Georgism Explained

Georgism, also called in modern times Geoism,[1] [2] and known historically as the single tax movement, is an economic ideology holding that people should own the value that they produce themselves, while the economic rent derived from land—including from all natural resources, the commons, and urban locations—should belong equally to all members of society.[3] [4] [5] Developed from the writings of American economist and social reformer Henry George, the Georgist paradigm seeks solutions to social and ecological problems, based on principles of land rights and public finance that attempt to integrate economic efficiency with social justice.[6] [7]

Georgism is concerned with the distribution of economic rent caused by land ownership, natural monopolies, pollution rights, and control of the commons, including title of ownership for natural resources and other contrived privileges (e.g., intellectual property). Any natural resource that is inherently limited in supply can generate economic rent, but the classical and most significant example of land monopoly involves the extraction of common ground rent from valuable urban locations. Georgists argue that taxing economic rent is efficient, fair, and equitable. The main Georgist policy recommendation is a tax assessed on land value, arguing that revenues from a land value tax (LVT) can be used to reduce or eliminate existing taxes (such as on income, trade, or purchases) that are unfair and inefficient. Some Georgists also advocate for the return of surplus public revenue to the people by means of a basic income or citizen's dividend.

Henry George popularized the concept of gaining public revenues mainly from land and natural resource privileges with his first book, Progress and Poverty (1879). The philosophical basis of Georgism draws on thinkers such as John Locke,[8] Baruch Spinoza,[9] and Thomas Paine.[10] Economists from Adam Smith and David Ricardo to Milton Friedman and Joseph Stiglitz have observed that a public levy on land value does not cause economic inefficiency, unlike other taxes.[11] [12] A land value tax also has progressive tax effects.[13] [14] Advocates of land value taxes argue that they reduce economic inequality, increase economic efficiency, remove incentives to under-utilize urban land, and reduce property speculation.[15]

Georgist ideas were popular and influential during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[16] Political parties, institutions, and communities were founded on Georgist principles during that time. Early devotees of George's economic philosophy were often termed Single Taxers for their political goal of raising public revenue mainly or only from a land-value tax, although Georgists endorsed multiple forms of rent capture (e.g. seigniorage) as legitimate.[17] The term Georgism was invented later, and some prefer the term geoism as more generic.[18] [19]

Main tenets

See also: Land value tax. Henry George is best known for popularizing the argument that government should be funded by a tax on land rent rather than taxes on labor. George believed that although scientific experiments could not be performed in political economy, theories could be tested by comparing different societies with different conditions and by thought experiments about the effects of various factors.[20] Applying this method, he concluded that many of the problems that beset society, such as poverty, inequality, and economic booms and busts, could be attributed to the private ownership of the necessary resource: land rent. In his most celebrated book, Progress and Poverty, George argues that the appropriation of land rent for private use contributes to persistent poverty in spite of technological progress, and causes economies to exhibit a tendency toward boom-and-bust cycles. According to George, people justly own what they create, but natural opportunities and land belong equally to all.[4]

George believed there was an important distinction between common and collective property.[21] Although equal rights to land might be achieved by nationalizing land and then leasing it to private users, George preferred taxing unimproved land value and leaving the control of land mostly in private hands. George's reasoning for leaving land in private control and slowly shifting to land value tax was that it would not penalize existing owners who had improved land and would also be less disruptive and controversial in a country where land titles have already been granted.

Georgists have observed that privately created wealth is socialized via the tax system (e.g., through income and sales tax), while socially created wealth in land values are privatized in the price of land titles and bank mortgages. The opposite would be the case if land rents replaced taxes on labor as the main source of public revenue; socially created wealth would become available for use by the community, while the fruits of labor would remain private.[22] According to Georgists, a land value tax can be considered a user fee instead of a tax, since it is related to the market value of socially created locational advantage, the privilege to exclude others from locations. Assets consisting of commodified privilege can be considered as wealth since they have exchange value, similar to taxi medallions.[23] A land value tax, charging fees for exclusive use of land, as a means of raising public revenue is also a progressive tax tending to reduce economic inequality, since it applies entirely to ownership of valuable land, which is correlated with income,[24] and there is generally no means by which landlords can shift the tax burden onto tenants or laborers. Landlords are unable to pass the tax on to tenants because the supply and demand of rented land is unchanged. Because the supply of land is perfectly inelastic, land rents depend on what tenants are prepared to pay, rather than on the expenses of landlords, and so the tax cannot be passed on to tenants.[25]

Economic properties

See also: Optimal tax and Tax incidence. Standard economic theory suggests that a land value tax would be extremely efficient—unlike other taxes, it does not reduce economic productivity.[15] Milton Friedman described Henry George's tax on unimproved value of land as the "least bad tax", since unlike other taxes, it would not impose an excess burden on economic activity (leading to zero or even negative "deadweight loss"); hence, a replacement of other more "distortionary" taxes with a land value tax would improve economic welfare.[26] As land value tax can improve the use of land and redirect investment toward productive, non-rent-seeking activities, it could even have a negative dead-weight loss that boosts productivity.[27] Because land value tax would apply to foreign land speculators, the Australian Treasury estimated that land value tax was unique in having a negative marginal excess burden, meaning that it would increase long-run living standards.[28]

It was Adam Smith who first noted the efficiency and distributional properties of a land value tax in his book The Wealth of Nations.[11]

Benjamin Franklin and Winston Churchill made similar distributional and efficiency arguments for taxing land rents. They noted that the costs of taxes and the benefits of public spending always eventually apply to and enrich the owners of land. Therefore, they believed it would be best to defray public costs and recapture value of public spending by applying public charges directly to owners of land titles, rather than harming public welfare with taxes assessed against beneficial activities such as trade and labor.[29] [30]

Henry George wrote that his plan for a high land value tax would cause people "to contribute to the public, not in proportion to what they produce ... but in proportion to the value of natural [common] opportunities that they hold [monopolize]". He went on to explain that "by taking for public use that value which attaches to land by reason of the growth and improvement of the community", it would, "make the holding of land unprofitable to the mere owner, and profitable only to the user".

A high land value tax would discourage speculators from holding valuable natural opportunities (like urban real estate) unused or only partially used. Henry George claimed this would have many benefits, including the reduction or elimination of tax burdens from poorer neighborhoods and agricultural districts; the elimination of a multiplicity of taxes and expensive obsolete government institutions; the elimination of corruption, fraud, and evasion with respect to the collection of taxes; the enablement of true free trade; the destruction of monopolies; the elevation of wages to the full value of labor; the transformation of labor-saving inventions into blessings for all; and the equitable distribution of comfort, leisure, and other advantages that are made possible by an advancing civilization.[31] In this way, the vulnerability that market economies have to credit bubbles and property manias would be reduced.

Sources of economic rent and related policy interventions

See also: Pigovian tax and Severance tax. Income flow resulting from payments for restricted access to natural opportunities or for contrived privileges over geographic regions is termed economic rent. Georgists argue that economic rent of land, legal privileges, and natural monopolies should accrue to the community, rather than private owners. In economics, "land" is everything that exists in nature independent of human activity. George explicitly included climate, soil, waterways, mineral deposits, laws/forces of nature, public ways, forests, oceans, air, and solar energy in the category of land.[32] [33] While the philosophy of Georgism does not say anything definitive about specific policy interventions needed to address problems posed by various sources of economic rent, the common goal among modern Georgists is to capture and share (or reduce) rent from all sources of natural monopoly and legal privilege.[34] [35]

Henry George shared the goal of modern Georgists to socialize or dismantle rent from all forms of land monopoly and legal privilege. However, George emphasized mainly his preferred policy known as land value tax, which targeted a particular form of unearned income known as ground rent. George emphasized ground-rent because basic locations were more valuable than other monopolies and everybody needed locations to survive, which he contrasted with the less significant streetcar and telegraph monopolies, which George also criticized. George likened the problem to a laborer traveling home who is waylaid by a series of highway robbers along the way, each who demand a small portion of the traveler's wages, and finally at the very end of the road waits a robber who demands all that the traveler has left. George reasoned that it made little difference to challenge the series of small robbers when the final robber remained to demand all that the common laborer had left.[36] George predicted that over time technological advancements would increase the frequency and importance of lesser monopolies, yet he expected that ground rent would remain dominant.[37] George even predicted that ground-rents would rise faster than wages and income to capital, a prediction that modern analysis has shown to be plausible, since the supply of land is fixed.[38]

Spatial rent is still the primary emphasis of Georgists because of its large value and the known dis-economies of misused land. However, there are other sources of rent that are theoretically analogous to ground-rent and are debated topics of Georgists. The following are some sources of economic rent.[39] [40] [41]

Where free competition is impossible, such as telegraphs, water, gas, and transportation, George wrote, "[S]uch business becomes a proper social function, which should be controlled and managed by and for the whole people concerned." Georgists were divided by this question of natural monopolies and often favored public ownership only of the rents from common rights-of-way, rather than public ownership of utility companies themselves.[31]

Georgism and environmental economics

The early conservationism of the Progressive Era was inspired partly by Henry George, and his influence extended for decades afterward.[52] Some ecological economists still support the Georgist policy of land value tax as a means of freeing or rewilding unused land and conserving nature by reducing urban sprawl.[53] [54] [55]

Pollution degrades the value of what Georgists consider to be commons. Because pollution is a negative contribution, a taking from the commons or a cost imposed on others, its value is economic rent, even when the polluter is not receiving an explicit income. Therefore, to the extent that society determines pollution to be harmful, most Georgists propose to limit pollution with taxation or quotas that capture the resulting rents for public use, restoration, or a citizen's dividend.[56] [57]

Georgism is related to the school of ecological economics, since both propose market-based restrictions for pollution.[58] The schools are compatible in that they advocate using similar tools as part of a conservation strategy, but they emphasize different aspects. Conservation is the central issue of ecology, whereas economic rent is the central issue of geoism. Ecological economists might price pollution fines more conservatively to prevent inherently unquantifiable damage to the environment, whereas Georgists might emphasize mediation between conflicting interests and human rights.[59] Geolibertarianism, a market-oriented branch of Geoism, tends to take a direct stance against what it perceives as burdensome regulation and would like to see auctioned pollution quotas or taxes replace most command and control regulation.[60]

Since ecologists are primarily concerned with conservation, they tend to emphasize less the issue of equitably distributing scarcity/pollution rents, whereas Georgists insist that unearned income not accrue to those who hold title to natural assets and pollution privilege. To the extent that geoists recognize the effect of pollution or share conservationist values, they will agree with ecological economists about the need to limit pollution, but geoists will also insist that pollution rents generated from those conservation efforts do not accrue to polluters and are instead used for public purposes or to compensate those who suffer the negative effects of pollution. Ecological economists advocate similar pollution restrictions but, emphasizing conservation first, might be willing to grant private polluters the privilege to capture pollution rents. To the extent that ecological economists share the geoist view of social justice, they would advocate auctioning pollution quotas instead of giving them away for free. This distinction can be seen in the difference between basic cap and trade and the geoist variation, cap and share, a proposal to auction temporary pollution permits, with rents going to the public, instead of giving pollution privilege away for free to existing polluters or selling perpetual permits.[61] [62]

Revenue uses

The revenue can allow the reduction or elimination of taxes, greater public investment/spending, or the direct distribution of funds to citizens as a pension or basic income/citizen's dividend.[63] [64]

In practice, the elimination of all other taxes implies a high land value tax, greater than any currently existing land tax. Introducing or increasing a land value tax would cause the purchase price of land to decrease. George did not believe landowners should be compensated and described the issue as being analogous to compensation for former slave owners. Other geoists disagree on the question of compensation; some advocate complete compensation while others endorse only enough compensation required to achieve Georgist reforms. Some geoists advocate compensation only for a net loss due to a shift of taxation to land value; most taxpayers would gain from the replacement of other taxes with a tax on land value. Historically, those who advocated for taxes on rent tax only great enough to replace other taxes were known as endorsers of single tax limited.

Synonyms and variants

Most early advocacy groups described themselves as single taxers and George reluctantly accepted the single tax as an accurate name for his main political goal—the repeal of all unjust or inefficient taxes, to be replaced with a land value tax (LVT).

Some modern proponents are dissatisfied with the name Georgist. While Henry George was well known throughout his life, he has been largely forgotten by the public and the idea of a single tax of land predates him. Some now prefer the term geoism,[65] with geo (from Greek Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: γῆ Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: gē "earth, land") being the first compound of the name George < (Gr.) Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Geōrgios < Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: geōrgos "farmer" or Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: geōrgia "agriculture, farming" < Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: gē + Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ergon "work"[66] deliberately ambiguous. The terms Earth Sharing,[67] geonomics[68] and geolibertarianism[69] are also used by some Georgists. These terms represent a difference of emphasis and sometimes real differences about how land rent should be spent (citizen's dividend or just replacing other taxes), but they all agree that land rent should be recovered from its private recipients.

Compulsory fines and fees related to land rents are the most common Georgist policies, but some geoists prefer voluntary value capture systems that rely on methods such as non-compulsory or self-assessed location value fees, community land trusts[70] and purchasing land value covenants.[71] [72] [73] [74] [75] Some geoists believe that partially compensating landowners is a politically expedient compromise necessary for achieving reform.[76] [77] For similar reasons, others propose capturing only future land value increases, instead of all land rent.[78]

Some libertarians and minarchists take the position that limited social spending should be financed using Georgist concepts of rent value capture, but that not all land rent should be captured. Today, this relatively conservative adaptation is usually considered incompatible with true geolibertarianism, which requires that excess rents be gathered and then distributed back to residents. During Henry George's time, this restrained Georgist philosophy was known as "single tax limited", as opposed to "single tax unlimited." George disagreed with the limited interpretation, but he accepted its adherents (e.g., Thomas Shearman) as legitimate "single-taxers."[79]

Influence

Georgist ideas heavily influenced the politics of the early 20th century. Political parties that were formed based on Georgist ideas include the Commonwealth Land Party in the United States, the Henry George Justice Party in Victoria, the Single Tax League in South Australia, and the Justice Party in Denmark.

In the United Kingdom, George's writings were praised by emerging socialist groups in 1890s such as the Independent Labour Party and the Fabian Society, which would each go on to help form the modern-day Labour Party. The Liberal government included a land tax as part of several taxes in the 1909 People's Budget intended to redistribute wealth (including a progressively graded income tax and an increase of inheritance tax). This caused a political crisis that resulted indirectly in reform of the House of Lords. The budget was passed eventually—but without the land tax. In 1931, the minority Labour government passed a land value tax as part III of the 1931 Finance act. However, this was repealed in 1934 by the National Government before it could be implemented.

In Denmark, the Georgist Justice Party has previously been represented in Folketinget. It formed part of a centre-left government 1957–60 and was also represented in the European Parliament 1978–1979. The influence of Henry George has waned over time, but Georgist ideas still occasionally emerge in politics. For the United States 2004 presidential election, third-party presidential candidate Ralph Nader mentioned George in his policy statements.[80]

Economists still generally favor a land value tax.[81] Monetarist economist Milton Friedman publicly endorsed the Georgist land value tax as the "least bad tax".[12] Economist Joseph Stiglitz stated that: "Not only was Henry George correct that a tax on land is non-distortionary, but in an equilibrium society … tax on land raises just enough revenue to finance the (optimally chosen) level of government expenditure."[82] He dubbed this proposition the Henry George theorem.[83]

Communities

Several communities were initiated with Georgist principles during the height of the philosophy's popularity. Two such communities that still exist are Arden, Delaware, which was founded in 1900 by Frank Stephens and William Lightfoot Price, and Fairhope, Alabama, which was founded in 1894 under the auspices of the Fairhope Single Tax Corporation.[84] Some established communities in the United States also adopted Georgist tax policies. A Georgist in Houston, Texas, Joseph Jay "J.J." Pastoriza, promoted a Georgist club in that city established in 1890. Years later, in his capacity as a city alderman, he was selected to serve as Houston Tax Commissioner, and promulgated a "Houston Plan of Taxation" in 1912. Improvements to land and merchants' inventories were taxed at 25 percent of the appraised value, unimproved land was taxed at 70 percent of appraisal, and personal property was exempt. This was calculated using the Somers System.[85] This Georgist tax continued until 1915, when two courts struck it down as violating the Texas Constitution in 1915.[86] This quashed efforts in several other Texas cities towards implementing the Houston Plan: Beaumont, Corpus Christi, Galveston, San Antonio, and Waco.[87]

The German protectorate of the Kiautschou Bay concession in Jiaozhou Bay, China, fully implemented Georgist policy. Its sole source of government revenue was the land value tax of six percent which it levied in its territory. The German colonial empire had previously had economic problems with its African colonies caused by land speculation. One of the main reasons for using the land value tax in Jiaozhou Bay was to eliminate such speculation, which the policy achieved.[88] The colony existed as a German protectorate from 1898 until 1914, when seized by Japanese and British troops in World War I. In 1922, the territory was returned to the Republic of China.

Georgist ideas were also adopted to some degree in Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, and Taiwan. In these countries, governments still levy some type of land value tax, albeit with exemptions.[89] Many municipal governments of the United States depend on real-property tax as their main source of revenue, although such taxes are not Georgist as they generally include the value of buildings and other improvements. One exception is the town of Altoona, Pennsylvania, which for a time in the 21st century only taxed land value, phasing in the tax in 2002, relying on it entirely for tax revenue from 2011, and ending it 2017; the Financial Times noted that "Altoona is using LVT in a city where neither land nor buildings have much value".[90] [91]

In 2023, Detroit mayor Mike Duggan and Michigan State Representative Stephanie Young proposed replacing existing property taxes with a land-value tax.[92] Following the 2008 Recession and city's 2013 bankruptcy, speculators bought cheap property, expecting to profit from the city's recovery. This plan to shift the cost of municipal services to owners of empty land, while exempting community gardens and parks, will require approval from the Michigan Legislature and Detroit City Council before being added as a ballot measure for Detroit residents.[93]

Institutes and organizations

Various organizations still exist that continue to promote the ideas of Henry George. According to The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, the periodical Land&Liberty, established in 1894, is "the longest-lived Georgist project in history".[94] Founded during the Great Depression in 1932, the Henry George School of Social Science in New York offers courses, sponsors seminars, and publishes research in the Georgist paradigm.[95] Also in the US, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy was established in 1974 based on the writings of Henry George. It "seeks to improve the dialogue about urban development, the built environment, and tax policy in the United States and abroad".[96]

The Henry George Foundation continues to promote the ideas of Henry George in the United Kingdom.[97] The IU is an international umbrella organisation that brings together organizations worldwide that seek land-value tax reform.[98]

Reception

The economist Alfred Marshall believed that George's views in Progress and Poverty were dangerous, even predicting wars, terror, and economic destruction from the immediate implementation of its recommendations. Specifically, Marshall was upset about the idea of rapid change and the unfairness of not compensating existing landowners. In his lectures on Progress and Poverty, Marshall opposed George's position on compensation while fully endorsing his ultimate remedy. So far as land value tax moderately replaced other taxes and did not cause the price of land to fall, Marshall supported land value taxation on economic and moral grounds, suggesting that a three or four percent tax on land values would fit this condition. After implementing land taxes, governments would purchase future land values at discounted prices and take ownership after 100 years. Marshall asserted that this plan, which he strongly supported, would end the need for a tax collection department of government. For newly formed countries where land was not already private, Marshall advocated implementing George's economic proposal immediately.[99] [100]

Karl Marx considered the single-tax platform as a regression from the transition to communism and referred to Georgism as "capitalism's last ditch".[101] Marx argued that, "The whole thing is ... simply an attempt, decked out with socialism, to save capitalist domination and indeed to establish it afresh on an even wider basis than its present one."[102] Marx also criticized the way land value tax theory emphasizes the value of land, arguing that George's "fundamental dogma is that everything would be all right if ground rent were paid to the state."

Richard T. Ely agreed with the economic arguments for Georgism but believed that correcting the problem the way Henry George wanted, without compensation, was unjust to existing landowners. In explaining his position, Ely wrote, "If we have all made a mistake, should one party to the transaction alone bear the cost of the common blunder?"[103]

John R. Commons supported Georgist economics but opposed what he perceived as an environmentally and politically reckless tendency for advocates to rely on a one-size-fits-all approach to tax reform, specifically, the "single tax" framing. Commons concluded The Distribution of Wealth, with an estimate that "perhaps 95% of the total values represented by these millionaire [''sic''] fortunes is due to those investments classed as land values and natural monopolies and to competitive industries aided by such monopolies", and that "tax reform should seek to remove all burdens from capital and labour and impose them on monopolies." However, he criticized Georgists for failing to see that Henry George's anti-monopoly ideas must be implemented with a variety of policy tools. Commons wrote, "Trees do not grow into the sky—they would perish in a high wind; and a single truth, like a single tax, ends in its own destruction." Commons uses the natural soil fertility and value of forests as an example of this destruction, arguing that a tax on the in-situ value of those depletable natural resources can result in overuse or over-extraction. Instead, Commons recommends an income tax-based approach to forests similar to a modern Georgist severance tax.[104] [105]

Other contemporaries such as Austrian economist Frank Fetter and neoclassical economist John Bates Clark argued that it was impractical to maintain the traditional distinction between land and capital and used this as a basis to attack Georgism. Mark Blaug, a specialist in the history of economic thought, credits Fetter and Clark with influencing mainstream economists to abandon the idea "that land is a unique factor of production and hence that there is any special need for a special theory of ground rent" claiming that "this is in fact the basis of all the attacks on Henry George by contemporary economists and certainly the fundamental reason why professional economists increasingly ignored him".[106]

Robert Solow endorsed the theory of Georgism, while being wary of the perceived injustice of expropriation. Solow stated that taxing away expected land rents "would have no semblance of fairness"; however, Georgism would be good to introduce where location values were not already privatized or if the transition could be phased in slowly.[107]

George has also been accused of exaggerating the importance of his "all-devouring rent thesis" in claiming that it is the primary cause of poverty and injustice in society.[108] George argued that the rent of land increased faster than wages for labor because the supply of land is fixed. Modern economists, including Ottmar Edenhofer have demonstrated that George's assertion is plausible but was more likely to be true during George's time than now.

An early criticism of Georgism was that it would generate too much public revenue and result in unwanted growth of government, but later critics argued that it would not generate enough income to cover government spending. Joseph Schumpeter concluded his analysis of Georgism by stating that, "It is not economically unsound, except that it involves an unwarranted optimism concerning the yield of such a tax." Economists who study land conclude that Schumpeter's criticism is unwarranted because the rental yield from land is likely much greater than what modern critics such as Paul Krugman suppose.[109] Krugman agrees that land value taxation is the best means of raising public revenue but asserts that increased spending has rendered land rent insufficient to fully fund government.[110] Georgists have responded by citing studies and analyses implying that land values of nations like the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia are more than sufficient to fund all levels of government.[111] [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117]

Anarcho-capitalist political philosopher and economist Murray Rothbard criticized Georgism in Man, Economy, and State as being philosophically incongruent with subjective value theory, and further stating that land is irrelevant in the factors of production, trade, and price systems,[118] but this critique is seen by some, including other opponents of Georgism, as relying on false assumptions and flawed reasoning.[119]

Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek credited early enthusiasm for Henry George with developing his interest in economics. Later, Hayek said that the theory of Georgism would be very strong if assessment challenges did not result in unfair outcomes, but he believed that they would.[120]

Lists of Georgists

Economists

Heads of government

Other political figures

Activists

Authors

Journalists

Artists

Philosophers

Others

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Foldvary . Fred . Geoism Explained . The Progress Report . 12 January 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150317210356/http://www.progress.org/views/editorials/geoism-explained/ . March 17, 2015.
  2. Web site: 14 June 2012 . Geoism Explained on Public Access TV by... Me (VIDEO) . 15 May 2023 . . en . We talked about Geoism/Georgism.
  3. Web site: An Introduction to Georgist Philosophy & Activity . Council of Georgist Organizations . 28 June 2014 . 29 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190429102952/http://www.cgocouncil.org/cwho.html . dead.
  4. Heavey . Jerome F. . Comments on Warren Samuels' "Why the Georgist movement has not succeeded" . American Journal of Economics and Sociology . July 2003 . 62 . 3 . 593–599 . 3487813 . human beings have an inalienable right to the product of their own labor . 10.1111/1536-7150.00230.
  5. Web site: McNab . Jane . How the reputation of Georgists turned minds against the idea of a land rent tax . Business School, The University of Western Australia . 18 June 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140812144900/http://www.business.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/2325322/Jane-McNab-Jacqueline-Tuck-Final-b-HETSA-Paper-2013.pdf . 12 August 2014.
  6. Book: Gaffney . Mason . Harrison . Fred . 1994 . The Corruption of Economics . London . Shepheard-Walwyn . 978-0-85683-244-4.
  7. Hudson, Michael; Feder, Kris; and Miller, George James (1994). A Philosophy for a Fair Society . Shepheard-Walwyn, London. .
  8. Web site: Locke . John . Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising the Value of Money . https://web.archive.org/web/20160208204411/http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/locke-john_some-considerations-of-the-consequences-of-the-lowering-of-interest-1691.htm . dead . 8 February 2016 . 1691.
  9. Web site: Gaffney . Mason . Logos Abused: The Decadence and Tyranny of Abstract Reasoning in Economics . 22 December 2013.
  10. Agrarian Justice, Wikisource edition, paragraph 12
  11. Book: Smith, Adam . The Wealth of Nations, Book V . 1776 . Chapter 2, Article 1: Taxes upon the Rent of Houses.
  12. Book: Nicolaus . Tideman . Mason . Gaffney. [{{google books |plainurl=y |id=s0wgAQAAIAAJ}} Land and Taxation ]. 1994. Shepheard-Walwyn in association with Centre for Incentive Taxation. 978-0-85683-162-1.
  13. Book: Binswanger-Mkhize, Hans P . Bourguignon, Camille . Brink, Rogier van den . Hans P. . Camille . Rogier . Binswanger-Mkhize . Bourguignon . Van Den Brink . Agricultural Land Redistribution : Toward Greater Consensus . 2009 . World Bank . 10.1596/978-0-8213-7627-0 . 978-0-8213-7627-0 . A land tax is considered a progressive tax in that wealthy landowners normally should be paying relatively more than poorer landowners and tenants. Conversely, a tax on buildings can be said to be regressive, falling heavily on tenants who generally are poorer than the landlords.
  14. Plummer . Elizabeth . Evidence on the Distributional Effects of a Land Value Tax on Residential Households . National Tax Journal . March 2010 . 63 . 63–92 . 10.17310/ntj.2010.1.03 . 53585974 . 7 January 2015 . 10 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150110102445/http://www.ntanet.org/NTJ/63/1/ntj-v63n01p63-92-evidence-distributional-effects-land.pdf . dead.
  15. Book: Land Value Taxation: An Applied Analysis . William J. . McCluskey . Riël C. D. . Franzsen . 2017 . . 9 October 2017 . . 9780754614906.
  16. http://onthecommons.org/magazine/forgotten-idea-shaped-great-us-cities The Forgotten Idea That Shaped Great U.S. Cities
  17. Web site: "Economics" and Political Economy . Understanding Economics . 27 March 2015.
  18. Web site: Tideman . Nic . Basic Principles of Geonomics . 15 January 2015.
  19. Casal . Paula . Global Taxes on Natural Resources . . 2011 . 8 . 3 . 307–327 . 14 March 2014 . "Geoism" can also invoke a philosophical tradition encompassing the views of John Locke and Thomas Paine as well as Henry George ... . 10.1163/174552411x591339.
  20. Web site: Progress and Poverty, Introduction. www.henrygeorge.org. 9 October 2017.
  21. Web site: Common Rights Vs. Collective Rights. geolib.com. 9 October 2017.
  22. Web site: Poverty - Earthsharing Canada. earthsharing.ca. 9 October 2017.
  23. News: Inman . Phillip . Could we build a better future on a land value tax? . . 14 January 2014 . 16 September 2012.
  24. Aaron . Henry . A New View of Property Tax Incidence . . May 1974 . 64 . 2 . 7 January 2015.
  25. [Adam Smith]
  26. Foldvary, Fred E. "Geo-Rent: A Plea to Public Economists". Econ Journal Watch (April 2005)http://econjwatch.org/issues/volume-2-issue-1-april-2005
  27. Web site: Stiglitz . Joseph . Thomas Piketty and Joseph Stiglitz . 8 April 2015 . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Fg6UwAQJUVo . 21 December 2021 . live . INETeconomics . 14 April 2015.
  28. Web site: Re:Think. Tax discussion paper for March 2015 . The Australian Government the Treasury . 14 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150417064033/http://bettertax.gov.au/files/2015/03/TWP_combined-online.pdf . 17 April 2015 . dead.
  29. Book: Franklin . Benjamin . Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin, Volume 2 . 1840 . McCarty & Davis . 32 . 13 December 2014.
  30. Book: Shine . Mary L. . Ideas of the founders of the American nation on landed property . 1922 . University of Wisconsin . 196 .
  31. Book: George, Henry . An anthology of Henry George's thought . University of Rochester Press . Rochester, NY . 1997 . 978-1878822819.
  32. George, Henry (1905). Protection or Free Trade
  33. Book: George . Henry . Progress and Poverty . 1879 . Cosimo . 1596059516 . bk. 1 ch. 2 . 19 September 2021 . 27 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220327064853/https://progressandpoverty.org/read-online/p-p-table-of-contents/ . dead.
  34. Web site: Davies . Lindy . The Science of Political Economy: What George "Left Out" . Economic Science Course by the Henry George Institute . 16 June 2014.
  35. Web site: Batt . H. William . The Compatibility of Georgist Economics and Ecological Economics . 9 June 2014 . 4 June 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160604115221/http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Batt_GEE.html . dead .
  36. Book: George . Henry . Protection or Free Trade . 1886 . Doubleday, Page & Co. . New York .
  37. Book: George . Henry . An Anthology of Henry George's Thought, Volume 1 . 1997 . . 148 . 16 June 2014 . 9781878822819.
  38. Mattauch . Linus . Siegmeier . Jan . Edenhofer . Ottmar . Ottmar Edenhofer . Creutzig . Felix . Felix Creutzig . 2013 . Financing Public Capital through Land Rent Taxation: A Macroeconomic Henry George Theorem . CESifo Working Paper . 4280 .
  39. Web site: Tideman . Nicolaus . Using Tax Policy to Promote Urban Growth . 9 June 2014.
  40. Gaffney . Mason . The Hidden Taxable Capacity of Land: Enough and to Spare . . 3 July 2008 . Summer 2008 . 13 June 2014.
  41. Web site: Fitzgerald . Karl . Total Resource Rents of Australia . Prosper Australia . 16 June 2014.
  42. Harriss . C. Lowell . 2006 . Nonrenewable Exhaustible Resources and Property Taxation . . 65 . 3 . 693–699 . 10.1111/j.1536-7150.2006.00470.x.
  43. Book: George . Henry . An Anthology of Henry George's Thought, Volume 1 . 1997 . . 156 . 16 June 2014 . 9781878822819.
  44. Web site: George . Henry . Scotland and Scotsmen . 16 June 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140810011003/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/janusg/hgh/scots.htm . 10 August 2014. Address delivered on 18 February 1884 at the City Hall, Glasgow
  45. Miller . Joseph Dana . To Hold the Sea In Fee Simple . The Single Tax Review . 1921 . 21–22 . 37 . 16 June 2014.
  46. Web site: Darrow . Clarence . How to Abolish Unfair Taxation . 15 June 2014 . 14 January 2014.
  47. Web site: Sullivan . Dan . Are you a Real Libertarian, or a ROYAL Libertarian? . 15 June 2014.
  48. Web site: Post . Louis F. . Outlines of Louis F. Post's Lectures . 15 June 2014.
  49. Web site: Zarlenga . Stephen . Henry George's Concept of Money (Full Text) And Its Implications For 21st Century Reform . American Monetary Institute . 13 June 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130604031856/http://www.monetary.org/henry-georges-concept-of-money-ful/2010/12 . 4 June 2013 . dead.
  50. Web site: George . Henry . On Patents and Copyrights . 16 June 2014.
  51. Web site: Niman . Neil B. . Henry George and the Intellectual Foundations of the Open Source Movement . Robert Schalkenbach Foundation . A modern counterpart to the nineteenth century focus on land can be found in the twentieth century concern with the establishment of intellectual property rights that fence off a portion of the creative commons in order to construct temporary monopolies. . 16 June 2014 . 20 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210620061554/https://schalkenbach.org/scholars-forum/Niman-George-and-Open-Source.pdf . dead.
  52. Fox, Stephen R. The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy. Madison, WI: U of Wisconsin, 1985.
  53. Daly, Herman E., and Joshua C. Farley. Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications. Washington: Island, 2004.
  54. Web site: Cato . Molly Scott . The Gypsy Rover, the Norman Yoke and the Land Value Tax . 15 August 2014 . 2 September 2013.
  55. Web site: Smith . Peter . Beaver, Rewilding & Land Value Tax have the answer to the UK's Flooding Problem. . 15 August 2014 . 29 January 2014.
  56. Web site: Ikerd . John . The Green Tax Shift: Winners and Losers . missouri.edu . 13 June 2014 . 18 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210618061540/http://web.missouri.edu/ikerdj/papers/Kansas%20City%20--%20George%20-%20Green%20Tax.htm . dead.
  57. Casal . Paula . Global Taxes on Natural Resources . Journal of Moral Philosophy . 2011 . 8 . 3 . 307–327 . 10.1163/174552411X591339 . 14 June 2014.
  58. Backhaus . Jurgen . Krabbe . J. J. . Henry George's Contribution to Modern Environmental Policy: Part I, Theoretical Postulates. . . 50 . 4 . 1991 . 485–501 . Weborn . 14 August 2014-->. 10.1111/j.1536-7150.1991.tb03342.x .
  59. Web site: Cobb . Clifford . Herman Daly Festschrift: Ecological and Georgist Economic Principles: A Comparison . 13 June 2014.
  60. Book: Roark . Eric . Removing the Commons: A Lockean Left-Libertarian Approach to the Just Use and Appropriation of Natural Resources . 2013 . . 12 June 2014 . 9780739174692.
  61. Book: Brebbia . C. A. . Ecodynamics: The Prigogine Legacy . 2012 . . 104 . 4 June 2014 . 9781845646547.
  62. News: Gluckman . Amy . A Primer on Henry George's "Single Tax" . 12 July 2015.
  63. Web site: Hartzok . Alanna . Citizen Dividends and Oil Resource Rents A Focus on Alaska, Norway and Nigeria . 9 June 2014.
  64. Web site: Gaffney . Mason . A Cannan Hits the Mark . 9 June 2014.
  65. http://www.truefreetrade.org/scg.htm Socialism, Capitalism, and Geoism
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  67. http://www.earthsharing.org.au/introduction/ Introduction to Earth Sharing
  68. Web site: Jeffery J. Smith . www.progress.org . 9 October 2017.
  69. Web site: Geoism and Libertarianism . https://web.archive.org/web/20121104040047/http://www.progress.org/archive/fold251.htm . 4 November 2012 . dead . Fred . Foldvary . 9 October 2017 . Fred Foldvary.
  70. Web site: Curtis . Mike . The Arden Land Trust . 30 May 2014.
  71. Web site: Adams . Martin . Sharing the Value of Land: The Promise of Location Value Covenants . 30 May 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140530053734/https://medium.com/@martin_unitism/sharing-the-value-of-land-18066c10ac50 . 30 May 2014 . dead.
  72. Web site: Kent . Deirdre . Land and Money Reform Synergy in New Zealand . Smart Taxes . 30 May 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140605080303/http://smarttaxes.org/2012/07/24/land-and-money-reform-synergy-in-new-zealand/ . 5 June 2014.
  73. Web site: Cooperative Individualism - Liberty Schools . www.cooperativeindividualism.org . 9 October 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160604042754/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/wrigley-adrian_location-value-covenants-2010-06.pdf . 4 June 2016.
  74. Web site: Location Value Covenants - Systemic Fiscal Reform . www.sfrgroup.org . 9 October 2017.
  75. Web site: Foldvery . Fred . Geoanarchism A short summary of geoism and its relation to libertarianism. . 29 May 2014 . 18 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190159/http://www.anti-state.com/geo/foldvary1.html . dead.
  76. Web site: Bille . Frank F. . The Danish-American Georgist . 30 May 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140531110700/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/bille-frank_danish-american-georgist-1964.html . 31 May 2014.
  77. Book: Miller, Joseph Dana . Land and Freedom: An International Record of Single Tax Progress, Volume 4 . 1904 . Single Tax Publishing Company . 9–15 .
  78. News: Wolf . Martin . Why we must halt the land cycle . . 29 May 2014.
  79. Web site: Barker . Charles A. . The Followers of Henry George . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150113053410/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/barker-charles_followers-of-henry-george-1953.html . 13 January 2015 . 13 January 2015 . Henry George News . This is not to say that George was less than enthusiastic about Shearman's idea and the organized movement which presently occurred. He did speak for it, about as the common supposition takes for granted. He took the formula to Britain on his later, less important, visits, and introduced it in competition with other reforms. But there were limits to his enthusiasm. More than once he said that the name "single tax" lacked the dimensions of the underlying idea. And when inevitably the "single tax limited" came to open debate with the "single tax unlimited," the real issue was no less than whether or not Progress and Poverty's central proposition, that the land belongs to all the people and that economic rent should return to the community, the book's whole claim in the name of justice, would stand or fall..
  80. Web site: Fair Tax Where the Wealthiest and Corporations Pay their Share — Tax Wealth More than Work; Tax Activities We Dislike More than Necessities . 28 August 2004 . 26 July 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005612/http://www.votenader.org/issues/index.php?cid=7 . 27 September 2007 . votenader.org.
  81. News: Why Henry George had a point . The Economist . 29 June 2017 . 1 April 2015.
  82. Book: Stiglitz . Joseph . Feldstein . Martin . Inman . Robert . The Economics of Public Services . 1977 . Macmillan Publishers . London . 274–333 . The theory of local public goods.
  83. Arnott . Richard J. . Stiglitz . Joseph E. . Aggregate Land Rents, Expenditure on Public Goods, and Optimal City Size . . November 1979 . 93 . 4 . 471–500 . 1884466 . 10.2307/1884466 . 53374401 . 2019-09-19 . 2017-08-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170817083741/https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:160390/CONTENT/4624867.pdf . dead .
  84. Web site: Fairhope Single Tax Corporation . Fairhope Single Tax Corporation . 9 October 2017.
  85. See https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/25/1/172/1908077 for more information on this Realty evaluation.
  86. https://casetext.com/case/city-of-houston-v-baker City of Houston v. Baker
  87. News: Joseph Jay Pastoriza and the Single Tax in Houston, 19111917 . Houston Review: history and culture of the Gulf Coast . 1986 . Davis . Stephen . 8 . 2.
  88. Silagi . Michael . Faulkner . Susan N . 1984. Land Reform in Kiaochow, China: From 1898 to 1914 the Menace of Disastrous Land Speculation was Averted by Taxation . . 43 . 2 . 167–177 . 10.1111/j.1536-7150.1984.tb02240.x.
  89. Web site: Henry George 100 Years Later . Gaffney . M. Mason . Association for Georgist Studies Board . 12 May 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080724030349/http://www.georgiststudies.org/george100years.html . 24 July 2008.
  90. News: Property: Land of opportunity . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/c92e084a-4300-11e4-8a43-00144feabdc0 . 10 December 2022 . subscription . live . . September 2014 . Harding . Robin.
  91. News: City council decides to cut land value tax . 6 June 2016 . Altoona Mirror.
  92. Web site: 2023 . The Land Value Tax Plan . 12 November 2023 . City of Detroit.
  93. News: Alsup . Alex . 17 October 2023 . Property Tax Burden Falls on Owners of Occupied Homes in Good Condition . . 12 November 2023.
  94. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 62, 2003, p. 615
  95. Web site: About Us – Henry George School of Social Science . hgsss.org . Henry George School of Social Science . 29 June 2017.
  96. Web site: About the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy . Lincolninst.edu . 26 July 2012.
  97. Web site: The Henry George Foundation . 31 July 2009.
  98. Web site: The IU . The IU . 13 June 2019.
  99. Marshall . Alfred . 1969 . Three Lectures on Progress and Poverty by Alfred Marshall . The Journal of Law & Economics . 12 . 1 . 184–226 . 10.1086/466666 . 724986 . 154700964 . 0022-2186.
  100. Book: Marshall, Alfred . Principles of Economics . 1920 . Library of Economics and Liberty.
  101. Web site: Andelson . Robert V. . Henry George and The Reconstruction Of Capitalism . 14 January 2014 . 25 September 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140925045512/http://schalkenbach.org/on-line-library/works-by-robert-v-andelson/henry-george-and-the-reconstruction-of-capitalism/ . dead.
  102. Web site: Letters: Marx-Engels Correspondence 1881. Karl. Marx. www.marxists.org. 9 October 2017.
  103. Web site: George . Henry . Henry George . A Response to Richard Ely On the Question of Compensation to Owners of Land . 29 May 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140529145606/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/george-henry_a-response-to-richard-ely-on-the-question-of-compensation-to-land-owners-1887.html . 29 May 2014.
  104. Book: Commons, John Rogers . The Distribution of Wealth . 1893 . Macmillan and Company . 978-0-598-86363-8 . en.
  105. Commons . John R. . 1922 . A Progressive Tax on Bare Land Values . . 37 . 1 . 41–68 . 10.2307/2142317 . 2142317.
  106. Book: Andelson, Robert V. . Studies in Economic Reform and Social Justice, Critics of Henry George: An Appraisal of Their Strictures on Progress and Poverty . 23 April 2004 . Wiley . 978-1-4051-1829-3 . en.
  107. Foldvery . Fred E. . Geo-Rent: A Plea to Public Economists . Econ Watch . 2005 . 2 . 1 . 106–132 . 2 October 2013.
  108. Book: Critics of Henry George: An Appraisal of Their Strictures on Progress and Poverty . 1 . Robert V. . Andelson . 2003 . . 978-1405118255.
  109. Book: Hudson . Michael . A Philosophy for a Fair Society . 1994 . Shepheard-Walwyn . 18 January 2015 . 9780856831591.
  110. https://psmag.com/news/this-land-is-your-land-3392 "urban economics models actually do suggest that Georgist taxation would be the right approach at least to finance city growth."/
  111. The hidden taxable capacity of land: enough and to spare . Mason . Gaffney . 13 March 2009 . . 36 . 4 . 328–411 . 10.1108/03068290910947930.
  112. Web site: Foldvery . Fred . The Ultimate Tax Reform: Public Revenue from Land Rent . 27 January 2014 . 7 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140207152253/http://www.foldvary.net/works/policystudy.pdf . dead.
  113. Steven . Cord . How Much Revenue would a Full Land Value Tax Yield? Analysis of Census and Federal Reserve Data . . 44 . 3 . 279–293.
  114. News: Steven . Cord . Land Rent is 20% of U.S. National Income for 1986 . Incentive Taxation . July–August 1991 . 1–2.
  115. Miles . Mike . 1990 . What Is the Value of all U.S. Real Estate? . Real Estate Review . 20 . 2 . 69–75.
  116. Book: Nicolaus . Tideman . Florenz . Plassman . Taxed Out of Work and Wealth: The Costs of Taxing Labor and Capital . The Losses of Nations: Deadweight Politics versus Public Rent Dividends . London . Othila Press . 1988 . 146–174.
  117. Web site: Fitzgerald . Karl . Total Resource Rents of Australia . 27 January 2014.
  118. Book: Rothbard, Murray . Murray Rothbard . Man, Economy, and State: A Treatise on Economic Principles . registration . . 1962.
  119. Web site: Heinrich . David J. . Murray Rothbard and Henry George . . 28 August 2014 . 24 February 2004.
  120. Andelson . Robert V. . On Separating the Landowner's Earned and Unearned Increment: A Georgist Rejoinder to F. A. Hayek . . January 2000 . 59 . 1 . 109–117 . 10.1111/1536-7150.00016. Hayek wrote, "It was a lay enthusiasm for Henry George which led me to economics."
  121. Brown . H. G. . A Defense of the Single Tax Principle . The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 183 . 1 . 1936 . 63–69 . 10.1177/000271623618300109 . 144711642 . The truth is that I recognize the fundamental justice and common sense of the single-tax idea. But that any other tax than a tax on land values is always and everywhere wrong, regardless of public needs or the nature of this other tax, I do not maintain..
  122. Book: Harter . Lafayette G. . John R. . Commons . His Assault on Laissez-faire . Corvallis . Oregon State University Press . 1962 . 21, 32, 36, 38.
  123. Book: Two Centuries of Economic Thought on Taxation of Land Rents . Richard . Lindholm . Arthur . Lynn, Jr. . Land Value Taxation in Thought and Practice . Madison . . 1982 . 151–196.
  124. Book: Brue . Stanley . Randy . Grant . The Evolution of Economic Thought . 2012 . 978-1-285-40175-1 . Cengage Learning . "After reading Henry George's Progress and Poverty," Commons "became a single-taxer.". Supplemental Biography of John Rogers Commons: Chapter 19 of the online edition.
  125. Book: Crotty . Raymond D. . A Radical's Response . 1988 . Poolbeg . 29 August 2014 . 9780905169989.
  126. Web site: Sheppard . Barry . 'Progress and Poverty' – Henry George and Land Reform in modern Ireland . The Irish Story . 29 August 2014 . 24 August 2014.
  127. Web site: Daly . Herman . Smart Talk: Herman Daly on what's beyond GNP Growth . 23 October 2015 . . . . I am really sort of a Georgist. . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/npmx_qsCHz4 . 21 December 2021 . live . Henry George School of Social Science . 24 October 2015.
  128. Web site: Gaffney . Mason . Stimulus: The False and the True Mason Gaffney . 13 August 2015.
  129. Book: Douglas, Paul . In the fullness of time; the memoirs of Paul H. Douglas . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . New York . 1972 . 978-0151443765 .
  130. Edenhofer . Ottmar . Hypergeorgism: When is Rent Taxation as a Remedy for Insufficient Capital Accumulation Socially Optimal? . 2232659 . 2013 . "Extending and modifying the tenet of georgism, we propose that this insight be called hypergeorgism." "From a historical perspective, our result may be closer to Henry George's original thinking than georgism or the neoclassical Henry George Theorems.".
  131. Edenhofer . Ottmar . Financing Public Capital Through Land Rent Taxation: A Macroeconomic Henry George Theorem . 2284745 . 25 June 2013 . CESifo Working Paper Series.
  132. Web site: Edenhofer . Ottmar . The Triple Dividend Climate Change Mitigation, Justice and Investing in Capabilities . 11 November 2013.
  133. Web site: Foldvary policy reforms . www.foldvary.net . 9 October 2017 . 10 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171010010411/http://www.foldvary.net/works/policy.html . dead.
  134. Web site: Is Tax Reform Possible? (February 06, 1978) . Collected Works of Milton Friedman, Hoover Institution . 30 November 2019 . Hoover Institution. Excerpt: Prof. Friedman:... In my opinion, and this may come as a shock to some of you, the least bad tax is the property tax on the unimproved value of land, the Henry George argument of many, many years ago. "
  135. Web site: Mason Gaffney's Website. masongaffney.org. 9 October 2017.
  136. Web site: Gaffney . Mason . Henry George 100 Years Later: The Great Reconciler . 27 January 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120303234646/http://www.masongaffney.org/essays/Henry_George_100_Years_Later.pdf . 3 March 2012.
  137. Airlie Worrall, The New Crusade: the Origins, Activities and Influence of the Australian Single Tax Leagues, 1889–1895 (M.A. thesis, University of Melbourne, 1978).
  138. Turgeon, Lynn. Bastard Keynesianism : the evolution of economic thinking and policymaking since World War II. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1997
  139. Gaffney, Mason. "Warm Memories of Bill Vickrey". Land & Liberty. http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/gaffney-mason_warm-memories-of-bill-vickrey-1997.htm
  140. Gaffney, Mason, and Fred Harrison. The corruption of economics. London: Shepheard-Walwyn in association with Centre for Incentive Taxation, 2006
  141. Hotelling . Harold . The General Welfare in Relation to Problems of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates . Econometrica . 6 . 3 . 1938 . 242–269 . 10.2307/1907054 . 1907054.
  142. Book: Andelson, Robert V. . 2000 . Land-Value Taxation Around the World: Studies in Economic Reform and Social Justice Malden . MA . Blackwell Publishers Inc. . 359.
  143. News: Knack . Ruth Eckdish . Pay As You Park: UCLA professor Donald Shoup inspires a passion for parking. . 17 September 2014 . Planning Magazine . May 2005.
  144. Shoup, Donald C. "The Ideal Source of Local Public Revenue." Regional Science and Urban Economics 34.6 (2004): 753-84.
  145. Web site: Washington . Emily . The High Cost of Free Parking Chapters 19–22 . marketurbanism.com . Market Urbanism . 17 September 2014 . 7 August 2012.
  146. http://www.wealthandwant.com/themes/quotable_nobels.htm Quotes from Nobel Prize Winners
  147. Web site: Stiglitz . Joseph . Working Paper No. 6: Principles and Guidelines for Deficit Reduction . Next New Deal The Blog of the Roosevelt Institute . The Roosevelt Institute . 22 February 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101206120932/http://www.newdeal20.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/principles-and-guidelines-for-deficit-reduction.pdf . 6 December 2010 . 5 . 2 December 2010 . One of the general principles of taxation is that one should tax factors that are inelastic in supply, since there are no adverse supply side effects. Land does not disappear when it is taxed. Henry George, a great progressive of the late nineteenth century, argued, partly on this basis, for a land tax..
  148. Web site: Tideman . Nicolaus . Global Economic Justice . Schalkenbach Foundation . 8 October 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130629031608/http://www.schalkenbach.org/library/tidemanglobaljustice.html . June 29, 2013.
  149. Web site: Bill Vickrey: "This paper would benefit from an application of Henry George's idea of taxing land values!". www.wealthandwant.com. 9 October 2017. 7 September 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080907220506/http://www.wealthandwant.com/auth/Vickrey.html. dead.
  150. Netzer . Dick . Remembering William Vickrey . Land Lines . November 1996 . 8 . 6 . 2 September 2016.
  151. Vickrey, William. "The Corporate Income Tax in the U.S. Tax System, 73 TAX NOTES 597, 603 (1996). Quote: "Removing almost all business taxes, including property taxes on improvements, excepting only taxes reflecting the marginal social cost of public services rendered to specific activities, and replacing them with taxes on site values, would substantially improve the economic efficiency of the jurisdiction."
  152. Cirillo . Renato . Léon Walras and Social Justice . The American Journal of Economics and Sociology . Jan 1984 . 43 . 1 . 53–60 . 10.1111/j.1536-7150.1984.tb02222.x . 3486394.
  153. Barker, Charles A., 1955. Henry George. New York: Oxford University Press
  154. Book: Hudson. Michael. A philosophy for a fair society (Georgist Paradigm Series). 1994. Shepheard-Walwyn. paperback.
  155. Web site: Has Georgism been hijacked by special interests?.
  156. Book: Boast, Richard . Buying the land, selling the land : governments and Maori land in the North Island 1865–1921 . Victoria University Press, Victoria University of Wellington . Wellington, N.Z . 2008 . 9780864735614.
  157. Daunton, M. J. State and market in Victorian Britain : war, welfare and capitalism. Woodbridge, UK Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2008. Quote: "In the election of 1890 he campaigned for radical land reform, arguing for a tax on the 'unearned increment', and advocated the programme of Henry George as a means of 'bursting up the great estates'."
  158. https://www.cooperative-individualism.org/churchill-winston_mother-of-all-monopolies-1909.htm "Winston S. Churchill / The Mother of all Monopolies -- 1909"
  159. MacLaren . Andrew . The People's Rights: Opportunity Lost? . Finest Hour . Autumn 2001 . 112 . 15 August 2015 . 18 October 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151018155237/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-112/the-people-s-rights-opportunity-lost . dead.
  160. News: Dugan . Ianthe Jeanne . It's a Lonely Quest for Land-Tax Fans, But, by George, They Press On . 25 August 2014 . Wall Street Journal . March 17, 2013.
  161. Stevens, Elizabeth Lesly. "A Tax Policy With San Francisco Roots". July 30, 2011 https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/31/us/31bcstevens.html Quote: "But Mr. Brown was certainly in good company as a Georgist. Devotees over the years have included Leo Tolstoy, Winston Churchill, Sun Yat-Sen, and the inventor of the board game that would become Monopoly."
  162. Murdoch, Walter. Alfred Deakin: a sketch. Melbourne, Vic: Bookman, 1999. [1923]
  163. Book: Bastian, Peter . Andrew Fisher: An Underestimated Man . UNSW Press . Sydney, N.S.W . 2009 . 978-1742230047 . 28–30.
  164. George, Henry, Jr. The Life of Henry George. New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1900.
  165. Web site: Hayes . Rutherford B. . Henry George . 26 November 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004921/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/hayes-rutherford_henry-george-1887.html . 3 December 2013.
  166. http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090395b.htm "Hughes, William Morris (Billy) (1862–1952)"
  167. News: Stout . Robert . Address by the Hon. R. Stout . 6 December 2014 . New Zealand Herald . XXII. 7302 . PAPERPAST . 14 April 1885.
  168. Henry George, Sun Yat-sen and China: More Than Land Policy Was Involved. Paul B.. Trescott. January 22, 1994. American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 53. 3. 363–375. Wiley Online Library. 10.1111/j.1536-7150.1994.tb02606.x.
  169. Book: Trescott, Paul B. . Jingji Xue: The History of the Introduction of Western Economic Ideas Into China, 1850–1950 . 2007 . Chinese University Press . 46–48 . The foregoing help to demonstrate why Sun Yat-sen would have regarded Henry George as a very credible guide, and why in 1912 Sun could tell an interviewer, 'The teachings of your single-taxer, Henry George, will be the basis of our program of reform.'. 9789629962425.
  170. Post . Louis Freeland . Sun Yat Sen's Economic Program for China . The Public . April 12, 1912 . 15 . 349 . 8 November 2016 . land tax as the only means of supporting the government is an infinitely just, reasonable, and equitably distributed tax, and on it we will found our new system.
  171. Web site: Election Speeches · Herbert Evatt, 1955 · Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House .
  172. Book: Altgeld . John . Live Questions . 1899 . Geo. S Bowen & Son . 776–781 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140924001239/http://darrow.law.umn.edu/documents/Altgeld%20on%20Henry%20George.pdf . 24 September 2014.
  173. Chicago Single Tax Club collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Illinois at Chicago http://findingaids.library.uic.edu/ead/rjd1/ChiSingleTaxf.html
  174. Web site: Gaffney . Mason . Henry George 100 Years Later: The Great Reconciler . Robert Schalkenbach Foundation . 3 September 2014.
  175. Book: Finegold, Kenneth . Experts and politicians: reform challenges to machine politics in New York, Cleveland, and Chicago . Princeton University Press . Princeton, NJ . 1995 . 978-0691037349 .
  176. Stevens . Elizabeth Lesly . The Power Broker . Washington Monthly . July/August 2012 . July–August 2012 . 8 December 2013 . 12 December 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131212205050/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/julyaugust_2012/features/the_power_broker038423.php?page=all . dead.
  177. Web site: Cameron . Clyde . Revenue is not a Tax . 18 February 2015 . 19 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200419154905/http://www.georgist.multiline.com.au/revenue2.htm . dead .
  178. News: Single Tax Loses, But Mayor Favoring This Reform Is Chosen By a Small Vote Margin . 23 August 2014 . The Milwaukee Journal . Mar 6, 1912.
  179. Arnesen, Eric. Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History. New York: Routledge, 2007
  180. Johnston, Robert D. The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2003
  181. Gaynor, William Jay. Some of Mayor Gaynor's Letters and Speeches. New York: Greaves Pub., 1913. 214–221. https://books.google.com/books?id=-7kMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA219
  182. Howe, Frederic C. The Confessions of a Reformer. Kent, OH: Kent State UP, 1988.
  183. Arcas Cubero, Fernando: El movimiento georgista y los orígenes del Andalucismo : análisis del periódico "El impuesto único" (1911–1923). Málaga : Editorial Confederación Española de Cajas de Ahorros, 1980.
  184. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/05/31/104936447.pdf "Single Taxers Dine Johnson"
  185. http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=165 "Henry George"
  186. Web site: Frank de Jong: Economic Rent Best Way to Finance Government . . 20 June 2011 . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/KB6zNyOXMBg . 21 December 2021 . live . 9 November 2013.
  187. Web site: Gaffney . Mason . What's the matter with Michigan? Rise and collapse of an economic wonder . 28 April 2014.
  188. Cleveland . Polly . The Way Forward for Detroit? Land Taxes . Washington Spectator . 28 April 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140428034615/http://www.washingtonspectator.org/index.php/Economics/when-progressive-taxation-made-detroit-a-powerhouse.html . 28 April 2014.
  189. Web site: Gaffney . Mason . New Life in Old Cities . UC Riverside . 28 April 2014 . 28 April 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140428054901/http://economics.ucr.edu/seminars_colloquia/2008/development_applied_economics/Gaffney.pdf . dead.
  190. Book: Bryson, Phillip . The economics of Henry George : history's rehabilitation of America's greatest early economist . limited . . New York . 2011 . 145 . 9780230115859.
  191. Book: Moore, Robert . Pit-men, preachers & politics the effects of Methodism in a Durham mining community . registration . . Cambridge . 1974 . 61 . 9780521203562.
  192. Barton . Stephen E. . Berkeley Mayor J. Stitt Wilson: Christian Socialist, Georgist, Feminist . American Journal of Economics and Sociology . 75 . 1 . 2016 . 193–216 . 0002-9246 . 10.1111/ajes.12132. 10.1111/ajes.12132 . free.
  193. "Some Suggestions for Reform of Taxation", Proceedings, 14th Annual Convention, League of California Municipalities, Santa Barbara, California, October 25, 1911, pp. 152–171. J. Stitt Wilson, "Report from California", The Single Tax Review, V.17, No.1, January–February 1917, pp. 50–52
  194. Book: Stewart, John . Standing for justice: a biography of Andrew MacLaren, MP . 2001 . Shepheard-Walwyn . 0856831948 . London . 49362105.
  195. Baron . Ian . September 1986 . Nkomo Debt to George in Banned Talk . Land & liberty . London . HGFUK . 30 July 2020.
  196. Revista de Estudios Regionales . 56 . 2000 . 245 . La Liga Española para el Impuesto Único y la Hacienda Municipal de Sevilla en 1914 . es . The Spanish League for the Single Tax and the Seville Municipal Treasury in 1914 . Manuel . Martín Rodríguez . 0213-7585 .
  197. https://x.com/RoKhanna/status/1163060125130792966
  198. Web site: Polis lobbies property-tax commission to consider land value tax . 9 January 2024 .
  199. Jones . Carolyn C. . Taxing Women: Thoughts on a Gendered Economy: Symposium: A Historical Outlook: Taxes and Peace" A Case Study of Taxing Women . Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies . Spring 1997 . 5 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141208021637/https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=6+S.+Cal.+Rev.+L.+%26+Women%27s+Stud.+361&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=2ee4d64342aee8044cf7a2058abebf9e . 8 December 2014 . dead.
  200. Book: Rothbard . Murray . Murray Rothbard . Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought (Complete, 1965–1968) . 2007 . . 263 . 5 December 2014 . 9781610160407.
  201. Chris Oestereich. "With Liberty and Dividends for All: An Interview with Peter Barnes"; https://medium.com/@costrike/with-liberty-and-dividends-for-all-an-interview-with-peter-barnes-2d3cbd95028c
  202. Beth Shalom Hessel. "Field, Sara Bard"; http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00220.html; American National Biography Online April 2014. Access Date: Mar 22 2015
  203. Lane, Fintan. The Origins of Modern Irish Socialism, 1881–1896.Cork University Press, 1997 (pp. 79, 81).
  204. Miller . Joseph Dana . Mr. Samuel Gompers Replies to Our Criticism . The Single Tax Review . 1921 . 21–22 . 42 . 31 August 2014.
  205. Book: Gompers . Samuel . The Samuel Gompers Papers: The making of a union leader, 1850–86, Volume 1 . 1986 . University of Illinois Press . 431–432 . 31 August 2014 . 9780252011375.
  206. Leubuscher, F. C. (1939). Bolton Hall . The Freeman. January issue.
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  208. Book: Land and Freedom, Volumes 22–23 . 1922 . 179 . 16 December 2014 . Google Books.
  209. Web site: The Land Question Quotations from Historical and Contemporary Sources . 5 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141101042450/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/land-question_f-h.html . 1 November 2014. Holmes said, "The passing years have only added to my conviction that Henry George is one of the greatest of all modern statesmen and prophets."
  210. Web site: Eckert . Charles R. . Henry George, Sound Economics and the "New Deal" . 5 December 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160604102744/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/eckert-charles_henry-george-sound-economics-and-the-new-deal-1935.html . 4 June 2016.
  211. Thompson, Noel. Political economy and the Labour Party: The economics of démocratic socialism (1884–2005). Routlegde Ed., 2006, pp. 54–55.
  212. Book: Haggard, Robert . The persistence of Victorian liberalism : the politics of social reform in Britain, 1870–1900 . Greenwood Press . Westport, Conn . 2001 . 978-0313313059 .
  213. Orr, B. S. (2006–2007). Mary Elizabeth Lease: Gendered discourse and Populist Party politics in Gilded Age America. Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains, 29, 246–265.
  214. Caves, Roger W. Encyclopedia of the City. Abingdon, Oxon, OX: Routledge, 2005.
  215. Marsh, Benjamin Clarke. Lobbyist for the People; a Record of Fifty Years. Washington: Public Affairs, 1953.
  216. News: Single-Taxers again laud Henry George . Daily Standard Union . Brooklyn, NY . 12 . Sep 8, 1912 . Nov 7, 2014.
  218. Jorgensen, Emil Oliver. The next Step toward Real Democracy: One Hundred Reasons Why America Should Abolish, as Speedily as Possible, All Taxation upon the Fruits of Industry, and Raise the Public Revenue by a Single Tax on Land Values Only. Chicago, IL: Chicago Singletax Club, 1920.
  219. Gorgas, William Crawford, and Lewis Jerome Johnson. Two Papers on Public Sanitation and the Single Tax. New York: Single Tax Information Bureau, 1914. https://books.google.com/books?id=v3NHAAAAYAAJ
  220. Ware, Louise. George Foster Peabody, Banker, Philanthropist, Publicist. Athens: U of Georgia, 1951. http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/ugapressbks/pdfs/ugp9780820334561.pdf
  221. Book: Young, Arthur Nichols . Single tax Movement in the United States . Hardpress Ltd . S.l . 1916.
  222. Book: Thompson, John . Reformers and war : American progressive publicists and the First World War . registration . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge; New York . 1987. 9780521252898.
  223. Book: Powderly . Terence Vincent . Thirty Years of Labor. 1859–1889 . 1889 . Excelsior publishing house . 8 December 2014. "It would be far easier to levy a "single tax," basing it upon land values." "It is because ... a single land tax would prove to be the very essence of equity, that l advocate it.
  224. Book: Mitgang, Herbert . The Man Who Rode the Tiger: The Life and Times of Judge Samuel Seabury . 1996 . . 9780823217229.
  225. Book: Magarey, Susan . Unbridling the tongues of women : a biography of Catherine Helen Spence . Hale & Iremonger . Sydney, NSW . 1985 . 978-0868061498.
  226. Book: Wenzer, Kenneth . An Anthology of Henry George's Thought (Volume 1) . 1997 . University Rochester Press . 87, 243 . 9781878822819 . Google Books.
  227. Web site: Oregon Biographies: William S. U'Ren . Oregon History Project . Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society . 2002 . 29 December 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061110113347/http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/Oregon-Biographies-William-Uren.cfm . 10 November 2006.
  228. Candeloro . Dominic . The Single Tax Movement and Progressivism, 1880–1920 . American Journal of Economics and Sociology . April 1979 . 38 . 2 . 113–127 . 16 July 2015 . 10.1111/j.1536-7150.1979.tb02869.x . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150717015930/http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/candeloro-dominic_single-tax-movement-and-progressivism-1979.htm . 17 July 2015.
  229. The Inquisitive Voter . The Great Adventure . September 11, 1920 . 4 . 35 . The proposition of Henry George will do more to lift humanity from the slough of poverty, crime, and misery than all else..
  230. Web site: Eisenstein . Charles . Post-Capitalism . 5 October 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085910/http://www.thenewandancientstory.net/home/post-capitalism . 6 October 2014.
  231. News: The Funeral Procession . 17 November 2013 . New York Times . November 1, 1897.
  232. Book: Newlin, Keith . Hamlin Garland a life . limited . University of Nebraska Press . Lincoln . 2008 . 978-0803233478 . 102–27.
  233. Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Web site: Fred Harrison speaks at ALTER Spring Conference 2014 . YouTube. 27 April 2014 .
  234. Web site: Aller . Pat . The Georgist Philosophy in Culture and History . 2 October 2014.
  235. Steuer . Max . Review Article: A hundred years of town planning and the influence of Ebenezer Howard . The British Journal of Sociology . June 2000 . 51 . 2 . 377–386 . 10.1111/j.1468-4446.2000.00377.x . 10905006.
  236. Book: Meacham . Standish . Regaining Paradise: Englishness and the Early Garden City Movement . 1999 . . 50–53 . 5 August 2014 . 978-0300075724.
  237. Book: Purdom . Charles Benjamin . The Letchworth Achievement . 1963 . 1 . 5 August 2014.
  238. Book: Hubbard . Elbert . Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Reformers . 1907 . The Roycrofters . East Aurora, New York . 6 July 2016 . Google Books.
  239. Harrison, F. (May–June 1989). "Aldous Huxley on 'the Land Question' ". Land & Liberty. "Huxley redeems himself when he concedes that, if he were to rewrite the book, he would offer a third option, one which he characterised as 'the possibility of sanity.' In a few bold strokes he outlines the elements of this model: 'In this community economics would be decentralist and Henry Georgian, politics Kropotkinesque and co-operative.'"
  240. Book: Lobato, Monteiro . O escândalo do petróleo e Georgismo e comunismo . 13 July 2012 . Globo Livros . 978-85-250-5007-6 . pt-BR.
  241. Book: Kunstler, James Howard . Home from Nowhere: Remaking Our Everyday World For the 21st Century . 1998 . . Chapter 7 . https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZW_dvcbEqUC . 9780684837376.
  242. Web site: Mace . Elisabeth . The economic thinking of Jose Marti: Legacy foundation for the integration of America . 5 August 2015 . dead . https://archive.today/20150908183320/http://www.akimoo.com/2013/the-economic-thinking-of-jose-marti-legacy-foundation-for-the-integration-of-america/ . 8 September 2015.
  243. Web site: Hudson . Michael . Speech to the Communist Party of Cuba . 15 January 2000 . 5 August 2015.
  244. Lora, Ronald; Longton, William Henry, eds. (1999). The Conservative Press in Twentieth-century America. Greenwood Publishing, Inc. p. 310. "Thus, the Freeman was to speak for the great tradition of classical liberalism, which [Albert Jay Nock and Francis Nielson] were afraid was being lost, and for the economics of Henry George, which both men shared."
  245. Web site: Norris . Kathleen . The Errors of Marxism . 21 November 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141213224036/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/norris-kathleen_errors-of-marxism-1940.html . 13 December 2014.
  246. Web site: Sinclair . Upton . The Consequences of Land Speculation are Tenantry and Debt on the Farms, and Slums and Luxury in the Cities . 3 November 2014. Sinclair was an active georgist but eventually gave up on explicitly advocating the reform because, "Our opponents, the great rich bankers and land speculators of California, persuaded the poor man that we were going to put all taxes on this poor man's lot."
  247. Web site: Gaffney . Mason . Excerpts from The Corruption of Economics . 3 November 2014.
  248. Book: George Bernard Shaw, his life and works . 1911 . Stewart & Kidd Company . Google Books.
  249. https://books.google.com/books?id=9jAfAQAAMAAJ&q=%22people+do+not+argue%22&pg=PA314 A Great Iniquity.
  250. Web site: Lebrun . Victor . Leo Tolstoy and Henry George . 9 September 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001701/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/lebrun-victor_leo-tolstoy-and-henry-george-1966.html . 11 September 2014.
  251. Book: Starr, Kevin . The dream endures : California enters the 1940s . registration . Oxford University Press . New York . 1997 . 978-0195157970. Wood had "strong leanings toward the single-tax theory of Henry George".
  252. Web site: Barnes . Tim . C.E.S. Wood (1852–1944) . The Oregon Encyclipedia . 14 December 2014.
  253. Web site: Henry George and Karl Marx . McEachran . Frank.
  254. Web site: The Impotence of Men . McEachran . Frank.
  255. Web site: Arthur Desmond (c. 1859–1929) . Cunneen . Chris . 1981 . Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography . Australian National University . 29 February 2024.
  256. Arthur Desmond on Huxley's Criticism of Henry George in the Nineteenth Century . Desmond . Arthur . May 1890 . New Zealand Monthly Review . II . 29 February 2024.
  257. Web site: Buckley . William F. Jr . William F. Buckley Jr. . Firing Line: Has New York Let Us Down? . PBS, Robert Schalkenbach Foundation . 6 November 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094932/http://www.schalkenbach.org/firing_line/Buckly-Star.pdf . 24 September 2015 . dead. Buckley says, "The location problem is, of course, easily solved by any Georgist, and I am one."
  258. Book: Perry, Jeffrey . Hubert Harrison the voice of Harlem radicalism, 1883–1918 . Columbia University Press . New York . 2009 . 978-0231139113.
  259. Web site: Sklar . Dusty . Henry George and Zionism . https://web.archive.org/web/20141028225026/http://jewishcurrents.org/henry-george-zionism-32779 . dead . 28 October 2014 . 28 October 2014.
  260. News: Kinsley . Michael . Inequality: It's Even Worse Than We Thought . 31 October 2014 . BloombergView . Bloomberg . Jun 13, 2012 . 2014-11-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141101073039/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2012-06-13/inequality-it-s-even-worse-than-we-thought . dead .
  261. News: Kinsley . Michael . The Capital-Gains Tax: A Tragedy in Two Acts . 31 October 2014 . Dec 19, 2012. Kinsley reiterates that George is his favorite economist and that land taxes are the best source of revenue.
  262. Web site: The Land Question Quotations from Historical and Contemporary Sources . 31 October 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141101010830/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/land-question_i-l.html . 1 November 2014. In The New Republic (February 12, 1992) Kinsley advocates removing all taxes and collecting land rent instead.
  263. Book: Chamberlain . John . Farewell To Reform . 1965 . Quadrangle Books . 47–48.
  264. Bernstein . David . Lochner's Feminist Legacy . Michigan Law Review . May 2003 . 101 . 6 . 1960–1986 . 10.2307/3595339 . 3595339 .
  265. News: Matthews . Dylan . Five conservative reforms millennials should be fighting for . 26 August 2014 . Wonkblog . The Washington Post . January 7, 2014.
  266. dylanmatt . Dylan . Matthews . 414149160775204864 . 20 December 2013 . @Bencjacobs @mattyglesias I think we've both been Georgists for a while now, though @AshokRao95 led me to revisit this stuff. Dylan Matthews's verified account states, "I think we've both been Georgists for a while now."
  267. Book: Lawson, R . A commonwealth of hope : the New Deal response to crisis . . Baltimore . 2006 . 978-0801884061.
  268. Book: Mowry, George . The era of Theodore Roosevelt and the birth of modern America, 1900–1912 . . New York . 1958 . I conceded the voice of ultimate wisdom and saw in Henry George the apostle of a new gospel. . 978-0061330223 . registration .
  269. Riis, Jacob A. "The Unemployed: a Problem". (In Peters, John P., Labor and Capital, a chapter on "Socialism and the Single Tax", pp. 425-431. New York, 1902. 12°. Questions of the day, no. 98.)
  270. Book: Burrows, Edwin . Gotham : a history of New York City to 1898 . registration . . New York . 1999 . 978-0195140491 . 1183.
  271. News: Salam . Reihan . On Property Taxes . 19 March 2015 . July 15, 2010.
  272. Traubel . Horace . Progress and Poverty . The Conservator . 1896 . 7–9 . 252–253 . 13 December 2015.
  273. News: Why we must halt the land cycle . The Financial Times . Martin Wolf . 8 July 2010 . 2 October 2013.
  274. News: How a levy based on location values could be the perfect tax . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211209/https://www.ft.com/content/392c33a6-211f-11e3-8aff-00144feab7de#axzz2gan65rob . 10 December 2022 . subscription . The Financial Times . Merryn Somerset Webb . 27 September 2013 . 2 October 2013 . live.
  275. iddqkfa . ©ommons $ense . 468204465057566720 . 19 May 2014 . Closet georgist, @MerrynSW, on an entertaining BBC program "Simon Evans Goes to Market", about investing in land #LVT.
  276. Smith . Charles Joseph . Forty Years of the Struggle for Freedom . Land and Freedom . January–February 1941 . XLI . 1 . 30 October 2014.
  277. Book: Filler, Louis . The muckrakers . Stanford University Press . Stanford, Calif . 1993.
  278. Miller, Joseph Dana (ed.), 1917. Single Tax Year Book. NY: Single Tax Review Publishing Company
  279. News: Worstall . Tim . What Michael Kinsley Gets Wrong About Taxation . 23 August 2014 . . 22 December 2012.
  280. Matthew . Yglesias . My Five-Point Plan for Fixing Everything . Slate . 7 November 2013 . 23 October 2013.
  281. Web site: Twitter / Mattyglesias: WSJ story on Georgism fails . WSJ story on Georgism fails to note that it's clearly correct. . 23 August 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140505024740/https://twitter.com/mattyglesias/status/313754546486796288 . 5 May 2014.
  282. Wineapple, Brenda. Sister Brother: Gertrude and Leo Stein. Lincoln: U of Nebraska, 2008.
  283. Mills, Allen. "Single Tax, Socialism and the Independent Labour Party of Manitoba: The Political Ideas of F.J. Dixon and S.J. Farmer." Labour / Le Travail 5 (1980): 33–56. JSTOR. Weborn 04 Dec. 2014. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/25139947?ref=no-x-route:ace15c2e1d6b230b7bafc46e82f39f89
  284. Book: Smith, Carl . Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman, Second Edition . 2008 . University of Chicago Press . 359 . 9780226764252 . Google Books.
  285. Web site: Moonblight and Six Feet of Romance: Dan Carter Beard's Foray into Fiction . Abigail . Walthausen . The Public Domain Review.
  286. J. R. LeMaster, James Darrell Wilson, C. G. H. (1903). The Mark Twain Encyclopedia.
  287. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6802083.ece Muse return with new album The Resistance
  288. Book: Caldwell, John . American paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art . The Museum in association with Princeton University Press . New York . 1994 . 978-0691037950.
  289. Co-founder of the Henry George Club, Australia.
  290. Web site: Williams . Karl . Walter Burley Griffin . 1 October 2013.
  291. Web site: Henry George, our hero in the battle for the right (Songs of the Hutchinsons) . 17 November 2013.
  292. Web site: George Inness (1825–1894) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . 27 August 2014.
  293. Book: Schor, Esther . Emma Lazarus . . 2006 . 9780805242751 . Google Books. Author of "The New Colossus", on the Statue of Liberty, and the poem "Progress and Poverty", named after George's book, of which she said, "The life and thought of no one capable of understanding it can be quite the same after reading it."
  294. Peseroff . Joyce . Emma Lazarus . Tikkun . March–April 2007 . 22 . 2 . 20 December 2014. Lazarus "supported Henry George's single tax".
  295. Web site: Schwartzman . Jack . A Remembrance of Anna George de Mille and Agnes de Mille . 17 November 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131224085337/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/schwartzman-jack_a-remembrance-of-anna-george-de-mille-and-agnes-de-mille-1993.html . 24 December 2013.
  296. Book: Eyman, Scott . Empire of Dreams: The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille . 2010 . Simon and Schuster . 29, 47 . 9781439180419 . Google Books.
  297. Book: Easton, Carol . No Intermissions The Life of Agnes de Mille . 1996 . Da Capo Press .
  298. Book: Louvish, Simon . Cecil B. DeMille: A Life in Art . 2008 . Macmillan . 40, 249 . 9780312377335 . Google Books.
  299. Book: Eyman, Scott . Empire of Dreams: The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille . 2010 . Simon and Schuster . 314 . 9781439180419 . Google Books.
  300. http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/neilson-francis_henry-george-the-scholar-1940.html "Henry George, The Scholar"
  301. Neilson . Francis . Albert Jay Nock on Henry George – Truth Sets Men Free . The Freeman . September 1939 . 1 October 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213045/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/neilson-francis_albert-jay-nock-on-henry-george.html . 4 October 2013.
  302. Web site: Happy Birthday, Eddie Palmieri! Alt.Latino Helps El Maestro Blow Out 81 Candles . WMOT . 12 January 2018.
  303. McQueen, Humphrey. A New Britannia. St. Lucia, Qld.: U of Queensland, 2004.
  304. Mills . Benjamin Fay . Louis Prang, Popularizer of Art . Vocations, Vocational Guidance, Hall & Locke Company . 1911 . 10 . 254 . 13 December 2015.
  305. Book: Taylor, Mark . Arden . 2010 . Arcadia Publishing . 8 . 9780738585598 . Google Books.
  306. Web site: Forgotten Writings of Arden's Frank Stephens . Shields, Jerry . Collecting Delaware Books .
  307. Web site: Frank Lloyd Wright on Henry George's Remedy . Wealthandwant.com . 5 June 2023.
  308. Book: Carlson, Allan . The New Agrarian Mind: The Movement Toward Decentralist Thought in Twentieth-Century America . Transaction Publishers . 2004 . 51.
  309. Silagi . M. . Faulkner . S. . 1993 . Henry George and Europe: Early Efforts to Organize Germany's Land Reformers Failed, but the Pioneers Won a National Demonstration . The American Journal of Economics and Sociology . 52 . 1 . 119–127 . The meeting was chaired by the materialist philosopher Ludwig Biichner. He was an admirer of Henry George and had been won over to the [land reform] movement by Fliirscheim. . 10.1111/j.1536-7150.1993.tb02753.x . 3487644.
  310. Buttenheim . Harold S. . The Relation of Housing to Taxation . Law and Contemporary Problems . March 1934 . 1, No. 2 . Low-Cost Housing and Slum Clearance: A Symposium . 198–205 . 10.2307/1189565 . 1189565 .
  311. Web site: Butler . Nicholas . Progress and Poverty . Commencement Speech, Columbia University (1931) . 23 October 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141213224031/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/butler-nicholas-murray_progress-and-poverty-1931-01.pdf . 13 December 2014.
  312. Web site: Frank Chodorov . 30 November 2013.
  313. Web site: Frank Chodorov . 30 November 2013.
  314. Book: Daly, Herman . For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future . 1994 . . 258–259, 328–329 . 9780807047057 . Google Books.
  315. Web site: John Dewey: An Appreciation of Henry George . www.wealthandwant.com . 9 October 2017.
  316. Onken, Werner. "The Political Economy of Silvio Gesell: A Century of Activism." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 59.4 (2000): 609–622. Weborn 16 Aug. 2014.
  317. Web site: The Life of Leon MacLaren . 25 January 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131223055828/http://maclarenfoundation.net/life1.htm . 23 December 2013.
  318. Web site: The School of Economic Science . 25 January 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101006175720/http://www.henrygeorgefoundation.org/cej/the-school-of-economic-science.html . 6 October 2010.
  319. Book: Van Parijs, Philippe . Introduction to Arguing for Basic Income . 1992 . Verso . London . 3–43 .
  320. Book: Sterba, James P. . From Rationality to Equality . 2013 . . 193 . 9780199580767 . Google Books.
  321. Book: Russel, Bertrand . The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell, 1903–1959 . Bertrand Russell . . 1992 . 492 . 9780415083010 . Google Books.
  322. Book: Russel, Bertrand . Freedom versus Organization . Bertrand Russell . . 1962.
  323. Web site: from: The Earl Russel, O.M., F.R.S. . 19 April 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212820/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/russell-bertrand_admiration-for-henry-george-1960.jpg . 4 October 2013. Letter addressed to a Mr. Krumreig
  324. Vallentyne, Peter. Left-libertarianism: A Primer. In Vallentyne, Peter; Steiner, Hillel (2000). "Left-libertarianism and Its Critics: The Contemporary Debate". Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Publishers Ltd. "Georgist libertarians—such as eponymous George (1879, 1892), Steiner (1977, 1980, 1981, 1992, 1994), and Tideman (1991, 1997, 1998)—hold that agents may appropriate unappropriated natural resources as long as they pay for the competitive value of the rights they claim."
  325. Yarvin, Curtis, Good government as good customer service
  326. Yarvin, Curtis, Against political freedom
  327. Web site: Martin Luther King, Jr: Where Do We Go From Here? (1967) . 24 May 2023 . www.wealthandwant.com.
  328. News: Babson . Roger . Roger Babson Sees Many Changes To Come After the War Has Ended . 22 August 2014 . The Evening Independent . 20 August 1943.
  329. Book: Brandeis, Louis . Letters of Louis D. Brandeis . 1 . 1971 . 82 . State University of New York Press . 9781438422565 . Google Books.
  330. Web site: 101+ Famous Thinkers on Owning Earth . 22 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024602/http://www.progress.org/geonomy/Earth.html . 5 January 2012 . dead . dmy-all. Brandeis said, "I find it very difficult to disagree with the principles of Henry George... I believe in the taxation of land values only."
  331. How to Abolish Unfair Taxation: An Address Before a Los Angeles Audience, Delivered March 1913 https://books.google.com/books?id=rlOFHAAACAAJ
  332. Web site: Darrow . Clarence . The Land Belongs To The People . www.umn.edu . Everyman . 3 August 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060133/http://darrow.law.umn.edu/documents/Land_Belongs_to_People_Everyman_Darrow_1916.pdf . 8 August 2014.
  333. The Centre for Incentive Taxation . . 20 . 4 . August 1994 . Darrow replied about Georgism, "Well, you either come to it or go broke.".
  334. http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/einstein-albert_letters-to-anna-george-demille-1934.html Two letters written in 1934 to Henry George's daughter, Anna George De Mille
  335. News: Elazar . Daniel . Earth Is the Lord's . 23 November 2014 . The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle . Newspapers.com . February 4, 1955.
  336. News: Wilhelm . Donald . Henry Ford Talks About War and Your Future . 23 November 2014 . Liberty Magazine . September 5, 1942 . 24 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190324142749/http://wealthandwant.com/docs/unindexed/FordH_1942.htm . dead . Henry Ford says that "every American family can have a piece of land. We ought to tax all idle land the way Henry George said—tax it heavily, so that its owners would have to make it productive."
  337. MacCallum . Spencer H. . The Alternative Georgist Tradition . Fragments . Summer–Fall 1997 . 35 . 30 October 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141030071512/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/maccallum-spencer_alternative-georgist-tradition-1997-02.pdf . 30 October 2014.
  338. Foldvary . Fred E. . Heath: Estranged Georgist . American Journal of Economics and Sociology . April 2004 . 63 . 2 . 411–431 . 10.1111/j.0002-9246.2004.00295.x.
  339. Web site: Justice for Mumia Abu-Jamal. https://web.archive.org/web/20070806130249/http://www.henrygeorge.org/mumia.htm. dead. August 6, 2007.
  340. Web site: Kennedy . Margrit . Money & The Land Grab . 11 December 2013 . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/6nSUKPV6BD0 . 21 December 2021 . live . . Share the Rents . 12 December 2013.
  341. Web site: Lincoln . John . Fighting For Fundamentals . 5 December 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111525/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/lincoln-john_fighting-for-fundamentals-1928.html . 24 December 2013.
  342. Magie invented The Landlord's Game, predecessor to Monopoly
  343. Web site: Dodson . Edward J. . How Henry George's Principles Were Corrupted Into the Game Called Monopoly . 1 October 2013.
  344. Web site: Gaffney . Mason . Henry George Dr. Edward McGlynn & Pope Leo XIII . 25 January 2014.
  345. News: Offers $250,000 For a Single Tax Campaign: Joseph Fels Pledges That Sum for Five Years Here and in England. If There Is An Equal Fund Commission of Single Taxers Formed to Raise the Fund – Roosevelt, Taft, and Hughes Said to be Friendly. . The New York Times . 30 October 2014 . New York Times . May 8, 1909.
  346. Book: Post, Louis F. . The Prophet of San Francisco: Personal Memories & Interpretations of Henry George . The Minerva Group . 9780898758337 . 2002 . Google Books.
  347. Book: Buell, Thomas B. . The Quiet Warrior . Little, Brown . Boston . 1974 . 9780870215629 . Google Books.
  348. News: American Single Taxers Invade Tiny Andorra; Fiske Warren Carries Their Gospel to the Republic Hidden for Twelve Centuries in the Pyrenees Between France and Spain . 9 December 2013 . . April 16, 1916.
  349. Web site: Sinclair . Upton . The Consequences of Land Speculation are Tenantry and Debt on the Farms, and Slums and Luxury in the Cities . 29 July 2014.
  350. Book: Stanley, Buder . Visionaries and Planners: The Garden City Movement and the Modern Community . 1990 . . 9780195362886 . Google Books. Wallace described Progress and Poverty as "Undoubtedly the most remarkable and important book of the present century."
  351. Book: Dudden, Arthur . Joseph Fels and the single tax movement . registration . 1971 . . 9780877220107.
  352. Web site: Vivienne Westwood and Her Cure for the Boom/Bust Cycle . 3 January 2023 .
  353. Web site: Altman . Sam . 25 April 2024 . Moore's Law for Everything . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240425042625/https://moores.samaltman.com/ . 25 April 2024 . 25 April 2024 . Moore's law for everything . "The concept is widely supported by economists. The value of land appreciates because of the work society does around it: the network effects of the companies operating around a piece of land, the public transportation that makes it accessible, and the nearby restaurants, coffeeshops, and access to nature that makes it desirable. Because the landowner didn’t do all that work, it’s fair for that value to be shared with the larger society that did.".
  354. Web site: Vitalik Buterin on Georgism . . 27 June 2022 .

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