Genocides in history (21st century) explained

Sri Lanka

Tamil genocide

See also: Tamil genocide, War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War and List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces. The Sri Lankan military was accused of committing human rights violations during Sri Lanka's 26-year civil war.[1] A United Nation's Panel of Experts looking into these alleged violations found "credible allegations, which if proven, indicate that serious violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law were committed by both the Government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE, some of which would amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity".[2] Some activists and politicians also accused the Sri Lankan government which is dominated by Sinhalese people (who predominantly practice Theravada Buddhism) of carrying out a genocide against the minority Sri Lankan Tamil people, who are mostly Hindu, both during and after the war.[3]

Bruce Fein alleged that Sri Lanka's leaders committed genocide,[4] along with Tamil Parliamentarian Suresh Premachandran.[5] Refugees who escaped from Sri Lanka also stated that they fled from genocide,[6] and various Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora groups echoed these accusations.[7] [8]

In 2009, thousands of Tamils protested against the atrocities in cities all over the world. (See 2009 Tamil diaspora protests.)[9] Various diaspora activists formed a group called Tamils Against Genocide to continue the protest.[10] Legal action against Sri Lankan leaders for alleged genocide has been initiated. Norwegian human rights lawyer Harald Stabell filed a case in Norwegian courts against Sri Lankan President Rajapaksa and other officials.[11]

Politicians in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu also made accusations of genocide.[12] In 2008 and 2009 the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi repeatedly appealed to the Indian government to intervene to "stop the genocide of Tamils",[13] while his successor J. Jayalalithaa called on the Indian government to bring Rajapaksa before international courts for genocide.[14] The women's wing of the Communist Party of India, passed a resolution in August 2012 finding that "Systematic sexual violence against Tamil women" by Sri Lankan forces constituted genocide, calling for an "independent international investigation".[15]

In January 2010, a Permanent Peoples' Tribunal (PPT) held in Dublin, Ireland, found Sri Lanka guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, but it found insufficient evidence to justify the charge of genocide.[16] [17] The tribunal requested a thorough investigation as some of the evidence indicated "possible acts of genocide".[16] Its panel found Sri Lanka guilty of genocide at its 7–10 December 2013 hearings in Berman, Germany. It also found that the US and UK were guilty of complicity. A decision on whether India, and other states, had also acted in complicity was withheld. PPT reported that LTTE could not be accurately characterized as "terrorist", stating that movements classified as "terrorist" because of their rebellion against a state, can become political entities recognized by the international community.[18] [19] The International Commission of Jurists stated that the camps used to intern nearly 300,000 Tamils after the war's end may have breached the convention against genocide.[20]

In 2015, Sri Lanka's Tamil majority Northern Provincial Council (NPC) "passed a strongly worded resolution accusing successive governments in the island nation of committing 'genocide' against Tamils".[21] The resolution asserts that "Tamils across Sri Lanka, particularly in the historical Tamil homeland of the NorthEast, have been subject to gross and systematic human rights violations, culminating in the mass atrocities committed in 2009. Sri Lanka's historic violations include over 60 years of state sponsored anti-Tamil pogroms, massacres, sexual violence, and acts of cultural and linguistic destruction perpetrated by the state. These atrocities have been perpetrated with the intent to destroy the Tamil people, and therefore constitute genocide."[22]

The Sri Lankan government denied the allegations of genocide and war crimes.[23]

Easter bombings

See also: 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings. On 21 April 2019, Easter Sunday, three churches in Sri Lanka and three luxury hotels in the commercial capital, Colombo, were targeted in a series of coordinated Islamic terrorist suicide bombings. Later that day, there were smaller explosions at a housing complex in Dematagoda and a guest house in Dehiwala. A total of 267 people were killed,[24] [25] including at least 45 foreign nationals,[26] three police officers, and eight bombers, and at least 500 were injured. The church bombings were carried out during Easter services in Negombo, Batticaloa and Colombo; the hotels that were bombed were the Shangri-La, Cinnamon Grand, Kingsbury and Tropical Inn. According to the State Intelligence Service, a second wave of attacks was planned, but was stopped as a result of government raids.[27] President of the European Parliament Antonio Tajani referred to the bombings as an act of genocide.[28] [29]

Chechnya

See main article: Chechen genocide and Chechen–Russian conflict.

See also: First Chechen War, Second Chechen War and Casualties of the Second Chechen War. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Chechnya declared its independence from the Russian Federation. Russian President Boris Yeltsin refused to accept Chechnya's independence; subsequently, the conflict between Chechnya and the Russian Federation escalated until it reached its climax when Russian troops invaded Chechnya and launched the First Chechen War in December 1994, and in September 1999, they invaded Chechnya again and launched the Second Chechen War. By 2009, Chechen resistance was crushed and the war ended with Russia re-establishing its control over Chechnya. Numerous war crimes were committed during both conflicts.[30] Amnesty International estimated that in the First Chechen War alone, between 20,000 and 30,000 Chechens were killed, mostly in indiscriminate attacks which were launched against them by Russian forces in densely populated areas,[31] and that a further 25,000 civilians died in the Second Chechen War.[32]

Some scholars estimated that the Russian government's brutal attacks against such a small ethnic group amounted to a crime of genocide.[33] [34] The German-based NGO Society for Threatened Peoples accused the Russian authorities of genocide in its 2005 report on Chechnya.[35] On 18 October 2022, Ukraine's parliament condemned the "genocide of the Chechen people" during the First and Second Chechen War.[36] [37]

Nigeria

Boko Haram and Fulani herdsman

Since the turn of the 21st century, 62,000 Nigerian Christians have been killed by the terrorist group Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen and other groups.[38] [39] The killings have been referred to as a silent genocide.[40] [41]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

During the Congo Civil War (1998–2003), pygmies were hunted down and eaten by both sides in the conflict, who regarded them as subhuman.[42] Sinafasi Makelo, a representative of Mbuti pygmies, asked the UN Security Council to recognize cannibalism as both a crime against humanity and an act of genocide.[43] [44] Minority Rights Group International reported evidence of mass killings, cannibalism and rape. The report, which labeled these events as a campaign of extermination, linked the violence to beliefs about special powers held by the Bambuti.[45] In Ituri district, rebel forces ran an operation code-named "Effacer le tableau" (to wipe the slate clean). The aim of the operation, according to witnesses, was to rid the forest of pygmies.[46]

Darfur

See main article: Darfur genocide. The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people which has occurred during the ongoing conflict in Western Sudan. It has become known as the first genocide of the 21st century. The genocide, which is being committed against the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa tribes, has led the International Criminal Court (ICC) to indict several people for crimes against humanity, rape, forced transfer and torture.[47] Over 2.8 million civilians have been displaced and the death toll is estimated to number 300,000.[48]

People's Republic of China

See main article: Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party, Freedom of religion in China, Penal system in China and Racism in China.

Allegations of genocide against Uyghurs

See main article: Persecution of Uyghurs in China.

See also: Islam in China, Islamophobia in China, Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang, Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China, Xinjiang conflict, Xinjiang internment camps and Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act. The Chinese government has committed a series of human rights abuses against Uyghurs and other ethnic and religious minorities which live both in and around the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of the People's Republic of China.[49] [50] [51] Since 2014,[52] the Chinese government, under the direction of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the administration of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, has pursued policies which have led to the internment of more than one million Muslims and they are currently being held in secretive internment camps without any legal process (the majority of them are Uyghurs)[53] [54] in what has become the largest-scale detention of ethnic and religious minorities since the Holocaust.[55] [56] Critics of the policy have described it as the Sinicization of Xinjiang and have called it an ethnocide or cultural genocide, while some governments, activists, independent NGOs, human rights experts, academics, government officials, and the East Turkistan Government-in-Exile have called it a genocide.

In particular, critics have highlighted the concentration of Uyghurs in state-sponsored internment camps, suppression of Uyghur religious practices, political indoctrination,[57] severe ill-treatment,[58] and testimonials of alleged human rights abuses including forced sterilization, contraception,[59] and abortion. Chinese government statistics show that from 2015 to 2018, birth rates in the mostly Uyghur regions of Hotan and Kashgar fell by 84%.[60] [61] In the same period, the birth rate of the whole country decreased by 9.69%, from 12.07 to 10.9 per 1,000 people.[62] Chinese authorities acknowledged that birth rates dropped by almost a third in 2018 in Xinjiang, but denied reports of forced sterilization and genocide.[63] Birth rates have continued to plummet in Xinjiang, falling nearly 24% in 2019 alone when compared to just 4.2% nationwide.[61]

In July 2020, German anthropologist Adrian Zenz wrote in Foreign Policy that his estimate had increased since November 2019, estimating that a total of 1.8 million Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities had been extrajudicially detained in what he described as "the largest incarceration of an ethnoreligious minority since the Holocaust", arguing that the Chinese Government was engaging in policies in violation of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.[64] Ethan Gutmann estimated in December 2020 that 5 to 10% of detainees had died each year in the camps.[65]

Myanmar

See main article: Rohingya genocide.

See also: Rohingya genocide case, Freedom of religion in Myanmar, Human rights in Myanmar, Internal conflict in Myanmar, International reactions to the Rohingya genocide, Islam in Myanmar, Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar, Religion in Myanmar and Rohingya conflict.

Myanmar's government has been accused of crimes against the Muslim Rohingya minority that are alleged to amount to genocide. For many years, the Rohingya had been one the primary targets of hate crimes and discrimination in the country, much of which was given tacit encouragement by extremist nationalist Buddhist monks and the military-controlled government. Muslim groups have claimed that they were subjected to genocide, torture, arbitrary detention, and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment.[66] [67]

On 25 August 2017, the Myanmar military forces and local Buddhist extremists started attacking the Rohingya people and committing atrocities against them in the country's north-west Rakhine State. The atrocities included attacks on Rohingya people and locations, looting and burning down Rohingya villages, mass killing of Rohingya civilians, gang rapes, and other sexual violence.

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) estimated in December 2017 that during the persecution, the military and the local Buddhists killed at least 10,000 Rohingya people.[68] [69] At least 392 Rohingya villages in Rakhine state were reported as burned down and destroyed,[70] as well as the looting of many Rohingya houses,[71] and widespread gang rapes and other forms of sexual violence against the Rohingya Muslim women and girls.[72] [73] [74] The military drive also displaced a large number of Rohingya people and made them refugees. According to the United Nations reports,, over 700,000 Rohingya people had fled or had been driven out of Rakhine state who then took shelter in the neighboring Bangladesh as refugees. In December 2017, two Reuters journalists who had been covering the Inn Din massacre event were arrested and imprisoned.

The 2017 persecution against the Rohingya Muslims and non-Muslims has been termed as ethnic cleansing and genocide by various United Nations agencies, International Criminal Court officials, human rights groups, and governments.

Notes and References

  2. Book: Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka . . 31 March 2011 . 14 June 2022 . 10 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190810201052/https://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf . live.
  3. Web site: Tamil Genocide in Sri Lanka, Clearly 90% are Hindus… . Struggle for Hindu Existence.org . 16 March 2012 . 13 February 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130127011318/http://hinduexistence.org/tag/90-hindus-are-killed-in-tamil-genocide-in-sri-lanka/ . 27 January 2013.
  4. News: Sri Lankan army commanders 'assassinated surrendering Tamils' . . 18 December 2011 . Alex . Spillius . Emanuel . Stoakes . London . 14 June 2022 . 11 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210411010434/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/srilanka/8964147/Sri-Lankan-army-commanders-assassinated-surrendering-Tamils.html . live.
  5. News: Leading Sri Lanka Tamil Politician Claims 'Genocide' by Military . . 12 May 2009 . 18 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160425203526/http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-2009-05-12-voa4-68688552/409001.html . 25 April 2016 . dead.
    News: Gopalan . T. N. . TNA team in India . . 12 January 2009 . 27 March 2016 . 8 January 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160108232607/http://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2009/01/090112_tna_india.shtml . live.
  6. News: Allard . Tom . Tamil boat people fleeing 'genocide' . . 15 October 2009 . 14 June 2022 . 13 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210413175028/https://www.smh.com.au/world/tamil-boat-people-fleeing-genocide-20091014-gxgq.html . live.
  7. News: Haviland . Charles . US calls for 'accountability' in Sri Lanka's war . . 6 April 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160108232607/http://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2011/04/printable/110406_blake.shtml . 8 January 2016.
  8. News: Surendiran . Suren . Britain and the slaughter of the Tamils . . 21 April 2009 . London . 27 March 2016 . 7 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160407132214/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/21/sri-lanka-tamil-tigers-protest-parliament . live.
    • News: Taylor . Lesley Ciarula . Thousands protest Tamil 'genocide' . . 31 January 2009 . 14 June 2022 . 8 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210308220009/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2009/01/31/thousands_protest_tamil_genocide.html . live.
    • News: Thousands march for Tamil rights . . 20 June 2009 . 14 June 2022 . 8 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210608204319/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8110837.stm . live.
  10. Web site: About TAG . . 24 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121124071338/http://www.tamilsagainstgenocide.org/AboutTAG.aspx . 24 November 2012 . dead.
  11. News: War Crimes, Genocide Case Filed in Norway Courts . . 15 May 2011 . 14 June 2022 . 9 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140309112631/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2011/05/15/war-crimes-genocide-case-filed-in-norway-courts/ . live.
    • News: Parties condemn "genocide of Sri Lankan Tamils" . . 23 December 2006 . Chennai, India . 14 June 2022 . 14 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220614190004/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3037454.ece . live.
    • News: CPI to protest Lanka violence . BBC Sinhala . 29 September 2008 . 14 June 2022 . 14 November 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191114100420/https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2008/09/080929_cpi_lanka.shtml . live.
    • News: Stop genocide of Sri Lankan Tamils. . 6 October 2008 . Chennai, India . 14 June 2022 . 14 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220614190003/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1352331.ece . live.
    • News: Gopalan . T. N. . Send telegrams to Delhi – CM . BBC Sinhala . 5 October 2008 . 14 June 2022 . 4 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181004084406/https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2008/10/081005_karunanidhi_telegrams.shtml . live.
    • News: Help stop genocide, Karunanidhi tells Sonia . . 10 April 2009 . Chennai, India . 14 June 2022 . 20 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120720033028/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/10/stories/2009041054290400.htm . live.
  14. News: Summon Mahinda to international court- Jayalalitha . BBC Sinhala . 13 May 2011 . 14 June 2022 . 4 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181004051626/https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2011/05/110513_jayalalitha_mahinda.shtml . live.
  15. News: Women's conference in Tamil Nadu terms oppression of Eezham Tamils as genocide . . 11 August 2012 . 14 June 2022 . 12 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210812204111/https://tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=35453 . live.
  16. Web site: People's Tribunal on Sri Lanka . . 24 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160108232606/http://warwithoutwitness.com/images/stories/news/25851626-people-s-tribunal-on-srilanka-final-report-jan-2010.pdf . 8 January 2016. dead.
  17. News: Sri Lanka 'guilty' of war crimes . . 17 January 2010 . 14 June 2022 . 30 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200630200542/https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2010/01/100117_dublin_tribunal.shtml . live.
  18. Web site: Verdict . Ptsrilanka.org . 11 March 2014 . 22 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140222215708/http://ptsrilanka.org/verdict . live.
  19. News: Dublin tribunal takes up genocide investigation . . 3 November 2012 . 14 June 2022 . 1 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220201003343/https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=35722 . live.
  20. News: Sri Lankan camps breach convention against genocide . . 7 June 2009 . 14 June 2022 . 16 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170316105309/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-06-17/sri-lankan-camps-breach-convention-against-genocide/1323334 . live.
  21. News: Tamil Province charges Colombo with genocide . . 11 February 2015 . 14 June 2022 . 26 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210226182315/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/tamil-province-charges-colombo-with-genocide/article6879400.ece . live.
  22. News: NPC passes resolution asking UN to investigate genocide of Tamils by Sri Lanka state . . 10 February 2015 . 14 June 2022 . 30 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160330211337/http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13726 . live.
  23. News: Sri Lanka 'counting civilian war deaths' . . 24 November 2011 . 14 June 2022 . 8 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054244/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15868038 . live.
  24. Web site: Easter Sunday attacks SC grants Leave to proceed 12 FR Petitions . Daily Mirror Online . 3 October 2019 . 17 December 2019 . 17 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191217145956/http://www.dailymirror.lk/front_page/Easter-Sunday-attacks-SC-grants-Leave-to-proceed-12-FR-Petitions/238-175526 . live.
  25. Web site: Sri Lanka intel chief sacked over Easter attacks . . 9 December 2019 . 17 December 2019 . 17 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191217042302/https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/12/article/sri-lanka-intel-chief-sacked-over-easter-attacks/ . live.
  26. News: US Official, Injured in Sri Lanka Suicide Attack, Dies in Hospital . . . 8 May 2019 . 31 December 2021 . 31 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211031054224/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/us-official-injured-in-sri-lanka-suicide-attack-dies-in-hospital-2034800 . live.
  27. Web site: Failure of NTJ's second spate of orchestrated attacks . . 3 July 2019 . 3 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190703035835/http://www.dailymirror.lk/news-features/Failure-of-NTJ%25E2%2580%2599s-second-spate-of-orchestrated-attacks/131-170414 . live.
  28. Web site: Tajani . Antonio . Even on Easter Sunday, there are those who sow hatred and reap death. The attacks in #SriLanka churches testify to a real genocide perpetrated against Christians. Let us pray for the innocent victims and work towards religious freedom around the world. . https://web.archive.org/web/20190429230640/https://twitter.com/EP_President/status/1119871493637324800 . dead . 29 April 2019 . Twitter . 29 April 2019.
  29. News: Factbox: Reaction to Sri Lanka attacks . . 14 June 2022 . 4 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190504114233/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sri-lanka-blasts-reaction-factbox/factbox-reaction-to-sri-lanka-attacks-idUKKCN1RX09G?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews . live.
  30. Web site: War Crimes In Chechnya and the Response of the West . . 29 February 2000 . 18 November 2018 . 2 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190102073333/https://www.hrw.org/news/2000/02/29/war-crimes-chechnya-and-response-west . live.
  31. Web site: Brief summary of concerns about human rights violations in the Chechen Republic . . April 1996 . 18 November 2018 . 18 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181118205600/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/168000/eur460201996en.pdf . live.
  32. Web site: Russian Federation: What justice for Chechnya's disappeared? . . 2007 . 1 . 29 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317150654/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/eur460202007en.pdf . 17 March 2023.
  33. Haque . Mozammel . Pakistan Institute of International Affairs . 1999 . Genocide in Chechnya and the World Community . 41394437 . 52 . 4 . 15–29.
  34. Jones . Adam . 2011 . 10.1080/14623528.2011.554083 . Let Our Fame Be Great: Journeys Among the Defiant People of the Caucasus . . 13 . 1 . 199–202 . 71276051.
  35. Sarah Reinke (2005). German: 2=[http://www.gfbv.de/show_file.php?type=report&property=download&id=15 Schleichender Völkermord in Tschetschenien. Verschwindenlassen – ethnische Verfolgung in Russland – Scheitern der internationalen Politik]. Latin: italic=no|Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker, 2005, p. 8. Web site: Archived copy . 14 June 2022 . 12 August 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140812015310/http://www.gfbv.de/show_file.php?type=report&property=download&id=15 . bot: unknown .)
  36. News: Ukraine's parliament declares the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 'temporarily occupied by Russia' and condemns 'genocide of Chechens' . 18 October 2022 . . 19 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231127153903/https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/10/18/ukraines-parliament-declares-the-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-temporarily-occupied-by-russia-and-condemns-genocide-of-chechens-en-news . 27 November 2023.
  37. News: Ukraine's parliament declares 'Chechen Republic of Ichkeria' Russian-occupied territory . 18 October 2022 . . 19 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240523213111/https://meduza.io/en/news/2022/10/18/ukraine-s-parliament-declares-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-russian-occupied-territory . 23 May 2024.
  38. Web site: Haverluck . Michael F. . 'Silent slaughter' – 2 decades of genocide in Nigeria . . 7 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231021112931/https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/2020/08/07/silent-slaughter-2-decades-of-genocide-in-nigeria . 21 October 2023.
  39. Web site: ICON Launches New Report Proving Nigerian Genocide . Missions Box . 3 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240316143458/https://missionsbox.org/press-releases/icon-launches-new-report-proving-genocide-in-nigeria/ . 16 March 2024.
  40. Web site: Silent Slaughter . International Committee on Nigeria.
  41. Nigeria's Silent Slaughter Genocide in Nigeria and the Implications for the International Community . International Committee on Nigeria .
  42. News: Jonathan . Clayton . Pygmies struggle to survive in war zone where abuse is routine . . 16 December 2004 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095020/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article402970.ece . 25 May 2010.
  43. Web site: Press Conference by Indigenous People of Democratic Republic of Congo . 14 June 2022 . 8 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210308172831/https://www.un.org/press/en/2003/indigenousDRCpc.doc.htm . live.
  44. News: DR Congo pygmies appeal to UN . . 23 May 2003 . 15 February 2016 . 13 December 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101213023950/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2933524.stm . live.
  45. News: DR Congo pygmies 'exterminated' . . 6 July 2004 . 15 February 2016 . 1 January 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140101163258/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3869489.stm . live.
  46. News: Africa: Pygmy rights and continued discrimination . irinnews.org . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081117203329/http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=9&ReportId=58647 . 17 November 2008.
    News: Basildon . Peta . Basildon Peta . Rebels 'eating Pygmies' as mass slaughter continues in Congo despite peace agreement . . Beni, Congo . 9 January 2003 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101226172041/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/rebels-eating-pygmies-as-mass-slaughter-continues-in-congo-despite-peace-agreement-601088.html . 26 December 2010.
  47. News: Omar al-Bashir: Sudan agrees ex-president must face ICC . . 11 February 2020 . 14 June 2022 . 8 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200508062659/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51462613 . live.
  48. News: Q&A: Sudan's Darfur conflict . . 8 February 2010 . https://archive.today/20120525105453/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3496731.stm . 25 May 2012.
  49. News: 3 October 2020 . Uyghur American Association holds rally in US to raise awareness about Muslim genocide in China . . 14 June 2022 . 28 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328221906/https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/uyghur-american-association-holds-rally-in-us-to-raise-awareness-about-muslim-genocide-in-china/story-3CudRMYaUrcvHUpUO3BeBO.html . live.
  50. News: Allen-Ebrahimian . Bethany . 10 February 2021 . Norway's youth parties call for end to China free trade talks . . [O]pposition to China's Uyghur genocide is gaining momentum in Norway, where some politicians are fearful of jeopardizing ties with Beijing. . 14 June 2022 . 10 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210210183539/https://www.axios.com/norways-youth-parties-call-for-end-to-china-free-trade-talks-cd070721-7390-4e7e-a6e9-b6494793d411.html . live.
  51. News: 8 February 2021 . Uighurs: 'Credible case' China carrying out genocide . . 8 February 2021 . 8 February 2021 . https://archive.today/20210208184814/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55973215 . live.
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