is the warmest month, with an average temperature of, and June is the wettest month. The hottest temperature recorded in Gettysburg was on July 16, 1988, while the coldest temperature recorded was on January 21, 1994.
Pennsylvania's first on-farm methane digester was built near Gettysburg at the Mason-Dixon Farm in 1978, and generates 600KW.[13] [14] [15]
As of the 2010 census, Gettysburg had a population of 7,620, and was 79.6% non-Hispanic white, 10.9% Hispanic or Latino, 5.4% African American, 1.9% Asian, 2.2% all other.[16]
The main industry of the borough is tourism associated with such historic sites as Gettysburg National Military Park (including the Gettysburg National Cemetery) and Eisenhower National Historic Site. Gettysburg has many activities and tours to offer to vacationers and tourists who are interested in the Gettysburg area and the history of the community and the battle. Tourists for the annual reenactment of the Battle of Gettysburg use borough facilities, which include the Dobbin House Tavern and Hotel Gettysburg.
Every year from July 1–3 volunteers reenact the Battle of Gettysburg. Each day re-enactors display a different part of the battle with commentary regarding the hardships of the battles. The battles are narrated by the battlefield guides of the Gettysburg National Military Park.[17]
Many roads radiate from Gettysburg, providing hub-like access to Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Harrisburg, Carlisle, Frederick and Hagerstown, Maryland and Hanover, Pennsylvania . York is east on the Lincoln Highway (U.S. Route 30), the first transcontinental U.S. highway, and Chambersburg is west on it. Today the borough is a hour drive from Philadelphia and a hour drive from Pittsburgh via the Pennsylvania Turnpike and U.S. Route 15. Gettysburg Regional Airport, a small general aviation airport, is located west of Gettysburg.
The main east–west road through downtown Gettysburg is U.S. Route 30, which is known as York Street east of Lincoln Square and Chambersburg Street west of Lincoln Square.
York Adams Transportation Authority (YATA) operates public transportation in Adams County. Freedom Transit, implemented in 2009,[18] The hub of the bus system, the new Gettysburg Transit Center, is under construction on Carlisle Street.[19] Beginning in 2011, a Rabbit Transit commuter bus to Harrisburg runs two times each weekday in each direction.[20]
Gettysburg is served by the Gettysburg Area School District, Gettysburg College, Harrisburg Area Community College, and a campus of the United Lutheran Seminary.
Gettysburg's sister cities are:[21]
Gettysburg, South Dakota, since 1997
León, Nicaragua, since 1987
Sainte-Mère-Église, France, since 1993
Morelia, Mexico, since 2004
Sekigahara, Japan, since 2016