George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll explained

Honorific-Prefix:His Grace
The Duke of Argyll
Honorific-Suffix:KG KT PC FRS FRSE
Order1:Lord Privy Seal
Term Start1:4 January 1853
Term End1:7 December 1855
Monarch1:Victoria
Primeminister1:The Earl of Aberdeen
The Viscount Palmerston
Predecessor1:The Marquess of Salisbury
Successor1:The Earl of Harrowby
Term Start2:18 June 1859
Term End2:26 June 1866
Monarch2:Victoria
Primeminister2:The Viscount Palmerston
The Earl Russell
Predecessor2:The Earl of Hardwicke
Successor2:The Earl of Malmesbury
Term Start3:28 April 1880
Term End3:2 May 1881
Monarch3:Victoria
Primeminister3:William Ewart Gladstone
Predecessor3:The Duke of Northumberland
Successor3:The Lord Carlingford
Order4:Postmaster General
Term Start4:30 November 1855
Term End4:21 February 1858
Monarch4:Victoria
Primeminister4:The Viscount Palmerston
Predecessor4:The Viscount Canning
Successor4:The Lord Colchester
Order5:Secretary of State for India
Term Start5:9 December 1868
Term End5:17 February 1874
Monarch5:Victoria
Primeminister5:William Ewart Gladstone
Predecessor5:Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt
Successor5:The Marquess of Salisbury
Birth Place:Ardencaple Castle, Dunbartonshire, Scotland
Death Place:Inveraray Castle, Argyll, Scotland
Nationality:British
Party:Liberal
Spouse:
    Children:12, including John, Colin, Victoria and Frances
    Parents:
    Signature:George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll Signature.jpg

    George John Douglas Campbell, 8th and 1st Duke of Argyll (30 April 1823 – 24 April 1900; styled Marquess of Lorne until 1847), was a British polymath and Liberal statesman. He made a significant geological discovery in the 1850s when his tenant found fossilized leaves embedded among basalt lava on the Island of Mull. He also helped to popularize ornithology and was one of the first to give a detailed account of the principles of bird flight in the hopes of advancing artificial aerial navigation (i.e. flying machines). His literary output was extensive writing on topics varying from science and theology to economy and politics. In addition to this, he served prominently in the administrations of Lord Aberdeen, Lord Palmerston, John Russell and William Gladstone.

    Background

    Argyll was born at Ardencaple Castle, Dunbartonshire, the second but only surviving son of John Campbell, 7th Duke of Argyll, and his second wife Joan Glassel, the only daughter of John Glassel.[1] Argyll succeeded his father as Duke of Argyll (Peerage of Scotland) in 1847.[1] With his death he became also hereditary Master of the Household of Scotland and Sheriff of Argyllshire.[1]

    He owned 175,000 acres in Argyll and Dumbarton.[2]

    Political career

    By the time of his succession, Argyll had already obtained notice as a writer of pamphlets on the disruption of the Church of Scotland, which he strove to avert, and he rapidly became prominent on the Liberal side in parliamentary politics via the Peelite Conservative Party faction. He was a frequent and eloquent speaker in the House of Lords. A close associate of Prince Albert, he served as Lord Privy Seal between 1852 and 1855 in the cabinet of Lord Aberdeen, and then as Postmaster General between 1855 and 1858 in Lord Palmerston's first cabinet.

    He was again Lord Privy Seal between 1859 and 1866 in the second Palmerston administration, and then under Lord Russell's second administration, in which position he was notable as a strong advocate of the Northern cause in the American Civil War.

    Argyll was a major catalyst of the Education (Scotland) Act of 1872. Under his leadership in 1866, the Argyll Commission looked into the Scottish schooling system and found it severely inadequate. The report – eventually finished in 1869 – was used to call for education reforms. As a result of this lobbying, the Education Act (Scotland) 1872 was passed making primary school education mandatory in Scotland for children aged between 5 and 13.

    In William Ewart Gladstone's first government of 1868 to 1874, Argyll became Secretary of State for India, in which role his refusal to promise support against the Russians to the emir of Afghanistan helped lead to the Second Afghan War.

    Argyll's wife (née Lady Elizabeth Georgiana Leveson-Gower), served as Mistress of the Robes in this government.

    Argyll also played a key role in the establishment of the Royal Indian Engineering College which functioned from 1872 to 1906. This college which was located on the Coopers Hill estate, near Egham was set up in order to train civil engineers for service in the Indian Public Works Department. In 1871, while actually serving in the Cabinet, his son and heir, Lord Lorne, married one of Queen Victoria's daughters, Princess Louise, enhancing his status as a leading grandee.

    In 1880 he again served under Gladstone, as Lord Privy Seal, but resigned on 31 March 1881 in protest at Gladstone's Land Bill, claiming it would interfere with the rights of landlords and had been brought in response to terrorism.[3] In 1886, he fully broke with Gladstone over the question of the prime minister's support for Irish Home Rule, although he did not join the Liberal Unionist Party, but pursued an independent course. Having been already Vice Lord Lieutenant from 1847,[1] Argyll held the honorary post of Lord Lieutenant of Argyllshire from 1862 until his death in 1900. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1853, appointed a Knight of the Thistle in 1856 and a Knight of the Garter in 1883. In 1892 he was created Duke of Argyll in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

    Scholarship

    Argyll was also an amateur scientist dedicated to many areas of science. Aside from his own work in ornithology, he wrote on anthropology, evolution, glaciology and economics. He was a leader in the scholarly opposition against Darwinism (1869, 1884b) although he was not against the theory of evolution, Argyll argued instead for theistic evolution. He did argue against the erosive capability of glaciers (1873) and was an important economist (1893) and institutionalist (1884a), in which latter capacity he was quite similar to his political opponent, Benjamin Disraeli. In 1851, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and was appointed Chancellor of the University of St Andrews. Three years later, he became additionally Rector of the University of Glasgow.[1] In 1849 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and served as its president from 1860 to 1864.[4] In 1855 he became president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. From 1872 to 1874 he was President of The Geological Society. In 1866, he was a founding member of Britain's first aeronautical society, the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain (later renamed the Royal Aeronautical Society),[5] and served as its president from 1866 to 1895. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1869.[6] In 1886, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.[7]

    Private life

    Argyll was married three times. He married firstly Lady Elizabeth Leveson-Gower, eldest daughter of George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland, in 1844.[1] They had five sons and seven daughters, being:[8]

    The Duchess of Argyll died aged 53 in May 1878. In 1881, Argyll married Amelia Maria (born 1843), daughter of the Right Reverend Thomas Claughton, Bishop of St Albans, and widow of Augustus Anson. She died aged 50 in January 1894. In 1895, Argyll married a third time, to Ina, daughter of Archibald McNeill. Ina survived the duke by a quarter of a century, dying in December 1925. There were no children from either the second or third marriages.

    Argyll died at Inveraray Castle in April 1900, six days before his 77th birthday, and is buried at Kilmun Parish Church. He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son John.

    Legacy

    Argyll Road in Penang, Malaysia is named in his honour.

    Key works

    Notes and References

    1. Book: Dod, Robert P. . The Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland . 1860 . Whitaker and Co. . London . 92 .
    2. https://archive.org/details/greatlandownerso00bateuoft/page/14/mode/1up The great landowners of Great Britain and Ireland
    3. Book: Partridge, Michael . Gladstone . registration . 192 . Routledge . 2003 . 978-0-415-21626-5 .
    4. Book: Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1783–2002: Part 1 (A–J) . C D Waterston . A Macmillan Shearer . . 090219884X . July 2006 . 18 September 2015 . 24 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf . dead.
    5. Web site: RAeS History. Royal Aeronautical Society. 11 January 2017.
    6. http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistc American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
    7. Web site: APS Member History. 2021-05-24. search.amphilsoc.org.
    8. https://books.google.com/books?id=1yQwAAAAYAAJ&q=argyll&pg=PR40 The Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire as at Present Existing