Generic Stream Encapsulation, or GSE for short, is a Data link layer protocol defined by DVB. GSE provides means to carry packet oriented protocols such as IP on top of uni-directional physical layers such as DVB-S2, DVB-T2 and DVB-C2.
GSE provides additional features beyond the pure carriage of IP datagrams that increase the protocol flexibility and applicability. Some key GSE functions/characteristics are:
The protocol specification has been published as ETSI TS102 606.[1] An accompanying implementation guidelinesdocument has been published as ETSI TS 102 771.[2]
IP datagrams, Ethernet Frames, or other network layer packets are encapsulated in one or more GSE Packets. The encapsulation process adds control information such as the network protocol type and address label, and provides an overall integrity check when needed.
The payload frame may be encapsulated in a single GSE Packet or sliced into fragments and encapsulated in several GSE Packets. GSE Packets have in general variable length, in order to match the input IP traffic with minimum overhead.
GSE Packets may be sent in different Base Band frames, not necessarily consecutive or with the same transmission parameters (modulation format, coding rate). No constraint on the GSE Packet position within the Base Band frame is assumed. However, GSE Packets may not be reordered between the encapsulator and the de-encapsulator. In general, a Base Band frame can contain more than a single GSE Packet. Base Band frames may have fixed, or variable length.
GSE does not provide a mechanism for integrity check of single GSE Packet. A CRC-32 is only appended to the last fragment of a fragmented payload to verify the correctness of the reassembly operation. GSE relies on the physical layer being able to ensure the required error detection and/or correction probability.[3]
The GSE Packet header is highly dynamic and provides for many options. The minimum header is two bytes, comprising three flags fields, and a 12-bit payload length field. The diagram below shows all possible fields.
| bit offset | 0 | 1 | 2-3 | 4–7 | 8-15 | 16-23 | 24-31 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Start | End | Label Type | GSE Length | Fragment ID | Total Length | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 32 | Total Length | Protocol Type | Label (3 bytes) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 64 | Label (continuation, length 3 bytes) | Label (continuation, length 6 bytes) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 96 | Label (continuation, length 6 bytes) | ULE Extension Headers (Optional) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ... | ... | Data | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ... | Data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The basic mechanism of GSE payload fragmentation uses the Start and End Flags, where the Start flag indicates the beginning of a payload frame, and the End flag indicates its end. This is shown in the diagram below.
| Start | End | GSE Packet Content |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0 | Total payload size / Protocol type / Payload start |
| 0 | 0 | Payload continuation |
| 0 | 1 | Payload end / CRC-32 |
On DVB-S2, DVB-T2, and DVB-C2 the ACM/VCM modes may cause the Base Band frames to vary in size depending on the transmission conditions. Hence there may be situations where the first fragments of a payload frame have been sent, but the encapsulator is forced to set aside the current payload frame, and start working on a new one. This may e.g. occur when large fragments have been prepared while transmission conditions were fine, but suddenly the conditions deteriorate, and only small Base Band frames are available.
This is when the Fragment ID field becomes important. It is a short-term identification of the payload frame. Whenever the encapsulator needs to move on to the next payload frame, without having finished transmitting the previous one, it uses the next available Fragment ID. That way, up to 256 payload frames can be "kept open" at any time. The decapsulator uses the Fragment ID to pick the reassembly buffer in which to store the fragment.
The "Label Type" (LT) bits determine how the GSE packet address is encoded according to the following table:
| LT bits | Addressing mode |
|---|---|
| 00 | Indicates that a 6 bytes label is present and shall be used for filtering. |
| 01 | Indicates that a 3 bytes label is present and shall be used for filtering. |
| 10 | No label present. All receivers shall process this packet. |
| 11 | Label re-use: no label is present; the label is the same as the previous GSE packet in the same base band frame. LT=11 is also used for intermediate and end packets (i.e. Start bit 0). LT=11 shall not be used for the first GSE packet in a base band frame with Start bit 1. |
Each GSE Packet containing the last fragment for a payload frame, carries a CRC-32 checksum over the payload frame. The checksum is used to detect loss of intermediate fragments.
The checksum is a 32 bit value calculated according to the generator polynomial represented by 0x104C11DB7:
y=x32+x26+x23+x22+x16+x12+x11+x10+x8+x7+x5+x4+x2+x1+x0
If the last fragment of a payload frame is lost, the decapsulator can not directly detect that fact. It never sees the GSE frame with the End flag set and containing the CRC-32. For this situation, the decapsulator must choose a suitable time-out based on the data-rate and application.
Since GSE packets are directly inserted into base-band frames of themodulation scheme, GSE products come in the form of "GSE Routers" or"GSE Modems", which - from the outside - act very much like a DSLRouter or DSL Modem used by consumers. More generically these devicesare also referred to as "GSE Encapsulators". These products have a standardIP network interface (most often Ethernet or a similar LANinterface) to collect IP traffic which is to be forwarded over theuni-directional link on the other end. To optimise the packaging intobase-band frames, these devices typically generate complete base-bandframes with the GSE packets as payload, which are then transferred tothe DVB-S2, DVB-T2 or DVB-C2 modulator through a secondinterface.
Here is a (very likely incomplete) list of GSE en- and decapsulators:
There are many IP-over-satellite service offerings, including forinstance ASTRA2Connect from SES or Tooway fromEutelsat. Little detail is however known about the protocols usedsince the receivers are provided as part of the service by theoperators and very little technical detail is disclosed.