GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research explained

GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research
Native Name:GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung
Native Name Lang:de
Pushpin Map:Germany#Hesse
Abbreviation:GSI
Formation:1969
Headquarters:Planckstraße 1
64291 Darmstadt, Germany
Leader Title:Administrative Managing Director
Leader Name:Katharina Stummeyer[1]
Leader Title2:Scientific Managing Director
Leader Name2:N/N
Leader Title3:Technical Managing Director
Leader Name3:Jörg Blaurock
Website:gsi.de

The GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (German: link=no|GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung) is a federally and state co-funded heavy ion research center in the Wixhausen suburb of Darmstadt, Germany. It was founded in 1969 as the Society for Heavy Ion Research (German: link=no|Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung), abbreviated GSI, to conduct research on and with heavy-ion accelerators. It is the only major user research center in the State of Hesse.

The laboratory performs basic and applied research in physics and related natural science disciplines. Main fields of study include plasma physics, atomic physics, nuclear structure and reactions research, biophysics and medical research. The lab is a member of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres.

Shareholders are the German Federal Government (90%) and the State of Hesse, Thuringia and Rhineland-Palatinate. As a member of the Helmholtz Association, the current name was given to the facility on 7 October 2008 in order to bring it sharper national and international awareness.[2]

The GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research has strategic partnerships with the Technische Universität Darmstadt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz and the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies.[3] [4] [5]

Primary research

The chief tool is the heavy ion accelerator facility consisting of:

The UNILAC was commissioned in 1975; the SIS 18 and the ESR were added in 1990 boosting the ion acceleration from 10% of light speed to 90%.[6]

Elements discovered at GSI: bohrium (1981), meitnerium (1982), hassium (1984), darmstadtium (1994), roentgenium (1994), and copernicium (1996).[7]

Elements confirmed at GSI: nihonium (2012), flerovium (2009), moscovium (2012), livermorium (2010), and tennessine (2012).[8]

Technological developments

Another important technology developed at the GSI is the use of heavy ion beams for cancer treatment (from 1997). Instead of using X-ray radiation, carbon ions are used to irradiate the patient. The technique allows tumors which are close to vital organs to be treated, which is not possible with X-rays. This is due to the fact that the Bragg peak of carbon ions is much sharper than the peak of X-ray photons. A facility based on this technology, called Heidelberger Ionenstrahl-Therapiezentrum (HIT), built at the University of Heidelberg Medical Center began treating patients in November 2009.[9]

Facilities other than UNILAC and SIS-18

Future evolution

In the years to come, GSI will evolve to an international structure named FAIR for Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research: one new synchrotron (with respective magnetic rigidity 100 T⋅m), a Super-FRS and several new rings among which one that can be used for antimatter research.[15] The major part of the facility will be commissioned in 2022; full operation is planned for 2025.[16]

The creation of FAIR was co-signed on 7 November 2007 by 10 countries: Finland, France, Germany, India, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Sweden, United Kingdom, and Poland. Representatives included Annette Schavan, the German federal minister of science and Roland Koch, the prime minister of the state of Hesse.[17]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Management Board of FAIR and GSI . 26 July 2024.
  2. Web site: Pressemitteilung des GSI Helmholtzzentrums für Schwerionenforschung vom 20. Oktober 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100315011322/http://www.gsi.de/portrait/Pressemeldungen/20102008.html . 15 March 2010.
  3. Web site: GmbH . Echo Zeitungen . GSI und TU Darmstadt setzen ihre wissenschaftliche Partnerschaft fort – Echo Online . 30 July 2019 . echo-online.de . de.
  4. Web site: Universität Heidelberg und Partner schließen mit GSI Vereinbarung über strategische Zusammenarbeit in Wissenschaft und Forschung – Pressestelle der Universität Heidelberg . 30 July 2019 . uni-heidelberg.de.
  5. Web site: Darmstadt . Technische Universität . 18 December 2015 . Kooperation mit neuer Energie . 30 July 2019 . Technische Universität Darmstadt . de.
  6. Web site: 2014 . One facility, thousand possibilities . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141222164000/https://www.gsi.de/en/research/accelerator_facility.htm?nr=%2Fproc%2Fself%2Fe . 22 December 2014 . 22 December 2014 . GSI.
  7. News: 2009 . Wanted: Suitable name for unstable, heavyweight element . The Guardian . 22 December 2014.
  8. Web site: 2016 . Discovery of new elements . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160129211110/https://www.gsi.de/en/researchaccelerators/research_an_overview/neue_elemente.htm . 29 January 2016 . GSI Darmstadt.
  9. Web site: 2009 . History of HIT . 22 December 2014 . Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT).
  10. Web site: nhelix . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120219002458/http://www.gsi.de/forschung/pp/experiments/laser/index_e.html . 19 February 2012 . GSI.
  11. Web site: 29 March 2012 . PHELIX laser facility . GSI.
  12. Web site: LAND . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120211150138/http://www.gsi.de/forschung/kp/kp2/collaborations/land/index_e.html . 11 February 2012 . GSI.
  13. Web site: The Heavy Ion Storage Ring ESR . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170201005844/https://www.gsi.de/en/work/research/appamml/atomic_physics/research/experimental_facilities/esr.htm . 1 February 2017 . 19 February 2017 . GSI.
  14. Atanasov . Dinko . Blaum . Klaus . Bosch . Fritz . Brandau . Carsten . Bühler . Paul . Chen . Xiangcheng . Dillmann . Iris . Faestermann . Thomas . Gao . Bingshui . Geissel . Hans . Gernhäuser . Roman . Hagmann . Siegbert . Izumikawa . Takuji . Hillenbrand . Pierre-Michel . Kozhuharov . Christophor . 1 . 2015 . Between atomic and nuclear physics: radioactive decays of highly-charged ions . Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics . 48 . 14 . 144024 . 2015JPhB...48n4024A . 10.1088/0953-4075/48/14/144024 . 0953-4075 . Kurcewicz . Jan . Litvinov . Sergey A . Litvinov . Yuri A . Ma . Xinwen . Münzenberg . Gottfried . Najafi . Mohammad Ali . Nolden . Fritz . Ohtsubo . Takashi . Ozawa . Akira . Ozturk . Fatma Cagla . Patyk . Zygmunt . Reed . Matthew . Reifarth . Rene . Sanjari . Mohammad Shahab . Schneider . Dieter . Steck . Markus . Stöhlker . Thomas . Sun . Baohua . Suzaki . Fumi . Suzuki . Takeshi . Trageser . Christian . Tu . Xiaolin . Uesaka . Tomohiro . Walker . Philip . Wang . Meng . Weick . Helmut . Winckler . Nicolas . Woods . Philip . Xu . Hushan . Yamaguchi . Takayuki . Yan . Xinliang . Zhang . Yuhu . 120111482.
  15. Web site: 2013 . Accelerators . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141222162811/http://www.fair-center.eu/public/what-is-fair/accelerators.html . 22 December 2014 . 22 December 2014 . FAIR.
  16. Web site: Accelerators . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170902091813/https://www.gsi.de/en/researchaccelerators/fair/information_on_the_fair_project/facts_and_figures.htm . 2 September 2017 . 6 September 2016 . GSI.
  17. Web site: 2013 . FAIR partner countries . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141222162551/http://www.fair-center.eu/en/partners.html . 22 December 2014 . 22 December 2014 . FAIR.

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