2012 Georgian parliamentary election explained

Election Name:2012 Georgian parliamentary election
Type:parliamentary
Previous Election:2008 Georgian parliamentary election
Previous Year:2008
Next Election:2016 Georgian parliamentary election
Next Year:2016
Seats For Election:All 150 seats in Parliament
Majority Seats:76
Election Date:1 October 2012
Turnout:61.31% (8.49 pp)[1]
1Blank:Constituency vote
2Blank:%
3Blank:National vote
4Blank:% and swing
Candidate1:Bidzina Ivanishvili
Party1:Georgian Dream
Leader Since1:21 April 2012
Last Election1:Did not exist
Seat Change1:83
1Data1:1,141,404
2Data1:53.47%
3Data1:1,181,862
4Data1:54.13%
Candidate2:Mikheil Saakashvili
Party2:United National Movement (Georgia)
Leader Since2:October 2001
Last Election2:119 seats, 59.18%
Seat Change2:54
1Data2:869,109
2Data2:40.72%
3Data2:867,432
4Data2:40.34% 18.84pp
Map Size:350px
Prime Minister
Before Election:Vano Merabishvili
Before Party:United National Movement (Georgia)
After Election:Bidzina Ivanishvili
After Party:Georgian Dream
Country:Georgia (country)

Parliamentary elections were held in Georgia on 1 October 2012. The opposition Georgian Dream coalition of billionaire businessman Bidzina Ivanishvili won a majority of the seats. President Mikheil Saakashvili conceded his party's defeat.

The elections were held in accordance with a reformed electoral system agreed upon by the government and several opposition parties in 2011.[2] 77 of the 150 seats were allocated proportionally to party lists, the remaining 73 to the winners in single-member constituencies. The new parliament was relocated from the capital of Tbilisi to the country's second largest city of Kutaisi later, in 2012.[2] A new government was also formed following the 2013 presidential election as envisaged by the 2010 constitutional amendments.[3] South Ossetia and Abkhazia did not vote.

Background

Protests

See main article: 2007 Georgian demonstrations, 2009 Georgian demonstrations and 2011 Georgian protests. In 2009, opposition parties together held protests to demand the resignation of President Mikheil Saakashvili accusing him of concentrating power to himself, using riot police to crush opposition rallies in 2007. Protests seeking the president's resignation were suppressed once again in 2011.

2010 constitutional amendments

According to the amendments to the Constitution of Georgia passed on 15 October 2010, the Parliament elected in 2012 would have to form a new government after the constitutional amendments entered into force upon the inauguration of the next president, who was to be elected in October 2013. The amendments envisaged significant reduction of the powers of President in favor of Prime Minister of Georgia and the government.[3] According to another amendment, passed on 1 July 2011, the parliament elected in 2012 would be permanently relocated from Tbilisi to the country's second largest city of Kutaisi.[2]

2010–2011 electoral reform talks

In November 2010, the United National Movement and several opposition parties launched talks in order to develop a new electoral system. On 27 June 2011, the UNM succeeded in getting a majority of the votes for its proposed electoral system reform, effectively splintering the Group of Eight opposition coalition. Two members of the coalition — the Christian-Democratic Movement (CDM), and the New Rights, as well as two other opposition parties – the National-Democratic Party, and On Our Own — signed a deal with the UNM on a reformed electoral system, envisaging, among other provisions, an increase in the number of parliamentary seats up to 190 (83 majoritarian and 107 proportional seats).[4] Six of the former coalition members — National Forum, Our Georgia – Free Democrats (OGFD), Conservative Party, Republican Party, Georgia's Way, and the People's Party — refused to join the deal and unveiled a new alliance on 8 July, though it collapsed on 6 October.[5]

Parties

Campaign

Democratic Movement – United Georgia, a radical opposition party led by Nino Burjanadze, which had refused to join the electoral reform talks, was behind the May 21–26, 2011 rallies, which ended with a clash with police, leaving four dead.[6]

On 7 October 2011, Bidzina Ivanishvili, a multi-billionaire businessman and philanthropist, who had formerly been on good terms with the authorities, stirred up the political scene of Georgia by unleashing criticism of the Saakashvili government and announcing his intention to establish a political party and to run in the 2012 parliamentary elections.[7] He named the Republican Party, led by David Usupashvili, and Our Georgia – Free Democrats, led by Irakli Alasania, among his future partners.[8] In a written statement, Ivanishvili revealed that, beyond dual Georgian and Russian citizenship, he also had a French passport. As a result, the Georgian civil registry agency ruled his Georgian citizenship had become invalid. According to the law, only Georgian citizens can set up or fund a political party.[9] In May 2012, the parliament voted to allow European Union citizens to become MPs. On 27 May 2012, Ivanishvili and his Georgian Dream alliance announced the start of the campaign, drawing tens of thousands of supporters in a large anti-government rally in downtown Tbilisi.[10]

Because Ivanishvili was unsatisfied with the format proposed for the country's public TV broadcaster's election debates on September 9 and September 18, his Georgian Dream coalition refused to take part in them - the country's first such events. Ivanishvili would not debate prime minister Vano Merabishvili and would meet only Mikheil Saakashvili, saying: "I respect Vano, but [debates with him] will not work”.[11] [12] [13]

Demonstrations

After the screening of a video on Maestro TV and Ivanishvili's TV9 channel, showing torture in a Georgian prison, demonstrators called for Saakashvili's resignation. While the video was labeled as having been made by "politically motivated persons," the national prosecutor's office announced the arrests of 10 people, including the head of the Prison No.8 in Tbilisi,[14] two deputies and prison guards. The interior minister, Bacho Akhalaia, resigned, as well as the Corrections and Legal Assistance Minister, Khatuna Kalmakhelidze. Saakashvili said: "Tonight, I tell all the victims of these inhuman actions and the whole nation that the Georgia we have built and we are all building together shall not and will not tolerate such behaviour - in its prisons or anywhere else. Those who committed these crimes will spend long years in jail, as will those who bribed guards to stage these horrors and film them." At a televised meeting later with prime minister Merabishvili, justice minister Zurab Adeishvili, prosecutor-general Murtaz Zodelava and new prisons service chief Giorgi Lortkipanidze,[15] he called for reforms, saying: "This system, the way it is now, should be entirely abolished." It was, he added, "an emergency" and he ordered that patrol police officers should perform prison duties until reforms were enacted.[16]

Foreign support

The foreign ministers of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania arrived in Georgia on 17 September in support of the democratic process, political reforms in the country and Georgia's "Euro-Atlantic integration." They were due to meet with President Saakashvili, Speaker of Parliament David Bakradze, Secretary of the National Security Council Giga Bokeria, unnamed opposition figures and the EU's electoral Monitoring Mission. This followed a visit by the foreign ministers of Sweden and Poland the previous week in order to discuss preparations for the election with unnamed national leaders and opposition figures.[17]

Electoral observers

The OSCE electoral observer team's Tonino Picula said on 23 August said his organization's monitors "had seen a growing political polarization in the country. They were particularly concerned by the practice of the State Audit Office of using broad discretionary authority to investigate the legality of individual or party spending and making questionable decisions and imposing harsh penalties without clear or transparent guidelines. The fines levied were disproportionate and apparently being applied in a selective manner mainly targeting one political subject".[18] President of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly Riccardo Migliori added that "there was little part of Leninism in Georgian electoral campaign, rather than presenting programs, they were trying to destroy their enemies."[19] [20]

Results

Party vote

By region

RegionUnited National Movement
48.05% 47.06%
58.79% 37.33%
57.87% 37.47%
62.84% 32.64%
57.53% 37.01%
51.48% 42.92%
38.72% 57.05%
38.61% 55.23%
46.45% 48.63%
29.44% 67.03%
68.27% 27.15%
align=left colspan=9Source: Election Portal

By constituency

ConstituencyTurnoutGDUNMCDMGLPOthersLead
Mtatsminda76.9062.5633.441.040.962.0029.12
Vake72.0071.7923.621.331.022.2448.17
Saburtalo70.6970.6325.061.161.092.0645.57
Krtsanisi57.0558.4537.671.301.141.4420.78
Isani54.9564.5831.061.651.431.2833.52
Samgori57.3964.5130.612.211.541.1333.90
Chughureti63.0168.3627.071.441.411.7241.29
Didube69.5670.3925.161.311.321.8245.23
Nadzaladevi60.6572.6022.841.701.491.3749.76
Gldani57.4770.0525.401.771.591.1944.65
Sagarejo54.0057.1439.431.420.891.1217.71
Gurjaani67.0045.0349.332.622.001.024.30
Sighnaghi66.6649.0746.691.731.411.102.38
Dedoplistskaro61.0949.1847.201.701.040.881.98
Lagodekhi59.7139.0556.142.491.121.2017.09
Kvareli68.4645.9249.392.340.971.383.47
Telavi60.4749.3744.413.291.541.394.96
Akhmeta58.9351.5643.862.121.530.937.70
Tianeti66.7258.5638.700.681.250.8119.86
Rustavi59.9756.3438.432.291.641.3017.91
Gardabani51.9341.2955.501.020.871.3214.21
Marneuli43.9817.4278.911.580.201.8961.49
Bolnisi48.4429.4966.991.430.461.6337.50
Dmanisi53.4725.7869.832.010.621.7644.05
Tsalka35.5928.2867.821.510.501.8939.54
Tetritskaro54.2450.9944.741.970.981.326.25
Mtskheta67.4762.6433.171.421.751.0229.47
Dusheti61.5063.9030.310.923.940.9333.59
Kazbegi58.6670.3527.041.450.460.7043.31
Kaspi62.3656.7839.491.471.241.0217.29
Gori64.2447.8546.692.601.681.181.16
Kareli60.9654.0040.402.751.831.0213.60
Khashuri64.4958.2436.172.111.951.5322.07
Borjomi65.2463.3332.761.921.050.9430.57
Akhaltsikhe65.6321.3475.041.940.750.9353.70
Adigeni69.4626.6669.871.750.591.1343.21
Aspindza73.2523.2971.431.911.032.3448.14
Akhalkalaki54.7221.2976.540.680.081.4155.25
Ninotsminda60.0717.1379.591.490.051.7462.46
Oni67.2553.1542.292.360.641.5610.86
Ambrolauri73.8750.4844.672.211.241.405.81
Tsageri69.5440.5454.073.011.021.3613.53
Lentekhi67.2242.1053.551.690.781.8811.45
Mestia68.9750.9843.873.730.421.007.11
Kharagauli74.1751.2044.892.330.670.916.31
Terjola70.4247.4747.632.520.991.390.16
Sachkhere76.9193.425.650.450.180.3087.77
Zestafoni66.6660.8035.301.751.210.9425.50
Baghdati63.4449.0046.222.131.441.212.78
Vani64.3637.0058.761.550.971.7221.76
Samtredia65.1354.9441.421.690.990.9613.52
Khoni66.4347.3448.561.670.981.451.22
Chiatura65.3575.0522.451.250.560.6952.60
Tkibuli62.6446.7547.602.251.172.230.85
Tskaltubo58.3241.1352.073.391.841.5710.94
Kutaisi54.8057.3736.093.401.741.4021.28
Ozurgeti66.6759.4936.482.170.970.8923.01
Lanchkhuti70.7061.4534.891.540.901.2226.56
Chokhatauri73.2552.4244.181.290.661.458.24
Abasha66.2437.7956.662.691.501.3618.87
Senaki59.1737.3155.883.611.851.3518.57
Martvili60.7840.3453.502.911.042.2113.16
Khobi62.8737.2456.463.291.361.6519.22
Zugdidi46.2932.5161.602.671.082.1429.09
Tsalenjikha52.4531.7862.612.691.021.9030.83
Chkhorotsqu63.9835.6657.923.000.862.5622.26
Poti58.4258.6035.792.991.241.3822.81
Batumi59.7365.3729.921.971.161.5835.45
Keda71.3444.9748.144.050.951.893.17
Kobuleti57.5456.7338.832.351.230.8617.90
Shuakhevi64.3928.5261.466.391.582.0532.94
Khelvachauri59.5663.8230.972.721.181.3132.85
Khulo60.8534.5658.244.031.002.1723.68
AbroadN/A53.4341.921.641.041.9711.51
align=left colspan=9Source: CEC

Constituency Vote

District Elected Candidate %Runner-up%Lead
Mtatsminda1Zaza Papuashvili (GD)61.46Archil Gegenava (UNM)37.1424.32
Vake2Shalva Shavgulidze (GD)69.72Giorgi Karbelashvili (UNM)25.4244.30
Saburtalo3David Usupashvili (GD)66.09Andria Urushadze (UNM)25.0341.06
Krtsanisi4Shota Khabareli (GD)57.18David Sakvarelidze (UNM)39.3417.84
Isani5Nukri Kantaria (GD)62.84Giorgi Vashadze (UNM)32.9229.92
Samgori6Zurab Abashidze (GD)64.28Mikheil Machavariani (UNM)30.4633.82
Chugureti7Victor Dolidze (GD)66.94Andro Alavidze (UNM)29.5837.36
Didube8Vakhtang Khmaladze (GD)71.04Giorgi Chachanidze (UNM)25.3445.70
Nadzaladevi9Thea Tsulukiani (GD)72.19Merab Samadashvili (UNM)23.9448.25
Gldani10Soso Jachvliani (GD)68.51Nikoloz Khachirashvili (UNM)26.3842.13
Sagarejo11Tina Khidasheli (GD)54.99Gia Chalatashvili (UNM)42.0212.97
Gurjaani12Giorgi Gviniashvili (UNM)51.29Manana Berikashvili (GD)43.607.69
Signagi13Gela Gelashvili (GD)49.01Levan Bezhashvili (UNM)47.002.01
Dedoplistsqaro14Zaza Kedelashvili (UNM)49.67Aleksandre Tamazashvili (GD)47.562.11
Lagodekhi15Giorgi Gozalishvili (UNM)57.99Eldar Kurtanidze (GD)36.9521.04
Qvareli16Marika Verulashvili (UNM)50.15Davit Kevkhishvili (GD)46.084.07
Telavi17Gela Samkharauli (GD)47.51Vasil Davitashvili (UNM)44.443.07
Akhmeta18Zurab Zviadauri (GD)51.05Petre Tsiskarishvili (UNM)45.325.73
Tianeti19Zakaria Kutsnashvili (GD)59.02Giorgi Abashvili (UNM)39.7319.29
Rustavi20Zviad Dzidziguri (GD)54.16Mamuka Chikovani (UNM)41.1712.99
Gardabani21Giorgi Peikrishvili (UNM)57.26Mamuka Areshidze (GD)40.4016.86
Marneuli22Azer Suleimanov (UNM)79.80Makhir Darziev (GD)16.4863.32
Bolnisi23Koba Nakopia (UNM)67.98Darejan Chkhetiani (GD)28.8739.11
Dmanisi24Kakha Okriashvili (UNM)74.93Paata Khizanishvili (GD)22.4952.44
Tsalka25Revaz Shavlokhashvili (UNM)69.37Ayk Meltonyan (GD)21.1848.19
Tetritsqaro26Davit Bezhuashvili (UNM)47.98Shalva Khachapuridze (GD)46.571.41
Mtskheta27Dimitri Khundadze (GD)60.59Andro Kalandadze (UNM)34.8225.77
Dusheti28Erekle Tripolski (GD)61.88Nino Khutsishvili (UNM)31.3130.57
Kazbegi29Mirian Tsiklauri (GD)69.16Gocha Malania (UNM)28.2340.93
Kaspi30Davit Onoprishvili (GD)55.16Kakhaber Khachirashvili (UNM)40.3914.77
Gori31Soso Vakhtangashvili (GD)47.43Giorgi Tatishvili (UNM)46.191.24
Kareli32Leri Khabelov (GD)50.74Ilia Burjanadze (UNM)39.6511.09
Khashuri33Valery Gelashvili (GD)57.75Sergo Kitiashvili (UNM)33.6124.14
Borjomi34Gedevan Popkhadze (GD)58.01Mamuka Khvedeliani (UNM)36.5421.47
Akhaltsikhe35Vazha Chitashvili (UNM)80.37Guram Kutaladze (GD)18.0362.34
Adigeni36Zurab Chilingarashvili (UNM)74.35Bidzina Gujabidze (GD)25.6548.70
Aspindza37Tariel Londaridze (UNM)76.36Temur Maisuradze (GD)20.9255.44
Akhalkalaki38Samvel Petrosyan (UNM)77.70Norik Karapetyan (GD)20.1357.57
Ninotsminda39Enzel Mkoyan (UNM)83.57Albert Nurbegyan (GD)14.9368.64
Oni40Tamaz Japaridze (GD)50.48Valerian Gavasheli (UNM)47.223.26
Ambrolauri41Gocha Enukidze (UNM)48.11Davit Darakhvelidze (GD)46.661.45
Tsageri42Sergo Khabuliani (UNM)61.36Mamuka Chachkhiani (GD)35.4325.93
Lentekhi43Gogi Liparteliani (UNM)69.97Gia Gazdeliani (GD)27.6942.28
Mestia44Victor Japaridze (GD)49.73Kandid Kvitsiani (UNM)44.705.03
Kharagauli45Nodar Ebanoidze (GD)47.82Mamuka Chkoidze (UNM)47.150.67
Terjola46Kakha Butskhrikidze (UNM)48.78Zaal Gogsadze (GD)45.453.33
Sachkhere47Manana Kobakhidze (GD)92.71Zurab Tsertsvadze (UNM)6.9885.73
Zestafoni48Gogi Kavtaradze (GD)57.86Zurab Butskhrikidze (UNM)37.8520.01
Baghdati49Archil Kbilashvili (GD)49.30Temur Kokhodze (UNM)48.740.56
Vani50Paata Lezhava (UNM)59.99Goderdzi Tkeshelashvili (GD)36.0723.92
Samtredia51Kakha Kaladze (GD)53.63Merab Janelidze (UNM)43.919.72
Khoni52Davit Chavchanidze (UNM)48.75Nikoloz Sanodze (GD)46.901.85
Chiatura53Malkhaz Tsereteli (GD)71.15Prokop Chikviladze (UNM)27.0744.08
Tkibuli54Eliso Chapidze (GD)52.03Pavle Kublashvili (UNM)45.266.77
Tsqaltubo55Akaki Bobokhidze (UNM)51.64Paata Zakareishvili (GD)40.8610.78
Kutaisi56Gubaz Sanikidze (GD)54.23Giorgi Tevdoradze (UNM)36.8917.34
Ozurgeti57Zviad Kvachantiradze (GD)58.29Ramaz Nikolaishvili (UNM)37.5020.79
Lanchkhuti58Temur Chkhaidze (GD)62.28Giorgi Goguadze (UNM)36.5825.70
Chokhatauri59Temur Tchkuaseli (GD)51.19Manana Jincharadze (UNM)46.774.42
Abasha60Davit Dartsmelidze (UNM)58.12Irakli Sabulua (GD)36.3821.74
Martvili61Nauli Janashia (UNM)52.95Miriane Odisharia (GD)34.9617.99
Senaki62Guram Misabishvili (UNM)58.53Murtaz Khurtsilava (GD)38.2820.25
Khobi63Goderdzi Bukia (UNM)56.08Giga Bukia (GD)35.6720.41
Zugdidi64Roland Akhalaia (UNM)57.27Irakli Alasania (GD)36.0121.26
Tsalenjikha65Levan Kardava (UNM)64.10Giorgi Nachkebia (GD)29.6434.46
Ckhorotsqu66Vakhtang Lemonjava (UNM)59.46Levan Izoria (GD)37.1722.29
Poti67Eka Beselia (GD)57.23Tengiz Sarishvili (UNM)36.8120.42
Batumi68Murman Dumbadze (GD)63.29Giorgi Baramidze (UNM)31.2932.00
Keda69Iasha Shervashidze (UNM)48.14Davit Ananidze (GD)44.443.70
Kobuleti70Pati Khalvashi (GD)55.42Gela Tskhomelidze (UNM)39.6415.78
Shuakhevi71Omar Megrelidze (UNM)62.58Shota Zoidze (GD)26.7235.86
Khelvachauri72Rostom Khalvashi (GD)63.49Teimuraz Dumbadze (UNM)30.9632.53
Khulo73Anzor Bolkvadze (UNM)57.93Zia Saginadze (GD)32.6625.27

Reactions

On the day after the elections, President Saakashvili conceded that his United National Movement had been defeated. He announced that power would be transferred to a new government formed by the victorious Georgian Dream coalition. Georgian Dream leader Ivanishvili called on the president to resign to avoid a "sort of dual power situation," but took back this demand on the day after. The opposition coalition formed a three-person working group to consult with the outgoing executives over a smooth shift of power. On 4 October, the UNM formed a four-member team to negotiate with the incoming parliamentary majority.

Georgian Dream activists gathered in front of some District Election Commissions in constituencies where UNM candidates were leading, according to official preliminary results. The chairman of the Central Election Commission, Zurab Kharatishvili, complained that electoral commissioners had been intimidated. Prominent Georgian Dream politician Irakli Alasania claimed there had been manipulations in some precincts. Representatives of the joint opposition list challenged the official figures and asserted that Georgian Dream had won more seats than announced by the Electoral Commission. However, on 4 October Ivanishvili prompted his supporters to halt their protests in front of District Election Commissions.

International

Russia - Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said on the day after the elections that "information on results of the elections demonstrates the people of that country are looking for changes. If those results become a reality – Georgia’s political landscape will be more versatile. This is only positive, as, most likely, this means more constructive and responsible forces will appear in the parliament. United Russia, being the leading political force in Russia, is ready for a dialogue on future of the Russia-Georgia relations".[21]

Russian Foreign Ministry’s spokesman Alexander Lukashevich said "I hope for constructive changes to let us normalise the relations. We will be judging not by statements, but by deeds”. At the same time, he warned Georgia’s new ruling power that Russia was not going to hold any negotiations on the law on "occupied territories", which Georgia adopted following the 2008 South Ossetia war. Lukashevich said that Russia would refer to the "Republic of Abkhazia" and "Republic of Ossetia" and not use the term "occupied territories".[21]

Chairman of the State Duma’s Committee on the CIS and compatriots Leonid Slutsky said "Georgia’s parliament will be managed by people, who oppose the present regime of Mikheil Saakashvili, and there is hope of a positive element in relations between Russia and Georgia."[21]

Aftermath

2013 District Nº9 by-election

27 April 2013.

2013 District Nº52 by-election

27 April 2013.

2013 District Nº54 by-election

27 April 2013.

2015 District Nº11 by-election

31 October 2015.

2015 District Nº65 by-election

31 October 2015.

Notes and References

  1. https://archiveresults.cec.gov.ge/results/2012/index.html Results 2012
  2. Web site: Saakashvili Clarifies Position on Parliament Relocation Issue. Civil. 21 September 2012.
  3. Web site: Key Points of Newly Adopted Constitution . Civil. 21 September 2012.
  4. http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=23674 New Electoral System Outlined
  5. http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=24002 Coalition of Six Opposition Parties Collapses
  6. News: Protests in Georgia: On Rustaveli Avenue . The Economist. 21 September 2012. 4 June 2011.
  7. http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=24005 Billionaire Outlines Political Goals
  8. Web site: Ivanishvili Speaks of His Planned Political Party. Civil Georgia. 21 September 2012.
  9. News: Saakashvili foe Ivanishvili loses Georgian citizenship. BBC. 11 October 2011. 21 September 2012.
  10. News: Mass opposition rally in Tbilisi, Georgia . BBC. 21 September 2012. 27 May 2012.
  11. http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=25132 No Agreement on TV Debates, Civil Georgia, 21 August 2012
  12. http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=25163 Georgian Dream Snubs Planned TV Debates on Public Broadcaster, Civil Georgia, 31 August 2012
  13. http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=25197 Merabishvili, Natelashvili, Targamadze in TV Debates, Snubbed by Ivanishvili, Civil Georgia, 10 September 2012
  14. http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=25221 Saakashvili's Statement on Inmates' Abuse Videos, Civil Georgia, 19 September 2012
  15. http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=25228 Saakashvili Tasks PM Merabishvili to Oversee Prison System Reform, Civil Georgia, 19 September 2012
  16. Web site: Georgia prison abuse film sparks protests - Europe. Al Jazeera. 21 September 2012.
  17. Web site: Five Foreign Ministers Arrive in Georgia from EU Countries Due to Elections. https://web.archive.org/web/20130801111445/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/142048/five-foreign-ministers-arrive-in-georgia-from-eu-countries-due-to-elections.html. dead. 1 August 2013. Turkish Weekly. 17 September 2012. 21 September 2012.
  18. Web site: OSCE PA concludes pre-election visit to Georgia. Oscepa. 21 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20170401144347/http://www.oscepa.org/news-a-media/press-releases/1055-georgia-previsit-end. 1 April 2017. dead.
  19. Web site: OSCE statements firm in their stance on fair elections. The Messenger. 24 August 2012. 21 September 2012.
  20. Web site: Riccardo Migliori – There is Little Part of Leninism in this Electoral Campaign - News Agency InterpressNews . www.interpressnews.ge . 26 January 2022 . https://archive.today/20130213152112/http://www.interpressnews.ge/en/politics/40055-riccardo-migliori--there-is-little-part-of-leninism-in-this-electoral-campaign.html . 13 February 2013 . dead.
  21. http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c154/538783.html "Russian evaluation of Georgian Dream", ITAR Tass, 6 October 2012