George Emil Palade Explained

Birth Name:George Emil Palade
George Emil Palade
Birth Date:19 November 1912
Birth Place:Iași, Romania
Death Place:Del Mar, California, U.S.
Nationality:Romanian, American
Field:Cell biology
Alma Mater:Carol Davila School of Medicine
Notable Students:Günter Blobel[1]

George Emil Palade (in Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan pronounced as /ˈdʒe̯ordʒe eˈmil paˈlade/; November 19, 1912 – October 7, 2008) was a Romanian-American cell biologist. Described as "the most influential cell biologist ever",[2] in 1974 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine along with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve. The prize was granted for his innovations in electron microscopy and cell fractionation which together laid the foundations of modern molecular cell biology, the most notable discovery being the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum – which he first described in 1955.[3] [4] [5] [6]

Palade also received the U.S. National Medal of Science in Biological Sciences for "pioneering discoveries of a host of fundamental, highly organized structures in living cells" in 1986, and was previously elected a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 1961. In 1968 he was elected as an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society (HonFRMS)[7] and in 1984 he became a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS).

Education and early life

George Emil Palade was born on November 19, 1912, in Iași, Romania; his father was a professor of philosophy at the University of Iași and his mother was a high school teacher. Palade received his M.D. in 1940 from the Carol Davila School of Medicine in Bucharest.

Career and research

Palade was a member of the faculty at University of Bucharest until 1946, when he went to the United States to do postdoctoral research. While assisting Robert Chambers in the Biology Laboratory of New York University, he met Professor Albert Claude.[8] He later joined Claude at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.[9]

In 1952, Palade became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He worked at the Rockefeller Institute (1958–1973), and was a professor at Yale University Medical School (1973–1990), and University of California, San Diego (1990–2008). At UCSD, Palade was Professor of Medicine in Residence (Emeritus) in the Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, as well as a Dean for Scientific Affairs (Emeritus), in the School of Medicine at La Jolla, California.[10]

In 1970, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Renato Dulbecco winner of 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for discoveries concerning the functional organization of the cell that were seminal events in the development of modern cell biology",[11] related to his previous research carried out at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.[12] His Nobel lecture, delivered on December 12, 1974, was entitled: "Intracellular Aspects of the Process of Protein Secretion",[13] published in 1992 by the Nobel Prize Foundation,[14] [15] He was elected an Honorary member of the Romanian Academy in 1975. He received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1975.[16] In 1981, Palade became a founding member of the World Cultural Council.[17] In 1985, he became the founding editor of the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.[18] In 1988 he was also elected an Honorary Member of the American-Romanian Academy of Arts and Sciences (ARA).

Palade was the first Chairman of the Department of Cell Biology at Yale University. Presently, the Chair of Cell Biology at Yale is named the "George Palade Professorship".

At the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Palade used electron microscopy to study the internal organization of such cell structures as ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, the Golgi apparatus, and others. His most important discovery was made while using an experimental strategy known as a pulse-chase analysis. In the experiment Palade and his colleagues were able to confirm an existing hypothesis that a secretory pathway exists and that the Rough ER and the Golgi apparatus function together.[3]

He focused on Weibel-Palade bodies (a storage organelle unique to the endothelium, containing von Willebrand factor and various proteins) which he described together with the Swiss anatomist Ewald R. Weibel.[19]

Palade's coworkers and approach in the 1960s

The following is a concise excerpt from Palade's Autobiography appearing in the Nobel Award documents[9]

One notes also that the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 2009 to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, and Ada E. Yonath "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome", discovered by George Emil Palade.[20]

Personal life

Palade's widow Marilyn Farquhar was a cell biologist at the University of California, San Diego.[21]

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. http://www.molbiolcell.org/content/21/14/2367.full "The Palade Symposium: Celebrating Cell Biology at Its Best"
  2. News: Prof. George Palade: Nobel prize-winner whose work laid the foundations for modern molecular cell biology . The Independent . 22 October 2008 . 2011-02-09 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101019141647/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/prof-george-palade-nobel-prizewinner-whose-work-laid-the-foundations-for-modern-molecular-cell-biology-968560.html . October 19, 2010 . Archived. (Internet Archive copy)
  3. Farquhar . Marilyn G. . A Man for All Seasons: Reflections on the Life and Legacy of George Palade . Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology . 10 November 2012 . 28 . 1 . 1–28 . 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155813 . 22831641 . 23177212 . 25 March 2023 . en . 1081-0706.
  4. News: Palade Particles, 1955 . Kerry . Grens. The Scientist . February 1, 2014.
  5. Pollack, Andrew (October 9, 2008) George Palade, Nobel Winner for Work Inspiring Modern Cell Biology, Dies at 95. New York Times
  6. 2007. Tribute to Professor George E. Palade. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 11. 1. 2–3. 1582-1838. 17367496. 4401215. 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00018.x. Palade. G. E..
  7. Web site: Honorary Fellows Past and Present . . 5 June 2018.
  8. Web site: George E. Palade - Autobiography. 2006-07-16. 2019-08-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20060716152913/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-autobio.html. 2006-07-16.
  9. Web site: George E. Palade – Autobiography . Nobelprize.org . 2008-10-07 . 2011-04-03.
  10. http://cmm.ucsd.edu/palade/ Professor George E. Palade
  11. Web site: The 1974 Nobel Prize for Medicine . Nobelprize.org . 2011-04-03.
  12. https://web.archive.org/web/20040603122903/http://www.rockefeller.edu/nobel.html Nobel Laureates Affiliated with The Rockefeller University
  13. Web site: Nobel lecture . Nobelprize.org . 1974-12-12 . 2011-04-03.
  14. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/palade-lecture.pdf The Nobel Prize Lecture of George E. Palade
  15. http://nobelprize.org/nobelfoundation/publications/lectures/WSC/physio-71-80.html Nobel Lectures in Physiology or Medicine
  16. Web site: Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement . www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  17. Web site: About Us . . November 8, 2016.
  18. 10.1146/annurev.cb.10.111406.100001. Preface. 1994. Spudich. James A.. Annual Review of Cell Biology. 10.
  19. Weibel . ER . Palade . GE . 1964 . New cytoplasmic components in arterial endothelia . The Journal of Cell Biology. 23 . 1 . 101–112 . 10.1083/jcb.23.1.101 . 14228505 . 2106503.
  20. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2009/ 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
  21. 10.1172/JCI37749. 19065752. 2575727. Obituary: "A tribute to George E. Palade. y James D. Jamieson. November 8, 2008. 118. 11. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 3517–3518.

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