Georgia–European Union relations explained

European Union–Georgia relations
Party1:European Union
Party2:Georgia
Map:European Union Georgia Locator 2013.png
Mission1:European Union Delegation, Tbilisi
Mission2:Mission of Georgia, Brussels

The European Union and Georgia have maintained relations since 1992, following an agreement between the former European Community and the newly independent Georgia.[1] In 2006, a five-year "Action Plan" of rapprochement was implemented in the context of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). In 2009, relations between the two were further upgraded under the auspices of Eastern Partnership. In 2016, a comprehensive Association Agreement between the EU and Georgia went into force, providing Georgian citizens with visa-free travel to the EU, as well as access to some sectors of the European Single Market. Following Brexit, most of the existing EU-Georgia agreements applicable to the United Kingdom were renegotiated and agreed upon in 2019 bilaterally with the United Kingdom.

Georgia is a candidate for EU membership. Both the governing Georgian Dream and opposition United National Movement support Georgia's integration in the EU, and nearly all parties in the Georgian parliament are pro-Western in orientation. A European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia has been operating since 2009. In January 2021, Georgia was preparing to formally apply for EU membership in 2024.[2] [3] However, on 3 March 2022, Georgia submitted its membership application ahead of schedule, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[4] In December 2023, EU officially granted candidate status to Georgia.[5]

In April 2023, a nationwide poll by the International Republican Institute found that 89 percent of Georgians support joining the EU, the highest number recorded for years.[6]

Adjara crisis (2004)

In Adjara, leader Aslan Abashidze was forced to resign in May 2004 following the Rose Revolution. EU CFSP Chief Javier Solana indicated in February 2007 that the EU could send troops to Georgia alongside Russian forces.[7]

South Ossetia crisis (2006–08)

In July 2006 the European Union referred to then recent developments in South Ossetia zone of and to the Resolution of the Georgian Parliament on Peacekeeping Forces Stationed in the Conflict Zones, which was adopted on 18 July 2006 as follows:

After the 2008 South Ossetia war an EU cease-fire monitoring mission in Georgia (EUMM Georgia) was sent to monitor the Russian troop withdrawal from "security zones" established by Russia around South Ossetia and Abkhazia.[8] The mission started on 1 October 2008[9] and was prolonged by the EU in July 2009 for one year while the EU expressed concern that Russia was blocking other observers from working there[10] A United Nations Security Council resolution aimed at extending its UN Observer Mission in Georgia was vetoed by Russia on 15 June 2009.[11]

European Neighbourhood Policy Action Plan (2006–11)

On 2 October 2006, a joint statement on the agreed text of the Georgia-European Union Action Plan within the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was issued. The Action Plan was formally approved at the EU-Georgia Cooperation Council session on 14 November 2006 in Brussels.[12]

Association Agreement (2013–present)

To enhance their relationship, the EU and Georgia began negotiating an Association Agreement (AA) and a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement. In November 2012, European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Stefan Fule stated that the AA negotiations could be finalized by November 2013.[13] In February 2013, Tamar Beruchachvili, the Deputy State Minister for European and Euro-Atlantic Integration of Georgia, stated that Georgia had no plans to join the Eurasian Economic Union,[14] which Fule has warned Ukraine would be incompatible with the agreements with the EU.[15] A ceremony on the initialling of the AA by the Georgian Foreign Minister Maia Panjikidze and EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton was held at the Eastern Partnership summit on 29 November 2013.[16] [17] It was formally signed on 27 June 2014,[18] and had to be ratified by the EU, Euratom, their member states and Georgia. A second agreement, governing the country's involvement in EU crisis management operations, was also signed.[19]

The Association Agreement, much of which provisionally came into force in September, has been fully ratified by Georgia and all EU member states. On 18 December 2014 the European Parliament approved the Association Agreement. Members backed the treaty by 490 votes in favour to 76 against, with 57 abstentions.[20] The agreement entered into force on 1 July 2016.

Ratification

The EU-Georgia Association Agreement was ratified by legislative bodies of every single EU member state. Detailed ratification timeline and vote counts are outlined in the below collapsible list (click the "show" button to expand the list):

+ class="nowrap" Full ratification timelineSignatoryDateInstitutionABDeposited[21] Reference
Austria8 July 2015National CouncilApproved28 August 2015[22]
23 July 2015Federal CouncilApproved
Presidential AssentGranted
Belgium
23 April 2015Chamber of Representatives10117201 February 2016[23] [24]
Royal Assent (federal law)
1 July 2015
(regional)
(community)
6324[25]
6124
22 June 2015German-speaking Community1621[26]
24 June 2015French Community7108[27]
20 November 2015Brussels Regional Parliament6933[28] [29]
20 November 2015
Brussels United
Assembly[30] 		(FR language)
(NL language)
5331[31] [32]
1402
17 June 2015
(regional)
(community)
8218[33]
8719
24 June 2015COCOF Assembly7108[34] [35]
Bulgaria24 July 2014National Assembly91009 September 2014[36]
28 July 2014Presidential AssentGranted[37]
Croatia12 December 2014Parliament1160124 March 2015[38]
18 December 2014Presidential AssentGranted[39]
Cyprus7 May 2015House of RepresentativesApproved18 August 2015[40]
22 May 2015Presidential AssentGranted [41]
Czech Republic18 March 2015Senate560612 June 2015[42]
29 April 2015Chamber of Deputies116151[43]
19 May 2015Presidential AssentGranted[44]
Denmark18 December 2014Parliament1017018 February 2015[45]
Estonia4 November 2014Assembly660012 January 2015[46] [47]
13 November 2014Presidential AssentGranted
European Union and EAEC18 December 2014European Parliament490765719 April 2016 (EAEC)
23 May 2016 (EU)
Council of the European Union
Finland10 March 2015ParliamentApproved6 May 2015[48]
24 April 2015Presidential AssentGranted[49]
France29 October 2015SenateApproved15 December 2015[50]
25 June 2015National AssemblyApproved
9 November 2015Presidential AssentGranted
Germany8 May 2015BundesratApproved22 July 2015[51]
26 March 2015BundestagApproved[52]
27 May 2015Presidential AssentGranted[53]
18 July 2014Parliament1230025 July 2014[54]
Presidential AssentGranted
Greece18 November 2015ParliamentApproved14 December 2015[55]
24 November 2015Presidential PromulgationGranted[56]
Hungary25 November 2014National Assembly127607 April 2015[57]
5 December 2014Presidential AssentGranted
Ireland27 January 2015Dáil Éireann5819017 April 2015[58]
Italy26 November 2015Senate20237103 February 2016[59]
29 July 2015Chamber of Deputies3109334
7 December 2015Presidential AssentGranted[60]
Latvia14 July 2014Parliament81002 October 2014[61]
18 July 2014Presidential AssentGranted[62]
Lithuania8 July 2014Parliament840129 July 2014[63]
11 July 2014Presidential AssentGranted[64]
Luxembourg18 March 2015Chamber of Deputies552012 May 2015[65]
12 April 2015Grand Ducal PromulgationGranted[66]
Malta21 August 2014House of RepresentativesApproved29 August 2014[67] [68] [69]
Netherlands7 July 2015SenateAdopted21 September 2015[70]
7 April 2015House of Representatives119310[71]
28 July 2015Royal PromulgationGranted
Poland5 March 2015Senate750022 May 2015[72]
6 February 2015Sejm43901[73] [74]
26 March 2015Presidential AssentGranted[75]
Portugal2 April 2015National AssemblyApproved8 October 2015[76]
19 May 2015Presidential AssentGranted[77]
Romania2 July 2014Chamber of Deputies2980014 July 2014[78]
3 July 2014Senate11102[79]
9 July 2014Presidential AssentGranted[80]
Slovakia23 September 2014National Council1170121 October 2014[81]
16 October 2014Presidential AssentGranted[82]
Slovenia13 May 2015National Assembly693027 July 2015[83] [84]
21 May 2015Presidential AssentGranted[85]
Spain27 May 2015SenateApproved28 July 2015 [86]
30 April 2015Congress of Deputies30301[87]
Royal AssentGranted
Sweden26 November 2014Parliament2494409 January 2015[88]
United Kingdom23 February 2015House of CommonsApproved8 April 2015[89]
9 March 2015House of LordsApproved[90]
19 March 2015Royal AssentGranted[91]

Accession of Georgia to the European Union

See main article: Accession of Georgia to the European Union.

See also: Potential enlargement of the European Union. On 12 January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Georgia may enter the EU in the future.[92] The European Parliament passed a resolution in 2014 stating that "in accordance with Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, as well as any other European country, have a European perspective and can apply for EU membership in compliance with the principles of democracy, respect for fundamental freedoms and human rights, minority rights and ensuring the rule of rights."[93] Membership is welcomed by Georgians, with 77% of the population approving the government's goal to join the EU and only 11% opposing it.[94]

Georgia's former President Mikheil Saakashvili has expressed a desire for Georgia to join the EU.[95] This view has been explicitly expressed on several occasions as links to the United States, EU and NATO have been strengthened in an attempt to move away from the Russian sphere of influence.[96] Territorial integrity issues in Ajaria were dealt with after the Rose Revolution, when leader Aslan Abashidze was forced to resign in May 2004. However, unresolved territorial integrity issues have again risen to the forefront in South Ossetia and Abkhazia as a result of the 2008 South Ossetia War. On 11 November 2010, Georgian Deputy Prime Minister Giorgi Baramidze announced that Georgia wants to cooperate with Ukraine in their attempt to join the European Union.[97]

The European Parliament notes that in accordance with Article 49 of the Treaty with the EU, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, like any other European country, have a European perspective and can apply for EU membership in accordance with the principles of democracy - it said in a resolution of the European Parliament in Brussels, adopted at the last session before the elections to the European Parliament, which took place on 23–25 May 2014.[98]

Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili said at a press conference in Brussels on 27 June 2014 that Georgia could be a full EU member within 5–10 years. However, he stressed that Georgia had not fixed a date for bidding for EU membership.[99]

Georgia officially applies for EU membership

On 17 January 2021, Irakli Kobakhidze was elected the chairman of the ruling Georgian Dream party. He announced plans for Georgia to officially apply for EU membership in 2024. Amid the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian War, this was expedited to 3 March 2022.[100] On 7 March, the EU said it will formally assess Georgia's application.[101] On 11 April, Georgia has received EU Membership Questionnaire to fill out and send it back for the review in May.[102] According to Garibashvili, the response to the first part was submitted by May 2, remarking on his Twitter account, "I am sure of Georgia's success on in pursuit of the ultimate goal of the Georgian people",[103] [104] while the second and final part was submitted on 10 May 2022.[105]

On 17 June 2022, the European Commission recommended that Georgia be given the perspective to become a member of the European Union, but deferred recommending it be given candidate status until after certain conditions were met.[106] On 23 June 2022, the European Parliament adopted a resolution calling for the immediate granting of candidate status for membership of the European Union to Ukraine and Moldova, as well as to support the European perspective for Georgia.[107] [108] On 23 June 2022, the European Council expressed readiness to grant Georgia the status of a candidate for accession to the European Union after a set of recommended reforms.[109]

The EU asked Georgia to complete economic reforms including more investment in education, renewable energy generation, and transportation. Requested political reforms included reduced political polarization, election reforms, judicial reform, stronger anti-corruption institutions, implementing "de-oligarchisation", reducing organized crime, protect journalists from government interference and criminal threats, protect vulnerable groups against criminal human rights violations, improve gender equality, reduce violence against women, increase decision-making influence of civil society, and make the Public Defender more independent.[110]

In March 2023, the Georgian government withdrew draft legislation putting controls on "foreign agents", after condemnation from EU officials.[111]

In September EU foreign affairs chief, Josep Borrell, advised that Georgia needed to do more to advance in its accession aims.[112] In this/Borrell's 8 September 2023 visit to Georgia Borrell stated that nine of the 12 conditions, as stipulated by the EU in 2022, for granting Georgia its membership candidate status remained unfulfilled.[113] Borrell also condemned Georgia's May 2023 consent to resume direct flights between Georgia and Russia, and he claimed that EU applicant countries should act in accordance with the EU policies of "isolating Russia for invading Ukraine last year".[113] He also stated that the Georgian authorities “must ensure” a “proper environment” to depolarise the existing “tense political scene” and highlighted that the ruling party Georgian Dream announcement made early September 2023 to start an impeachment process against President of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili for an alleged unauthorized EU trip could further strengthen political polarization.[113] Borrell also noted that it seemed that Georgia's compatibility with the EU's efforts to have a joint approach on priority issues “was not very high”, and the direction required to be improved.[113]

On 15 September 2023 Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili alleged that the EU would have “no reasons” to reject Georgia's candidacy in December 2023, Garibashvili claimed that “all remaining issues” related to the reform agenda outlined by the EU in 2022 for granting the status would be resolved by the end of that month (September 2023).[114]

On 6 October 2023, Croatian Prime Minister Andrej Plenković highlighted his support for granting Georgia EU candidate status during the European Political Community Summit in Granada, Spain.[115]

On 12 October 2023, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán has called EU's 2022 rejection of membership candidate status for Georgia "very disappointing" and "unfair decision" in light of granting the candidacy to Moldova and Ukraine. Orban has also said that the decision contradicts the "European interests".[116]

On 13 October 2023, the National Assembly of Bulgaria passed a resolution in favor of granting Georgia EU candidate status.[117]

Romanian ambassador to Georgia reaffirmed Romania's support for granting Georgia the candidate status in December 2023.[118]

On 8 November 2023, the European Commission recommended giving candidate status to Georgia.[119] In December 2023, the European Council of Ministers agreed to giving candidate status to Georgia.

However, following the Georgian government's approval of legislation which would require non-governmental organizations to register as foreign agents or "organizations carrying the interests of a foreign power" and disclose the sources of their income if the funds they receive from abroad amount to more than 20% of their total revenue, which led to widespread protests in the country, the European Council stated in June 2024 that this represented "backsliding on the steps set out in the Commission’s recommendation for candidate status" and that the accession process would be de facto on hold until the government changes course.[120] On 9 July 2024, the EU ambassador in Georgia announced that the European Union had suspended the country's accession process.[121] [122]

Visa liberalization dialogue

In June 2012, the EU and Georgia began a visa liberalisation dialogue to allow for visa-free travel of Georgian citizens to the European Union. The talks aimed to have a Visa Liberalisation Action Plan in place by the end of the year.[123] The action plan was delivered to Georgia on 25 February 2013.[124] The new project on 'Strengthening the capacity of the Georgian Government in border management and migration regulation' which was launched in Tbilisi by the EU Delegation to Georgia, will be implemented by the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), the EU Delegation to Georgia said in its statement on 24 January 2014. Thus, Georgia will take another step towards visa-free travel to the Schengen area through an EU-funded project which will help to increase the capacity of the Georgian authorities in the field of integrated border management and migration.[125] In December 2015, the Commission issued a progress report that found that Georgia met all the conditions for its citizens be granted visa-free travel to the Schengen area.[126] The European Commission formally proposed Georgia be granted visa free travel in March 2016.[127] The Committee of Permanent Representatives gave its approval in October 2016, and it was approved by the European Parliament in February 2017.[128] [129] On 8 March 2017 the Official EU Journal published a legislation allowing Georgians owning biometric passports to travel to the Schengen Area visa-free.[130] The legislation came into full effect on 28 March 2017, allowing Georgian citizens to travel for short periods to most EU member countries without a visa.[131]

Georgia's foreign relations with EU member states

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See also

References

External links

Notes and References

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