Genitoplasty Explained

Genitoplasty
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Genitoplasty is plastic surgery to the genitals. Genitoplasties may be reconstructive to repair injuries, and damage arising from cancer treatment, or congenital disorders, endocrine conditions, or they may be cosmetic.^[1] __TOC__

Medical uses

Genitoplasty surgery includes the following:

• Vaginoplasty
• Correction of congenital conditions
  • congenital adrenal hyperplasia^{[2] [3] [4]}
  • microphallus repair^[5]
  • hypospadias repair^{[6] [7]}
  • pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias repair^[8]
  • androgen insensitivity syndrome repair
  • repair of a urethra that is short^[9]
• labiaplasty
• vaginal construction^{[10] [11]}
• vaginal reconstruction^{[10] [11]}
• repair of vaginal vault prolapse^[12]
• vaginal suspension and fixation^{[10] [11]}
• operations on cul-de-sac^{[10] [11]}
• repair of cystocele^{[10] [11]}
• repair of rectocele^{[10] [11]}
• genital prolapse
• retropubic paravaginal repair^[12]
• hymenorrhaphy

The grafts used in genitalplasty can be an allogenic, an autograft, a xenograft, or an autologous material.^[13]

Genital reconstruction surgery can correct prolapse of the urinary bladder into the vagina and protrusion of the rectum into the vagina.^[2] Female infants born with a 46,XX genotype but have genitalia affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia may undergo the surgical creation of a vagina. Vaginoplasty is commonly used to treat women with the congenital absence of the vagina. Other reasons for the surgery are to treat adrenal hyperplasia, microphallus, Mayer-Rokitansky-Kustner disorder and for women who have had a vaginectomy after malignancy or trauma. Reconstructive and corrective vaginal surgery restores or creates the vagina.^[11]

Surgeries to modify the cosmetic appearance of infants' and children's genitals are controversial due to their human rights implications. There is no clinical consensus about necessity, timing, indications or evaluation.^[14]

See also

• Intersex medical interventions

Notes and References

1. Book: Ruth A. Hannon. Porth pathophysiology : concepts of altered health states. 2010. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 9781605477817. 128. 1st Canadian.
2. Book: Baggish, Michael . Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery . Elsevier . Philadelphia, PA . 2016 . 9780323225526 .
3. Book: Gundeti, Mohan . Pediatric Robotic and Reconstructive Urology a Comprehensive Guide . Wiley-Blackwell . City . 2012 . 9781444335538 .

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4. Horbach. Sophie E.R.. Bouman. Mark-Bram. Smit. Jan Maerten. Özer. Müjde. Buncamper. Marlon E.. Mullender. Margriet G.. Outcome of Vaginoplasty in Male-to-Female Transgenders: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 12. 6. 2015. 1499–1512. 1743-6095. 10.1111/jsm.12868. 25817066.
5. Book: Pooler, Charlotte. Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. 2009-10-01. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 9781605477817. en.
6. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypospadias Entry "hypospadias"
7. OED 2nd edition, 1989 as pronounced as //hɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs//~pronounced as //haɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs//
8. Book: Eberhard Nieschlag. Hermann M. Behre. Susan Nieschlag. Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction. July 2009. Springer. 978-3-540-78354-1. 328–.
9. Book: Hiort, O . Understanding differences and disorders of sex development (DSD . Karger . Basel . 2014 . 9783318025590 .
10. Web site: 2016 ICD-10-PCS Procedure Code 0UQG0ZZ : Repair Vagina, Open Approach. ICD10Data.com. 2016-03-03 .
11. Book: Hoffman, Barbara . Williams gynecology . McGraw-Hill Medical . New York . 2012 . 9780071716727 .
12. Book: Baggish, Michael . Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery . Elsevier . Philadelphia, PA . 2016 . 9780323225526. .
13. Web site: Online ICD9/ICD9CM codes. World Health Organization. 2016-03-06 .
14. 10.1159/000442975. 26820577. 1663-2818. 85. 3. Lee. Peter A.. Nordenström. Anna. Houk. Christopher P.. Ahmed. S. Faisal. Auchus. Richard. Baratz. Arlene. Baratz Dalke. Katharine. Liao. Lih-Mei. Lin-Su. Karen. Looijenga. Leendert H.J.. Mazur. Tom. Meyer-Bahlburg. Heino F.L.. Mouriquand. Pierre. Quigley. Charmian A.. Sandberg. David E.. Vilain. Eric. Witchel. Selma. and the Global DSD Update Consortium. Heino Meyer-Bahlburg . Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care. Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 2016-01-28. 158–180. free.