Germanwings Flight 9525 Explained

Germanwings Flight 9525
Image Upright:1.1
Occurrence Type:Accident
Date:24 March 2015
Summary:Suicide by pilot
Site:Unnamed Road, Prads-Haute-Bléone, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France
Coordinates:44.2801°N 6.4388°W
Aircraft Type:Airbus A320-211
Operator:Germanwings
Iata:4U9525
Icao:GWI18G
Callsign:GERMANWINGS 18 GOLF
Tail Number:D-AIPX
Origin:Barcelona–El Prat Airport, Barcelona, Spain
Destination:Düsseldorf Airport, Düsseldorf, Germany
Occupants:150
Passengers:144
Crew:6
Fatalities:150
Survivors:0

Germanwings Flight 9525[1] was a scheduled international passenger flight from Barcelona–El Prat Airport in Spain to Düsseldorf Airport in Germany. The flight was operated by Germanwings, a low-cost carrier owned by the German airline Lufthansa. On 2015, the aircraft, an Airbus A320-211, crashed 100km (100miles) north-west of Nice in the French Alps, killing all 150 occupants.[2] [3]

The crash was deliberately caused by the co-pilot, Andreas Lubitz, who had previously been treated for suicidal tendencies and declared unfit to work by his doctor. Lubitz kept this information from his employer and instead reported for duty. Shortly after reaching cruise altitude and while the captain was out of the cockpit, Lubitz locked the cockpit door and initiated a controlled descent that continued until the aircraft hit a mountainside.[4] [5]

Aviation authorities swiftly implemented new recommendations from the European Union Aviation Safety Agency that required two authorised personnel in the cockpit at all times but, by 2017, Germanwings and other German airlines had dropped the rule.

The Lubitz family held a press conference on 24 March 2017 (the 2nd anniversary of the crash) during which Lubitz's father said that they did not accept the official investigative findings that his son deliberately caused the crash. By 2017, Lufthansa had paid €75,000 to the family of every victim, as well as €10,000 in pain and suffering compensation to every close relative of a victim.

Flight

Germanwings Flight 9525 took off from Runway 06R at Barcelona–El Prat Airport on 2015 at 10:01 am CET (09:01 UTC), 26 minutes behind schedule.[6] It was due to arrive at Düsseldorf Airport by 11:39 CET.[2] [7] According to the French national civil aviation inquiries bureau, the Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA),[8] the pilots confirmed instructions from French air traffic control at 10:30 CET.

At 10:31 CET, after crossing the French coast near Toulon, the aircraft left its assigned cruising altitude of 38000feet and without approval began to descend rapidly. The air traffic controller declared the aircraft in distress after its descent and loss of radio contact.[9] [10] [11]

The descent time from 38,000 ft was about 10 minutes; radar observed an average descent rate around 3,400 ft/min (58ft/s).[12] Attempts by French air traffic control to contact the flight on the assigned radio frequency were not answered. A French military Mirage jet was scrambled from the Orange-Caritat Air Base to intercept the aircraft.[13] [14] Radar contact was lost at 10:40 CET; at the time, the aircraft had descended to 6175feet,[15] and crashed in the remote commune of Prads-Haute-Bléone, 100km (100miles) north-west of Nice.[16] [17] [18] A seismological station of the Sismalp network, the Grenoble Observatory, 12km (07miles) from the crash site, recorded the associated seismic event, determining the impact time as 10:41:05 CET.[19]

Crash site

The crash site is within the Massif des Trois-Évêchés, 31NaN1 east of the settlement Le Vernet and beyond the road to the Col de Mariaud, in an area known as the Ravin du Rosé.[20] The aircraft crashed on the southern side of the Tête du Travers,[21] a minor peak in the lower western slopes of the Tête de l'Estrop, at an elevation of 15501NaN1.[1] The aircraft was travelling at 700round=5NaNround=5 when it struck the mountain. The site is about 100NaN0 west of Mount Cimet, where Air France Flight 178 crashed in 1953.[22] [23]

Gendarmerie nationale and Sécurité Civile sent helicopters to locate the wreckage.[24] The aircraft had disintegrated; the largest piece of wreckage was the size of a car.[25] A helicopter landed near the crash site; its personnel confirmed that there were no survivors.[26] The search and rescue team reported the debris field covered 2-2NaN-2.[17]

Aircraft

The aircraft involved was an Airbus A320-211, serial number 147, registered as D-AIPX. The aircraft had accumulated about 58,300 flight hours on 46,700 flights.[27]

People on board by citizenship
CitizenshipNo.Ref.
Germany72[28]
Spain51[29]
Argentina3[30]
Kazakhstan3[31]
United Kingdom3[32]
United States3[33]
Australia2[34]
Colombia2[35]
Iran2[36]
Japan2[37]
Mexico2[38]
Morocco2[39]
Venezuela 2[40]
Belgium1[41]
Chile1[42]
Denmark1[43]
Israel1[44]
Netherlands1[45]
Some passengers had multiple citizenship. Counts are based on preliminary data and do not total 150.

During its final flight, the aircraft was carrying 144 passengers and six crew (two pilots and four cabin crew members)[2] [46] from at least 18 countries—mostly Germany and Spain.[10] The count was confused by the multiple citizenship status of some people on board.[47]

Crew and passengers

Among the passengers were 16 students and 2 teachers from the Joseph-König-Gymnasium of Haltern am See, North Rhine-Westphalia. They were returning home from a student exchange with the Giola Institute in Llinars del Vallès, Barcelona.[48] Haltern's mayor, Bodo Klimpel, described the crash as "the darkest day in the history of [the] town".[49] Bass-baritone Oleg Bryjak and contralto Maria Radner, singers with Deutsche Oper am Rhein, were also on the flight.[50] [51]

The flight's pilot in command was 34-year-old Captain Patrick Sondenheimer,[52] who had 10 years' experience (6,000 flight hours, including 3,812 hours on the Airbus A320)[53] flying A320s for Germanwings, Lufthansa, and Condor.[54] [11] The co-pilot was 27-year-old Andreas Lubitz,[55] who joined Germanwings in September 2013 and had 630 flying hours, 540 of them on the Airbus A320.[56] [57]

Andreas Lubitz

Co-pilot Andreas Günter Lubitz,[58] born on 18 December 1987, was raised in Neuburg an der Donau, Bavaria,[59] and Montabaur in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.[54] He took flying lessons at Luftsportclub Westerwald, an aviation sports club in Montabaur.[54] [60]

Lubitz was accepted into a Lufthansa trainee programme after finishing high school. In September 2008, he began training at the Lufthansa Flight Training school in Bremen, Germany.[1] [54] He suspended his pilot training in November 2008 after being hospitalised for a severe episode of depression. After his psychiatrist determined that the depressive episode was fully resolved, Lubitz returned to the Lufthansa school in August 2009.[1] [61] [62] [63] Lubitz moved to the United States in November 2010 to continue training at the Lufthansa Airline Training Center in Goodyear, Arizona.[64] [65] From June 2011 to December 2013, he worked as a flight attendant for Lufthansa while training to obtain his commercial pilot's licence,[54] [60] and joined Germanwings as a first officer in June 2014.[1]

Investigation

The French Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA) opened an investigation into the crash; it was joined by its German counterpart, the Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation (BFU). The BEA investigation was led by Arnaud Desjardin and was assisted by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation.[66] [67] [68] Hours after the crash, the BEA sent seven investigators to the site; these were accompanied by representatives from Airbus and CFM International. The cockpit voice recorder, which was damaged but still functional, was recovered by rescue workers and examined by the investigation team.[69] [70] [71] [72] The following week, Brice Robin, the government prosecutor based in Marseille, announced that the flight data recorder, blackened by fire but still usable, had also been found.[73] Investigators isolated 150 sets of DNA, which were compared with the DNA of the victims' families.[74]

Cause of crash

According to French and German prosecutors, the crash was deliberately caused by the co-pilot, Lubitz.[75] [76] [77] Robin said Lubitz was courteous to Captain Sondenheimer during the first part of the flight, then became "curt" when the captain began the midflight briefing on the planned landing.[78] Robin said that when the captain left the cockpit, possibly to use the toilet, Lubitz locked the door and overrode the door code from the inside, preventing anyone from entering.[75] [76] [79] [80] [81] The captain requested re-entry using the intercom; he knocked and then banged on the door, but received no response.[82] The captain then tried to break down the door, but like most cockpit doors made after the September 11 attacks, it had been reinforced to prevent intrusion.[8] [83] [84] [85] During the descent, the co-pilot did not respond to questions from Marseille air traffic control, nor did he transmit a distress call.[86] Robin said contact from the air traffic control tower, the captain's attempts to break in, and Lubitz's steady breathing were audible on the cockpit voice recording.[76] [87] The screams of passengers in the last moments before impact were also heard on the recording.[78] [88]

After their initial analysis of the aircraft's flight data recorder, the BEA concluded that Lubitz had made flight control inputs that led to the crash. He had set the autopilot to descend to and accelerated the speed of the descending aircraft several times thereafter.[89] [90] The BEA preliminary report into the crash was published six weeks later, on 6 May 2015. It confirmed the initial analysis of the aircraft's flight data recorder and revealed that during the earlier outbound Flight 9524 from Düsseldorf to Barcelona, Lubitz had practised setting the autopilot altitude dial to 100 ft several times while the captain was out of the cockpit.[91] [92]

The BEA final report into the crash was published on 13 March 2016. The report confirmed the findings made in the preliminary report and concluded that Lubitz had deliberately crashed the aircraft as a suicidal murder. The report stated:[1]

Investigation of Lubitz

Three days after the crash, German detectives searched Lubitz's Montabaur properties and removed a computer and other items for testing. They did not find a suicide note nor any evidence that his actions had been motivated by "a political or religious background".[93] [94] [95] During their search of Lubitz's apartment, detectives found a letter written by a doctor indicating Lubitz had been declared unfit to work. Germanwings stated it had not received a sick note from Lubitz for the day of the flight. News accounts said Lubitz was "hiding an illness from his employers".[96] [97] [98] [99] [100] Under German law, employers do not have access to employees' medical records, and sick notes excusing people from work do not give information about medical conditions,[101] so employers must rely on employees to declare their lack of work fitness.[66] [102] [103]

The following day, authorities again searched Lubitz's home where they found evidence he suffered from a psychosomatic illness and was taking prescription drugs.[104] [105] Criminal investigators said Lubitz's web searches on his tablet computer in the days leading up to the crash included "ways to commit suicide" and "cockpit doors and their security provisions".[73] [106] [107] Robin said doctors had told him Lubitz should not have been flying, but medical secrecy requirements prevented his physician from making this information available to Germanwings.[108] [109] Such secrecy should consider public safety, said BEA investigator Arnaud Desjardin.[66] [102] [103]

The investigation into Lubitz revealed his treatment for suicidal tendencies prior to his training as a commercial pilot, when he had been temporarily denied a US pilot's licence because of treatments for psychotic depression.[110] [111] [112] [1] For years, Lubitz had frequently been unable to sleep because of what he believed were vision problems; he consulted over 40 doctors, fearing he was going blind.[108] [109] [113] Motivated by the fear that blindness would cause him to lose his pilot's licence, he began conducting online research about methods of committing suicide before deciding to crash Flight 9525.[1] [54] [109] [113] [114]

Aftermath

French Minister of the Interior Bernard Cazeneuve announced that due to the "violence of the impact", "little hope" existed that any survivors would be found.[115] Then-Prime Minister Manuel Valls dispatched Cazeneuve to the scene and set up a ministerial task force to coordinate the response to the incident.[116] German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier flew over the crash site, describing it as "a picture of horror".[116] German Chancellor Angela Merkel and the minister-president of North Rhine-Westphalia Hannelore Kraft travelled to the crash site the following day.[117] [118] Merkel, Valls, and Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy visited the recovery operations base at Seyne-les-Alpes.[119] Bodo Klimpel, mayor of Haltern am See, reacting to the deaths of 16 students and 2 teachers from the town, said that people were shocked by the crash.[120]

Lufthansa chief executive officer Carsten Spohr visited the crash location the day following the crash; he said it was "the darkest day for Lufthansa in its 60-year history".[121] Several Germanwings flights were cancelled on 24 and 25 March due to the pilots' grief at the murders and at the loss of their colleagues.[122] Germanwings retired the flight number 4U9525, changing it to 4U9441; the outbound flight number was changed from 4U9524 to 4U9440.[123] In the days following the crash, Lufthansa at first said it saw no reason to change its procedures, then reversed its earlier statement by introducing a new policy across its airlines requiring the presence of two crew members in the cockpit at all times.[124] [125] [126]

Regulatory

In response to the incident and the circumstances of the co-pilot's involvement, aviation authorities in some countries implemented new regulations that require the presence of two authorised personnel in the cockpit at all times.[127] [128] [129] [130] Three days after the incident, the European Aviation Safety Agency issued a temporary recommendation for airlines to ensure that at least two crew members—including at least one pilot—were in the cockpit for the entire duration of the flight.[131] Several airlines announced that they had already adopted similar policies voluntarily.[132] [133] [134] But by 2016, the EASA stopped recommending the two-person rule, instead advising airlines to perform a risk assessment and decide for themselves whether to implement it.[135] Germanwings and other German airlines dropped the procedure in 2017.[136]

The British Psychological Society issued a statement offering expert support in psychological testing and monitoring of pilots.[137] The European Federation of Psychologists' Associations issued a statement supporting psychological testing in the selection of pilots, but also stated it could not forecast the life events and mental health problems of individual pilots, nor could it predict the unique ways pilots would cope with these. It said priority should be given to psychological help for relatives and friends of victims in the aftermath of a disaster.[138] CEO Spohr proposed random checks of pilots' psychological fitness and a loosening of the extant physician–patient confidentiality laws. Politicians began echoing the call to loosen the laws in exceptional cases.[139] [140]

The national police force in France, the National Gendarmerie, introduced a new set of support mechanisms to minimise the psychosocial risks to relief workers who deal with events such as Flight 9525 in their daily jobs.

Compensation and litigation

Germanwings' parent company Lufthansa offered victims' families an initial aid payment up to €50,000, separate from any legally required compensation for the disaster. Elmar Giemulla, a professor of aviation law at Technische Universität Berlin quoted by the Rheinische Post, said he expected the airline would pay a total of €10–30 million in compensation. The Montreal Convention sets a per-victim cap of €143,000 in the event an airline is held liable, unless negligence can be proven.[141] [142] Insurance specialists said although co-pilot Andreas Lubitz hid a serious illness from his employer and deliberately crashed the passenger aircraft, these facts would not affect the issue of compensation nor be applicable to the exclusion clause in Lufthansa's insurance policy.[141] Lufthansa's insurance company set aside US$300 million (€280 million) for financial compensation to victims' families and for the cost of the aircraft.[143] [144] By 2017, Lufthansa had paid €75,000 to the family of every victim, as well as €10,000 in pain and suffering compensation to every close relative of a victim.[145]

Victim families sued the Lufthansa Airline Training Center in Arizona to obtain higher compensation, but the case was reverted to German courts in March 2017.[146] In July 2020, a court in Essen ruled against several victim families, holding that neither Lufthansa nor the training centre in Arizona could be held liable. Flight doctors who may have negligently authorised Lubitz to fly were working on behalf of the German government's flight authority, the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt.[147] The ruling was upheld on appeal in September 2021.[148] In November 2021, a coroner's inquest into the deaths of two British victims concluded with a verdict of unlawful killing.[149]

Commemorative

Shortly after the crash, a memorial stone in memory of the victims was erected near the crash site in Le Vernet.[150] The following month, about 1,400 relatives of victims, senior politicians, rescue workers, and airline employees attended a memorial service at Cologne Cathedral.[151] The parents of Andreas Lubitz were invited to the service but did not attend.[152]

The remains of 15 of the 16 school children and their two teachers arrived in their home town of Haltern for burial two months after the crash. Residents held white roses as the hearses passed the children's school, where 18 trees—one for each victim—had been planted as a memorial.[153] In Düsseldorf on the same day, the remains of 44 of the 72 German victims arrived for burial. Errors on the victims' death certificates had caused a delay.[154]

In September 2017, a sculpture called Sonnenkugel ("Sunsphere") was installed at the site of the crash. The sculpture consists of 149 gold-coloured aluminium plates which form a sphere around a crystal-shaped column. The column holds 149 wooden spheres, which in turn hold personal mementos provided by the victims' family members.[155] [156]

Second anniversary

The Lubitz family held a press conference on 24 March 2017 (the 2nd Anniversary of the Crash), two years after the crash. Lubitz's father said the family did not accept the official investigative findings that Andreas Lubitz deliberately caused the crash or that he had been depressed at the time. Aviation journalist Tim van Beveren published a report which asserted that Lubitz could have fallen unconscious, that the cockpit door lock had malfunctioned on previous flights, and that potentially dangerous turbulence had been reported in the area on the day of the crash. Van Beveren had been commissioned by the family and was present at the press conference. The timing of the press conference by Lubitz's father, on the anniversary of the crash, was criticised by families of the victims, who were holding their own remembrances on that day.[157] [158] [159] [160]

Dramatisation

The crash was dramatised in season 16 of the Canadian TV series Mayday in an episode entitled "Murder in the Skies".[161] The episode aired on 24 January 2017.[162]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 13 March 2016. Final Investigation Report: Accident to the Airbus A320-211, registered D-AIPX and operated by Germanwings, flight GWI18G, on 03/24/15 at Prads-Haute-Bléone. 26 March 2016. Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety. – PDF of the English translation of the final report, and the original French version (which the BEA notes on PDF p. 2/110 of the English PDF is the primary work of reference)
  2. Web site: Ce que l'on sait du crash de l'Airbus A320 entre Digne et Barcelonnette . What is known about the crash of the Airbus A320 between Digne and Barcelonnette . . fr . 24 March 2015 . 24 March 2015.
  3. Web site: No survivors from German airliner crash in French Alps. 25 March 2015. Al Jazeera. 25 March 2015.
  4. Web site: 2015-03-26 . Lufthansa boss says Germanwings crash evidence 'beyond worst nightmare' . 2024-02-20 . France 24 . en.
  5. Web site: Richards . Victoria . 2015-03-26 . Read the full transcript of the Germanwings press conference . 2024-02-20 . The Independent . en.
  6. Web site: (4U) Germanwings 9525 Flight Status . Flightstats . 24 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150325002254/http://www.flightstats.com/go/FlightStatus/flightStatusByFlight.do?airline=4U&flightNumber=9525 . 25 March 2015 . dead .
  7. Web site: Germanwings (4U) #9525 ✈ 24-Mar-2015 ✈ LEBL / BCN – EDDL / DUS . FlightAware . 24 March 2015 . 24 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150324132430/https://uk.flightaware.com/live/flight/GWI9525/history/20150324/0835Z/LEBL/EDDL . 24 March 2015 . dead .
  8. News: Clark . Nicola . Bilefsky . Dan . Germanwings Pilot Was Locked Out of Cockpit Before Crash in France . . 26 March 2015 . 26 March 2015.
  9. News: Germanwings flight 4U9525 crashes in French Alps with 150 on board – live updates . The Guardian . 25 March 2015 . 12 April 2015. Siddique . Haroon . Willsher . Kim . Topping . Alexandra . Yuhas . Alan . Safi . Michael . Phipps . Claire .
  10. News: As it happened: Airbus A320 crash . . 24 March 2015.
  11. News: Alps plane crash: What happened? . . 26 March 2015 . 29 March 2015.
  12. News: What Happened on the Germanwings Flight . . 25 March 2015 . 25 March 2015.
  13. Web site: . Ce que l'on sait sur le crash de l'A320 dans les Alpes . What is known about the crash of the A320 in the Alps . 25 March 2015 . 26 March 2015 . fr.
  14. News: The Independent . Germanwings plane crash: Airbus A320 glide to destruction 'took 18 minutes not 8' . 25 March 2015 . 25 March 2015.
  15. Web site: BEA . BEA Pressconference 25.05.2015 slides . 25 March 2015 . 26 March 2015.
  16. News: Rosnoblet . Jean Francois . German Airbus crashes in French Alps with 150 dead, black box found . Reuters . 24 March 2015.
  17. Web site: German Airbus A320 plane crashes in French Alps . The Guardian . 24 March 2015 . 24 March 2015.
  18. News: A320 crashes: Germanwings Flight down in southern France. Withnall. Adam. 24 March 2015. The Independent. 24 March 2015.
  19. Web site: Notice F. Thouvenot. isterre.fr. fr. 20 January 2020.
  20. Web site: Condolencias de MeteoCampoo Accidente GWI9525 . The condolences of MeteoCampoo for the GWI9525 accident . Meteo Campoo . 27 March 2015 . es.
  21. Web site: Germanwings Airbus A320 crashes in French Alps with 150 people on board: as it happened . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11493475/Germanwings-Airbus-A320-crashes-in-French-Alp-as-it-happened.html . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live . . 24 March 2015 . 27 March 2015.
  22. Web site: Analysis: Crash of Germanwings Flight 9525 – Investigation and Latest Responses . vindobona.org . 25 March 2015 . 12 April 2015.
  23. Web site: Germanwings Flight 4U9525 crashed in identical spot as 1953 air disaster in French Alps near Barcelonette. Gover. Dominic. 24 March 2015. International Business Times. 12 April 2015.
  24. News: Reuters . Plane crashes in French Alps, 150 feared dead . Grand Forks Herald . 24 March 2015 . 24 March 2015 . 24 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150324163520/http://www.grandforksherald.com/news/3706450-plane-crashes-french-alps-150-feared-dead . dead .
  25. Web site: Crash of an A320 in south of France – more details . Airlive . 24 March 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150324163259/http://www.airlive.net/2015/03/breaking-crash-of-a320-in-south-of.html . 24 March 2015.
  26. News: 150 killed in French Alps aircrash . Press Association . Echo . 24 March 2015.
  27. News: Pamela . Engel . Michael B. . Kelley . A plane with 150 people aboard crashed in France – no survivors expected . 24 March 2015 . 28 May 2022 . Business Insider .
  28. News: Zahl der deutschen Opfer steigt auf 72 . Number of German toll rises to 72 . . 25 March 2015 . 25 March 2015 . de.
  29. News: Spain raises Spanish death toll on Germanwings flight to 51 . Reuters . 25 March 2015 . 25 March 2015.
  30. News: Quiénes eran los argentinos fallecidos en la tragedia aérea de Germanwings en Francia . Who were the Argentinians who died in the Germanwings tragedy in France . . 24 March 2015 . 25 March 2015 . es.
  31. News: На борту разбившегося во Франции самолета находились трое граждан Казахстана . On board the aircraft crashed in France were three citizens of Kazakhstan . . 25 March 2015 . 25 March 2015 . ru.
  32. News: Alps air crash killed three Britons, says Hammond . . 25 March 2015 . 25 March 2015.
  33. Web site: Third American Killed in Germanwings Crash, State Department Says . HuffPost . 25 March 2015 . 25 March 2015.
  34. News: Germanwings plane crash: Two Australians among 150 victims of Airbus A320 crash, which included 16 school children . 25 March 2015 . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 25 March 2015.
  35. Web site: Dos colombianos viajaban en el avión que chocó en los Alpes franceses . Two Colombians were aboard the plane that crashed in the French Alps . . 24 March 2015 . 24 March 2015 . es.
  36. News: Tasnim Reporter Among Germanwings Crash Victims . . 25 March 2015 . 25 March 2015 .
  37. Web site: Two Japanese feared dead in French Alps plane crash; voice recorder found . The Japan Times . 26 March 2015.
  38. News: SRE identifica a 2 mexicanas que murieron en avionazo . SRE identifies 2 Mexicans who died in a plane crash . 25 March 2015 . . 25 March 2015. Mexico City . es.
  39. Web site: ثنائي مغربي ضمن ضحايا الطائرة المتحطّمة على التراب الفرنسي . Two Moroccan victims were in the aircraft that crashed on French soil . Hespress . 24 March 2015 . 24 March 2015 . ar.
  40. News: Germanwings includes two Venezuelans among plane crash victims . El Universal . 25 March 2015 . 25 March 2015.
  41. News: Belg onder doden vliegtuigcrash . Belgian among the dead in airplane crash . . 24 March 2015 . 24 March 2015 . nl.
  42. Web site: Chilena figura entre las víctimas fatales de avión accidentado en Francia . Chilean among the dead victims of the aircraft accident in France . EMOL . 25 March 2015 . 25 March 2015 . es.
  43. Web site: Dansker blandt de omkomne i flystyrt . Dane died in plane crash . Gudmund . de Stordeur . nyhederne.tv2.dk . 24 March 2015 . 24 March 2015 . da .
  44. News: Israeli among 150 killed in Germanwings crash named . Itamar . Eichner . . 24 March 2015 . 24 March 2015 .
  45. News: Zeker één Nederlandse dode bij crash Frankrijk . Certainly one Dutch dead in France crash . nos.nl . 24 March 2015 . nl.
  46. Web site: French police confirm – No survivors after plane crash – as it happened . . 24 March 2015. 24 March 2015.
  47. News: Germanwings Flight 9525 crash: 2 Americans among 150 killed . 25 March 2015 . AL.com . 25 March 2015.
  48. Web site: Germanwings A320 Crash Victims Include 15 German Schoolchildren, Local Media Reports . 24 March 2015 . International Business Times . 24 March 2015.
  49. Web site: As Night Falls, Officials Call Off Search Operation For German Plane . 25 March 2015 . wusfnews . wusf.usf.edu . 28 March 2015.
  50. Web site: Germanwings plane crash: two opera singers confirmed among dead . 24 March 2015 . The Guardian . 5 September 2015.
  51. News: Maria Radner: Internationally acclaimed contralto who was due to make her Bayreuth Festival debut later this year. Humphreys. Garry. 26 March 2015. The Independent. 31 March 2015.
  52. Web site: Who was Patrick Sondenheimer, the captain of Germanwings Flight 9525? . 31 March 2015 . 31 March 2015 . Catherine E. . Shoichet . CNN.
  53. Web site: Crash: Germanwings A320 near Barcelonnette on Mar 24th 2015, lost height and impacted terrain . The Aviation Herald . 24 March 2015.
  54. Web site: Sawer . Patrick . Andreas Lubitz: Everything we know about Germanwings plane crash co-pilot . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11496066/Andreas-Lubitz-Everything-we-know-about-Germanwings-plane-crash-co-pilot.html . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live . . 29 March 2015 . 29 March 2015.
  55. News: Germanwings Co-Pilot Named as Andreas Lubitz . The Wall Street Journal . 26 March 2015 . Dow Jones & Co. . 26 March 2015.
  56. News: Germanwings crash: Who was co-pilot Andreas Lubitz? . . 23 March 2015 . 26 March 2015.
  57. Web site: What we know so far about Andreas Lubitz, the co-pilot who "deliberately" crashed the Germanwings plane. Kozlowska. Hanna. 26 March 2015. Quartz. 28 March 2015.
  58. News: Nicholas . Kulish . Nicola . Clark . Germanwings Crash Exposes History of Denial on Risk of Pilot Suicide . 18 April 2015 . 18 April 2015 . The New York Times.
  59. Web site: Andreas Lubitz: first picture of Germanwings co-pilot's father emerges . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/germanwings-plane-crash/11508919/Andreas-Lubitz-first-picture-of-Germanwings-co-pilots-father.html . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live . 1 April 2015 . The Daily Telegraph.
  60. Web site: Germanwings Flight 9525 co-pilot said to be "happy" with his job . 26 March 2015 . CBS News . 29 August 2015.
  61. News: Lufthansa flight school knew of crash pilot's depression . 31 March 2015 . 12 April 2015 . Reuters.
  62. Web site: Germanwings Plane Crash Investigation . 26 March 2015 . The Guardian . 26 March 2015.
  63. Web site: Lufthansa helps investigation progress. 31 March 2015. lufthansagroup.com. Germany. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402223020/http://www.lufthansagroup.com/en/press/news-releases/singleview/archive/2015/march/31/article/3485.html. 2 April 2015. 18 April 2015.
  64. Web site: Officials: German pilot in crash trained in Goodyear . 26 March 2015 . Phoenix . Ruecker said Lubitz also trained in Goodyear, Arizona. . . 28 March 2015.
  65. News: Andreas Lubitz, Who Loved to Fly, Ended Up on a Mysterious and Deadly Course . Ewing . Jack . Eddy . Melissa . 26 March 2015 . . 5 October 2016.
  66. News: Germanwings crash: Pilot confidentiality 'should be relaxed' . 13 March 2016 . . 23 May 2021.
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  141. Web site: Lufthansa offers victims' families initial 50,000 euros . . 27 March 2015 . 29 March 2015 .
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  148. News: 15 September 2021. Hinterbliebene scheitern erneut mit Schadensersatzforderung. Die Zeit . The bereaved fail again with a claim for damages . de . Zimmermann . Konstantin .
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  150. News: Flowers surround memorial for Alps crash victims . ITV . 27 March 2015 . 8 June 2015.
  151. Web site: Germanwings flight relatives attend memorial service in Cologne. Connolly. Kate. 17 April 2015. The Guardian. 6 May 2015.
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  153. News: Germanwings crash: School victims return home . 10 June 2015 . . 11 June 2015.
  154. News: Germanwings crash: Victims' remains land in Duesseldorf . 10 June 2015 . . 11 June 2015.
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  157. News: James. Rothwell . Father of Germanwings suicide pilot Andreas Lubitz angers victims' families as he protests son's innocence . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/03/24/father-germanwings-suicide-pilot-andreas-lubitz-angers-victims/ . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live . . 24 March 2017.
  158. News: My son was not depressed,' father of Germanwings co-pilot says . . 24 March 2017.
  159. News: Vater des Piloten erhebt schwere Vorwürfe gegen Ermittler . Father of the pilot raises serious accusations against investigators . . 22 March 2017 . de.
  160. News: Vater von Andreas Lubitz: 'Unser Sohn war zum Zeitpunkt des Absturzes nicht depressiv' . Our son was not depressed at the time of the crash . . 24 March 2017 . de.
  161. Murder in the Skies . . . 16 .
  162. Web site: 24 January 2017 . Season 16, Episode 7 [S14 E6 for the US]'Murder in the Skies' ]. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170729234903/https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/mayday/episode-7-season-16/murder-in-the-skies/348386/ . July 29, 2017 . 8 July 2017 . TV Guide.

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