General Motors Explained

General Motors Company
Type:	Public
Industry:	Automotive
Foundation:	Decat: yes Child: yes Label2: Chair & CEO Label3: President
Founder:	William C. Durant
Predecessor:	General Motors Corporation
Location:	Renaissance Center
Location City:	Detroit, Michigan
Location Country:	United States
Locations:	396 facilities on six continents^[1]
Area Served:	Worldwide
Production:	6,186,000 vehicles (sales, 2023)
Operating Income:	US$9.298 billion (2023)
Net Income:	US$9.840 billion (2023)
Assets:	US$273.1 billion (2023)
Equity:	US$68.19 billion (2023)
Num Employees:	163,000 (2023)

General Motors Company (GM) is an American multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, United States.^[2] The company is most known for owning and manufacturing four automobile brands: Chevrolet, GMC, Cadillac, and Buick. By terms of sales, it was the largest automaker in the United States in 2022, and was the largest in the world for 77 years before losing the top spot to Toyota in 2008.^{[3] [4]}

General Motors operates manufacturing plants in eight countries.^[5] In addition to its four core brands, GM also holds interests in Chinese brands Baojun and Wuling via SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile. GM further owns the BrightDrop delivery vehicle manufacturer,^[6] a namesake defense vehicles division which produces military vehicles for the United States government and military,^[7] the vehicle safety, security, and information services provider OnStar,^[8] the auto parts company ACDelco, a namesake financial lending service, and majority ownership in the self-driving cars enterprise Cruise LLC.

The company originated as a holding company for Buick established on September 16, 1908, by William C. Durant, the largest seller of horse-drawn vehicles at the time. The first half of the 20th century saw the company grow into an automotive behemoth through acquisitions; going into the second half, the company pursued innovation and new offerings to consumers as well as collaborations with NASA to develop the earliest electric vehicles.^{[9] [10]} The current entity was established in 2009 after the General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization.^[11]

, General Motors ranks 25th by total revenue out of all American companies on the Fortune 500 and 50th on the Fortune Global 500.^{[12] [13]} In 2023, the company was ranked 70th in the Forbes Global 2000.^[14] In 2021, GM announced its intent to end production of vehicles using internal combustion engines by 2035, as part of its plan to achieve carbon neutrality by 2040.^[15]

History

Founding and consolidation

By 1900, William C. Durant's Durant-Dort Carriage Company of Flint, Michigan, had become the largest manufacturer of horse-drawn vehicles in the United States.^[16] Durant was averse to automobiles, but fellow Flint businessman James H. Whiting, owner of Flint Wagon Works, sold him the Buick Motor Company in 1904. Durant formed the General Motors Company in 1908 as a holding company, borrowing a naming convention from General Electric.^[17] GM's first acquisition was Buick, which Durant already owned, then Olds Motor Works on November 12, 1908.^[18] Under Durant, GM went on to acquire Cadillac, Elmore, Welch, Cartercar, Oakland (the predecessor of Pontiac), the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, and the Reliance Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan (predecessors of GMC) in 1909.

Durant, with the board's approval, also tried acquiring Ford Motor Company, but needed an additional $2 million.^[19] Durant over-leveraged GM in making acquisitions, and was removed by the board of directors in 1910 at the order of the bankers who backed the loans to keep GM in business.^[20] The action of the bankers was partially influenced by the Panic of 1910–1911 that followed the earlier enforcement of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. In 1911, Charles F. Kettering of Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company (DELCO) and Henry M. Leland invented and patented the first electric starter in America.^[21] In November 1911, Durant co-founded Chevrolet with race car driver Louis Chevrolet, who left the company in 1915 after a disagreement with Durant.^[22]

GM was reincorporated in Detroit in 1916 as General Motors Corporation and became a public company via an initial public offering. By 1917, Chevrolet had become successful enough that Durant, with the backing of Samuel McLaughlin and Pierre S. du Pont, reacquired a controlling interest in GM. The same year, GM acquired Samson Tractor.^[23] Chevrolet Motor Company was consolidated into GM on May 2, 1918, and the same year GM acquired United Motors, a parts supplier founded by Durant and headed by Alfred P. Sloan for $45 million, and the McLaughlin Motor Car Company, founded by R. S. McLaughlin, became General Motors of Canada Limited.^{[24] [25] [26]} In 1919, GM acquired Guardian Frigerator Company, part-owned by Durant, which was renamed Frigidaire. Also in 1919, the General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC), which provides financing to automotive customers, was formed.^{[27] [20]}

In 1920, du Pont orchestrated the removal of Durant once again and replaced him with Alfred P. Sloan.^[28] At a time when GM was competing heavily with Ford Motor Company, Sloan established annual model changes, making previous years' models "dated" and created a market for used cars.^[29] He also implemented the pricing strategy used by car companies today. The pricing strategy had Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, and Cadillac priced from least expensive to most, respectively.^[30]

In 1921, Thomas Midgley Jr., an engineer for GM, discovered tetraethyllead (leaded gasoline) as an antiknock agent, and GM patented the compound because ethanol could not be patented.^[31] This led to the development of higher compression engines resulting in more power and efficiency. The public later realized that lead contained in the gasoline was harmful to various biological organisms including humans.^[32] Evidence shows that corporate executives understood the health implications of tetraethyllead from the beginning.^[33] As an engineer for GM, Midgley also developed chlorofluorocarbons, which have now been banned due to their contribution to climate change.^[34]

Under the encouragement of GM President Alfred P. Sloan Jr., GM acquired Vauxhall Motors for $2.5 million in 1925.^[35] The company also acquired an interest in the Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company the same year, and its president, John D. Hertz, joined the board of directors of GM; it acquired the remainder of the company in 1943.

Growth and acquisitions

In 1926, the company introduced the Pontiac brand and established the General Motors Group Insurance Program to provide life insurance to its employees. The following year, after the success of the 1927 model of the Cadillac LaSalle designed by Harley Earl, Sloan created the "Art and Color Section" of GM and named Earl as its first director. Earl was the first design executive to be appointed to leadership at a major American corporation. Earl created a system of automobile design that is still practiced today.^[36] At the age of 24, Bill Mitchell was recruited by Earl to the design team at GM, and he was later appointed as Chief Designer of Cadillac. After Earl retired in December 1958, Mitchell took over automotive design for GM.^[37] Also in 1926 the company acquired Fisher Body, its supplier of automobile bodies.^[38]

GM acquired Allison Engine Company^[39] and began developing a 1,000 horsepower liquid-cooled aircraft engine in 1929. The same year, GM acquired 80% of Opel, which at that time had a 37.5% market share in Europe, for $26 million. It acquired the remaining 20% in 1931.

In the late-1920s, Charles Kettering embarked on a program to develop a lightweight two-stroke diesel engine for possible usage in automobiles.^[40] Soon after, GM acquired Electro-Motive Company and the Winton Engine Co., and in 1941, it expanded EMC's realm to locomotive engine manufacturing.^[41]

In 1932, GM acquired Packard Electric^[42] (not to be confused with the Packard car company, which merged with Studebaker years later). The following year, GM acquired a controlling interest in North American Aviation and merged it with the General Aviation Manufacturing Corporation.^[43]

The GM labor force participated in the formation of the United Auto Workers labor union in 1935, and in 1936 the UAW organized the Flint Sit-Down Strike, which initially idled two key plants in Flint, Michigan, and later spread to 6 other plants including those in Janesville, Wisconsin and Fort Wayne, Indiana. In Flint, police attempted to enter the plant to arrest strikers, leading to violence; in other cities, the plants were shuttered peacefully. The strike was resolved on February 11, 1937, when GM recognized the UAW as the exclusive bargaining representative for its workers and gave workers a 5% raise and permission to speak in the lunchroom.^[44]

Walter E. Jominy and A.L. Boegehold of GM invented the Jominy end-quench test for hardenability of carbon steel in 1937, a breakthrough in heat treating still in use today as ASTM A255.^[45] GM established Detroit Diesel the next year.^[46]

In 1939, the company founded Motors Insurance Corporation and entered the vehicle insurance market. The same year, GM introduced the Hydramatic, the first affordable and successful automatic transmission, for the 1940 Oldsmobile.^{[47] [48]}

During World War II, GM produced vast quantities of armaments, vehicles, and aircraft for the Allies of World War II. In 1940, GM's William S. Knudsen served as head of U.S. wartime production for President Franklin Roosevelt, and by 1942, all of GM's production was to support the war. GM's Vauxhall Motors manufactured the Churchill tank series for the Allies, instrumental in the North African campaign.^[20] However, its Opel division, based in Germany, supplied the Wehrmacht with vehicles. Politically, Sloan, as head of GM at the time, was an ardent opponent of the New Deal, which bolstered labor unions and public transport. Sloan admired and supported Adolf Hitler.^[49] Nazi armaments chief Albert Speer allegedly said in 1977 that Hitler "would never have considered invading Poland" without synthetic fuel technology provided by General Motors. GM was compensated $32 million by the U.S. government because its German factories were bombed by U.S. forces during the war.^[50]

Effective January 28, 1953, Charles Erwin Wilson, then GM president, was named by Dwight D. Eisenhower as United States Secretary of Defense.^[20]

In December 1953, GM acquired Euclid Trucks, a manufacturer of heavy equipment for earthmoving, including dump trucks, loaders and wheel tractor-scrapers, which later spawned the Terex brand.^{[51] [52]}

Periods of innovation

Alfred P. Sloan retired as chairman and was succeeded by Albert Bradley in April 1956.^[53]

In 1962, GM introduced the first ever turbocharged production car in the world in the Oldsmobile Cutlass Turbo-Jetfire.^{[20] [54]} Two years later, the company introduced its "Mark of Excellence" logo and trademark at the 1964 New York World's Fair. The company used the mark as their main corporate identifier until 2021.^[55]

GM released the Electrovan in 1966, the first hydrogen fuel cell car ever produced.^[56] Though fuel cells have existed since the early 1800s, General Motors was the first to use a fuel cell, supplied by Union Carbide, to power the wheels of a vehicle with a budget of "millions of dollars".^{[57] [58] [59]}

In the 1960s, GM was an early proponent of V6 engines, but quickly lost interest as the popularity of muscle cars increased. GM demonstrated gas turbine vehicles powered by kerosene, an area of interest throughout the industry, but abandoned the alternative engine configuration due to the 1973 oil crisis.^[60]

In partnership with Boeing, GM's Delco Defense Electronics Division designed the Lunar Roving Vehicle, which traversed the surface of the Moon, in 1971.^{[61] [62]} The following year, GM produced the first rear wheel anti-lock braking system for two models: the Toronado and Eldorado.^[63]

In 1973, the Oldsmobile Toronado was the first retail car sold with a passenger airbag.^{[64] [65]}

Thomas Murphy became CEO of the company, succeeding Richard C. Gerstenberg in November 1974.^{[66] [67]}

GM installed its first catalytic converters in its 1975 models.^[68]

From 1978 to 1985, GM pushed the benefits of diesel engines and cylinder deactivation technologies. However, it had disastrous results due to poor durability in the Oldsmobile diesels and drivability issues in the Cadillac V8-6-4 variable-cylinder engines.^[69]

GM sold Frigidaire in 1979. Although Frigidaire had between $450 million and $500 million in annual revenues, it was losing money.^[70]

Robert Lee of GM invented the neodymium magnet, which was fabricated by rapid solidification, in 1984.^[71] This magnet is commonly used in products like a computer hard disk. The same year, GM acquired Electronic Data Systems for $2.5 billion from Ross Perot as part of a strategy by CEO Roger Smith to derive at least 10% of its annual worldwide revenue from non-automotive sources.^[72] GM also intended to have EDS handle its bookkeeping, help computerize factories, and integrate GM's computer systems. The transaction made Ross Perot the largest shareholder of GM; however, disagreements with Roger Smith led the company to buy all shares held by Ross Perot for $750 million in 1986.^[73]

In a continuation of its diversification plans, GMAC formed GMAC Mortgage and acquired Colonial Mortgage as well as the servicing arm of Norwest Mortgage in 1985. This acquisition included an $11 billion mortgage portfolio.^[74] The same year, GM acquired the Hughes Aircraft Company for $5 billion in cash and stock and merged it into Delco Electronics.^[75] The following year, GM acquired 59.7% of Lotus Cars, a British producer of high-performance sports cars.^[76]

In 1987, in conjunction with AeroVironment, GM built the Sunraycer, which won the inaugural World Solar Challenge and was a showcase of advanced technology. Much of the technology from Sunraycer found its way into the Impact prototype electric vehicle (also built by Aerovironment) and was the predecessor to the General Motors EV1.^[77]

In 1988, GM acquired a 15% stake in AeroVironment.^[78]

In 1989, GM acquired half of Saab Automobile's car operations for $600 million.^[79]

Sales of assets

In August 1990, Robert Stempel became CEO of the company, succeeding Roger Smith.^[80] GM cut output significantly and suffered losses that year due to the early 1990s recession.^[81]

In 1990, GM debuted the General Motors EV1 (Impact) concept, a battery electric vehicle, at the LA Auto Show. It was the first car with zero emissions marketed in the US in over three decades. The Impact was produced as the EV1 for the 1996 model year and was available only via lease from certain dealers in California and Arizona. In 1999–2002, GM ceased production of the vehicles and started to not renew the leases, disappointing many people, allegedly because the program would not be profitable and would cannibalize its existing business. All of the EV1s were eventually returned to General Motors, and except for around 40 which were donated to museums with their electric powertrains deactivated, all were destroyed. The documentary film Who Killed the Electric Car? covered the EV1 story.^[82]

In November 1992, John F. Smith Jr. became CEO of the company.^[83]

In 1993, GM sold Lotus Cars to Bugatti.^[84]

In 1996, in a return to its automotive basics, GM completed the corporate spin-off of Electronic Data Systems.^{[85] [86]}

In 1997, GM sold the military businesses of Hughes Aircraft Company to Raytheon Company for $9.5 billion in stock and the assumption of debt.^{[87] [88] [89] [90]}

In February 2000, Rick Wagoner was named CEO, succeeding Smith.^{[91] [92]} The next month, GM gave 5.1% of its common stock, worth $2.4 billion, to acquire a 20% share of Fiat.^[93]

In December 2000, GM announced that it would begin phasing out Oldsmobile. The brand was eventually discontinued in 2004, seven years after it had become the first American car brand to turn 100.^[94]

In May 2004, GM delivered the first full-sized pickup truck hybrid vehicles, the 1/2-ton Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra trucks.^[95] These mild hybrids did not use electrical energy for propulsion, like GM's later designs. Later, the company debuted another hybrid technology, co-developed with DaimlerChrysler and BMW, in diesel-electric hybrid powertrain manufactured by Allison Transmission for transit buses.^[96] Continuing to target the diesel-hybrid market, the Opel Astra diesel engine hybrid concept vehicle was rolled out in January 2005.^[97] Later that year, GM sold its Electro-Motive Diesel locomotive division to private equity firms Berkshire Partners and Greenbriar Equity Group.^{[98] [99]}

GM paid $2 billion to sever its ties with Fiat in 2005, severing ties with the company due to an increasingly contentious dispute.^[100]

GM began adding its "Mark of Excellence" emblem on all new vehicles produced and sold in North America in mid-2005. However, after the reorganization in 2009, the company no longer added the logo, saying that emphasis on its four core divisions would downplay the GM logo.^{[101] [102]}

In 2005, Edward T. Welburn was promoted to the newly created position of vice president, GM Global Design, making him the first African American to lead a global automotive design organization and the highest-ranking African American in the US motor industry at that time. On July 1, 2016, he retired from General Motors after 44 years. He was replaced by Michael Simcoe.^{[103] [104]}

In 2006, GM introduced a bright yellow fuel cap on its vehicles to remind drivers that cars can operate using E85 ethanol fuel.^[105] They also introduced another hybrid vehicle that year, the Saturn Vue Green Line.^[106]

In 2008, General Motors committed to engineering half of its manufacturing plants to be landfill-free by recycling or reusing waste in the manufacturing process.^[107] Continuing their environmental-conscious development, GM started to offer the 2-mode hybrid system in the Chevrolet Tahoe, GMC Yukon, Cadillac Escalade, and pickup trucks.^[108]

In late 2008, the world's largest rooftop solar power installation was installed at GM's manufacturing plant in Zaragoza. The Zaragoza solar installation has about 2000000square feet of roof at the plant and contains about 85,000 solar panels. The installation was created, owned and operated by Veolia Environment and Clairvoyant Energy, which leases the rooftop area from GM.^{[109] [110] [111]}

Chapter 11 bankruptcy and bailout

In March 2009, after the company had received $17.4 billion in bailouts but was not effective in a turnaround, President Barack Obama forced the resignation of CEO Rick Wagoner.^[112]

General Motors filed for a government-backed Chapter 11 reorganization on June 8, 2009.^{[113] [114]} On July 10, 2009, the original General Motors sold assets and some subsidiaries to an entirely new company, including the trademark "General Motors".^{[113] [114]} Liabilities were left with the original GM, renamed Motors Liquidation Company, freeing the companies of many liabilities and resulting in a new GM.^{[113] [114]}

Through the Troubled Asset Relief Program, the United States Department of the Treasury invested $49.5 billion in General Motors and recovered $39 billion when it sold its shares on December 9, 2013, resulting in a loss of $10.3 billion. The Treasury invested an additional $17.2 billion into GM's former financing company, GMAC (now Ally Financial). The shares in Ally were sold on December 18, 2014, for $19.6 billion netting the government $2.4 billion in profit, including dividends.^{[115] [116]} A study by the Center for Automotive Research found that the GM bailout saved 1.2 million jobs and preserved $34.9 billion in tax revenue.^[117]

General Motors Canada was not part of the General Motors Chapter 11 bankruptcy.^[118]

Post-reorganization

In June 2009, at the request of Steven Rattner, lead adviser to President Barack Obama on the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry, Edward Whitacre Jr., who had led a restructuring of AT&T, was appointed as chairman of General Motors.^[119] Whitacre was tasked with overseeing GM's emergence from bankruptcy and downsizing its sizable number of brand marques, many of which had produced chronic losses even before the recession began. In July 2009, after 40 days of bankruptcy protection, the company emerged from the government-backed General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization.^[120]

As mandated by its bailout agreement, GM began the process of shedding its poorest-performing brands in June 2009: Hummer, Saab, Saturn, and Pontiac. An October 2009 agreement to sell the Hummer brand to China-based Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Company Ltd.^[121] and a group of private investors fell through three months later, resulting in GM seeking a new suitor.^[122] American company Raser Technologies, along with several others, expressed interest in buying the company, but none of the proposed acquisitions came to fruition, and in April 2010 GM said it was officially shutting down the Hummer brand.^{[123] [124]} Similarly, GM's efforts to sell its Saturn division yielded an early suitor. In June 2009, GM announced that the Saturn brand would be sold to the Penske Automotive Group.^[125] The deal fell through, however, and GM declared the brand defunct in October 2010. While GM agreed to shed its underperforming Pontiac brand as part of its bailout agreement, the company explicitly opted not to sell it to another company.^{[126] [127]} The last Pontiac was built in January 2010.^[128]

GM was more successful in its attempts to sell Saab Automobile: the company closed a sale to Dutch automaker Spyker Cars in February 2010.^[129] Saab continued to perform poorly under Spyker's management, however, and in 2012 the Saab division declared bankruptcy.

In 2009, GM faced significant challenges in its Asian operations, particularly in Korea with GM-Daewoo Automotive Technology Company (GMDAT).^{[130] [131]} At the time, GM would manufacture low-cost small cars in Korea and export them to developing markets, including China. GMDAT suffered from cash flow issues exacerbated by a $1.5 billion loss in foreign exchange in the first quarter of 2009. GM's precarious financial situation, exacerbated by impending bankruptce, and the reluctance of the US government rescuers to address overseas issues, left few options. Facing a frozen credit market and the Korean Development Bank's refusal to extend loans beyond the existing $2 billion owed by GMDAT, GM had no alternative but to seek capital from China.^{[130] [131]}

By mid-November 2009, GM suddenly had $491 million available for GMDAT's turnaround, though the source of the funds was initially unclear.^{[130] [131]} It was later revealed that GM had sold a 1% stake in Shanghai GM to SAIC Motor, effectively giving SAIC Motor controlling interest in the venture. Additionally, GM transformed its struggling GM India division into a joint venture, with SAIC Motor acquiring a 50% stake in exchange for a $350 million investment. GM executives stated that SAIC Motor's involvement facilitated access to Chinese banking sector funding, which would have been challenging to secure independently. In its 2010 SEC filing, GM clarified that SAIC had helped secure a $400 million commercial bank loan, using its stake in Shanghai-GM as collateral.^{[130] [131]}

In December 2009, the "new" GM's board of directors asked CEO Fritz Henderson to resign, and its chairman, Ed Whitacre, was named interim CEO.^[132] GM opted to appoint Whitacre as its permanent CEO the following month, though Whitacre ultimately stepped down as CEO in September 2010, relinquishing the position to fellow GM board member Daniel Akerson but agreeing to continue on as GM chairman until the end of the year. Akerson replaced him as chairman, while continuing as CEO, in January 2011.^{[133] [134]}

In 2010, GM introduced the Chevrolet Volt as an extended-range electric vehicle (EREV), an electric vehicle with backup generators powered by gasoline, a type of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.^{[135] [136] [137]} GM delivered the first Volt in December 2010.^[138] GM built a prototype two-seat electric vehicle with Segway Inc. An early prototype of the Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility vehicle—dubbed Project P.U.M.A. – was presented in New York at the 2009 New York International Auto Show.^[139]

On January 15, 2014, Mary Barra was named chief executive officer, succeeding Daniel Akerson. Barra also joined the GM board.^[140] Only three weeks later, the company announced its 2014 General Motors recall, which was due to faulty ignition switches, and was linked to at least 124 deaths. The resulting settlements with family members of those killed were estimated to cost the company $1.5 billion.^[141] Under Barra, GM began a multi-year abandonment of many markets, choosing to focus on higher-profit markets like North America and China.^[142]

On January 4, 2016, in its first investment in a ridesharing company, GM invested $500 million in Lyft.^{[143] [144]} The company does not directly supply Lyft drivers with vehicles, however – and has no plans to do so in the future – and Lyft ultimately partnered with Motional for production of its autonomous vehicles.

In March 2016, GM acquired Cruise, a San Francisco self-driving vehicle start-up, to develop self-driving cars that could be used in ride-sharing fleets.^{[145] [146]} In June 2022, Cruise received California's first Driverless Deployment Permit, allowing it to both charge fees for its service as well as offer fully autonomous rides in a major public city.^[147] The Verge reported that the company lost $561 million in Q1 2023, but said it remains on the path to reach $1 billion in revenue by 2025 and $50 billion by 2030.^[148]

In October 2016, GM began production of the Chevrolet Bolt EV, the first-ever mass market all-electric car with a range of more than 200round=5NaNround=5.^{[149] [150]} The battery pack and most drivetrain components were built by LG Corporation and assembled in GM's plant in Lake Orion, Michigan.^[151]

On January 8, 2021, GM introduced a new logo alongside the tagline "EVerybody in", with the capitalized "EV" as a nod to the company's commitment to electric vehicles.^[152] GM's new logo used negative space to create the idea of an electric plug in the "M" of the logo.^[153]

At the January 2021 Consumer Electronics Show, GM launched BrightDrop, its brand for all-electric commercial vehicles.^[154]

On January 28, 2021, GM announced that it will end production and sales of fossil-fuel vehicles (including hybrids and plug-in hybrids) by 2035 as part of its plan to reach carbon neutrality by 2040.

In 2021, GM announced plans to establish an automotive battery and battery pack laboratory in Michigan.^{[155] [156] [157]} GM will be responsible for battery management systems and power electronics, thermal management, as well as the pack assembly. An existing GM facility at Brownstown Township was chosen to be upgraded as a battery pack plant.^[136] LG Chem's U.S. subsidiary, Compact Power of Troy, Michigan, has been building the prototype packs for the development vehicles and will continue to provide integration support and acting as a liaison for the program.^[158]

In mid-2023, GM abandoned its goal of North American electric vehicle deliveries of 400,000 units from 2022 by mid-2024. It had previously set the timeline of by end of 2023. CEO Mary Barra pointed to failures in the scaling of battery module production while simultaneously blaming lack of consumer demand.^[159]

General Motors and LG Chem Ltd. have a long-term supply agreement. LG Chem Ltd. will provide GM with more than 500,000 tons of cathode materials for 24.7 trillion won (US$18.6 billion). Provided materials to the automaker will be enough for 5 million electric vehicles.^{[160] [161]}

In January 2024, GM announced it would once again manufacture a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) while it aims to balance supply of battery electric vehicles with demand.^[162]

On April 15, 2024, GM announced that it would relocate its global headquarters from the Renaissance Center to the nearby Hudson's Detroit development in 2025.^[163]

Motorsports history

GM participated in the World Touring Car Championship (WTCC) from 2004 to 2012,^[164] and has also participated in other motorsport championships, including 24 Hours of Le Mans,^[165] NASCAR,^[166] SCCA^[167] and Supercars Championship.^[168]

GM's engines were successful in the Indy Racing League (IRL) throughout the 1990s, winning many races in the small V8 class. GM has also done much work in the development of electronics for GM auto racing. An unmodified Aurora V8 in the Aerotech captured 47 world records, including the record for speed endurance in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Recently, the Cadillac V-Series has entered motorsports racing.

GM has also designed cars specifically for use in NASCAR auto racing. The Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 is the only entry in the series.^[169] In the past, the Pontiac Grand Prix,^[170] Buick Regal, Oldsmobile Cutlass, Chevrolet Lumina, Chevrolet Malibu, Chevrolet Monte Carlo, Chevrolet Impala, and the Chevrolet SS were also used. GM has won many NASCAR Cup Series manufacturer's championships, including 40 with Chevrolet,^[171] the most of any make in NASCAR history, 3 with Oldsmobile, 2 with Buick, and 1 with Pontiac. In 2021, Chevrolet became the first brand to reach 800 wins.^[172]

In Australia, Holden cars based on the Monaro, Torana and Commodore platforms raced in the Australian Touring Car Championship until 2022. Holden won the Bathurst 1000, a record 36 times between 1968 and 2022 and the Australian Touring Car Championship 23 times.^[173] From 2023, the Chevrolet Camaro will be raced.^[174]

Logo evolution

Evolution of the GM logo through the years:^[175]

Brands

Current

width=50px	Origin	width=100px	Brand^[176]	Founded		Joined GM	Markets served today
United States	BrightDrop	2021	2022	2021	North America
		1899	1903	1908	China, North America
		1902	1902	1909	North America, Middle East, China, Japan, South Korea, Europe, Kazakhstan
		1911	1911	1918	Americas, China, Middle East, CIS, South Korea, Philippines, Japan, Europe, Australasia
		1912	1912	1919	North America, Middle East, South Korea, China,^[177] Australasia
		2010	2010	2010	China
		2002	2002	2002	China, Indonesia,^[178] Vietnam,^[179] Thailand
China	The Durant Guild (道朗格)	2022		2022	China
Australia	GMSV (General Motors Specialty Vehicles)	2020		2020	Australia, New Zealand

Former

width=50px	Origin	width=120px	Brand	Founded		Joined GM	width= px	Fate	Defunct or sold	Notes
		1962	1962	1962	Discontinued	1987	Until 1971 a Chevy II with Pontiac design accents, after 1976 a Chevette with Pontiac name and appearance.
		2010	2010	2010	Discontinued	2015	The only available model was based on the Buick LaCrosse
		1992	1992	1992	Discontinued	1994	Composed of Suzuki, Isuzu and Toyota models.
		1966	1966	1966	Discontinued	1969	Canadian Chevelle with Pontiac design accents
		1931	1931	1931	Discontinued	1991
		1905	1905	1909	Discontinued	1915
		1922	1924	1930		2010	EMD still makes locomotives such as the SD70ACe
		1972	1972	1999	Discontinued	2011	Succeeded by GM Korea
		1893	1900	1912	Discontinued	1916
		1959	1959	1959	Discontinued	1970	Imported Vauxhall and Bedford vehicles sold at Canadian Chevrolet and Oldsmobile dealerships
		1964	1964	1964	Discontinued	1970	Imported Vauxhall models sold at Canadian Pontiac, Buick and GMC dealerships
		1989	1989	1989	Discontinued	1997	Composed of Suzuki, Isuzu and Toyota models. Sold through Chevrolet dealerships.
		1856	1908	1926	Discontinued	2020
		1992	1992	1998	Discontinued	2010	Parent company AM General, formerly owned by AMC. Became independent after AMC and Renault merged in 1978. Name revived in 2021 for GMC Hummer EV
		1927	1927	1927	Discontinued	1940	Companion brand for Cadillac
		1911	1911	1913	Discontinued	1913	Absorbed by Chevrolet in 1913.
		1948	1948	1986		1993	Currently owned by Geely
		1909	1909	1909	Discontinued	1912	formerly Peninsular Motor Company. Based on Rainier and Welch marques.
		1929	1929	1929	Discontinued	1931	Companion brand for Buick in 1928.
		1898	1900	1918	Discontinued	1918	Absorbed as sister division of Chevrolet in 1915.
		1907	1907	1918	Discontinued	1942	Canadian Buick-related, became the basis of General Motors Canada
		1907	1907	1909	Discontinued	1931	Dropped in favor of Pontiac
		1897	1897	1908	Discontinued	2004
		1899	1899	1931		2017	Currently owned by Stellantis
		1987	1987	1987	Discontinued	1991	Composed of Suzuki, Isuzu and Toyota models
		1926	1926	1926	Discontinued	2010	Started as companion brand for Oakland
		1905	1905	1909	Discontinued	1911	Restructured after its 1909 acquisition, as Marquette Motor Company. Produced 'Rainier' cars until 1911
		1903	1903	1911	Discontinued	1912	Consolidated into what would become GMC
		1968	1968	1968	Discontinued	1978
		1902	1902	1909	Discontinued	1912	Consolidated into what would become GMC
		1945	1949	1990		2010	Company defunct in 2016
		1985	1990	1985	Discontinued	2010
		1913	1913	1916	Discontinued	1923
	Sheridan	1920	1920	1920	Discontinued	1921	Was the technically the first car developed by General Motors
		1971	1971	1971	Discontinued	1984	Division of Holden
		1903	1903	1925		2017	Currently owned by Stellantis
		1929	1929	1929	Discontinued	1930	Started as companion brand for Oldsmobile
		1901	1901	1910	Discontinued	1911	Brand shuttered shortly after purchase.
		1897	1897	1930	Discontinued	1962	Reorganized as Winton Engine Corporation. Merged into GM's Cleveland Diesel Engine Division in 1938. Folded into Electro-Motive Diesel in 1962.
		1920	1920	1925	Discontinued	1943	Absorbed into GMC
		1923	1923	1925	Discontinued	1943	Absorbed into GMC

Corporate affairs

Business trends

The key trends for GM are (as of the financial year ending December 31):^{[180] [181]}

	Revenue (US$ bn)	Net profit (US$ bn)	Total assets (US$ bn)^[182]	Employees (k)^[183]	Car sales worldwide (m)^[184]
2016	149	9.2	221	225	10.0
2017	145	−3.8	212	180	9.6
2018	147	8.0	227	173	8.3
2019	137	6.7	228	164	7.7
2020	122	6.4	235	155	6.8
2021	127	10.0	244	157	6.2
2022	156	9.9	264	167	5.9
2023	171	10.1	273	163	6.1

Vehicle sales

General Motors was the largest global automaker by annual vehicle sales for 77 consecutive years, from 1931, when it overtook Ford Motor Company, until 2008 when it was overtaken by Toyota. This reign was longer than any other automaker, and GM is still among the world's largest automakers by vehicle unit sales.

In 2008, the third-largest individual country by sales was Brazil, with some 550,000 GM vehicles sold. In that year, Argentina, Colombia, and Venezuela sold another 300,000 GM vehicles, suggesting that the total GM sales in South America (including sales in other South American countries such as Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, etc.) in that year were at a similar level to sales in China.

In 2009, General Motors sold 6.5 million cars and trucks globally; in 2010, it sold 8.39 million.^[185] Sales in China rose 66.9% in 2009 to 1,830,000 vehicles and accounting for 13.4% of the market.^[186]

In 2010, General Motors ranked second worldwide with 8.5 million vehicles produced.^[187] In 2011, GM returned to the first place with 9.025 million units sold worldwide, corresponding to 11.9% market share of the global motor vehicle industry. In 2010, vehicle sales in China by GM rose 28.8% to a record 2,351,610 units.^[188] The top two markets in 2011 were China, with 2,547,203 units, and the United States, with 2,503,820 vehicles sold. The Chevrolet brand was the main contributor to GM performance, with 4.76 million vehicles sold around the world in 2011, a global sales record.^[189]

Based on global sales in 2012, General Motors was ranked among the world's largest automakers.^[190]

In May 2012, GM recorded an 18.4% market share in the U.S. with stock imported.^[191]

Annual worldwide sales volume reached 10 million vehicles in 2016.^{[192] [193] [194]} Sales in India for April 2016 – March 2017 declined to 25,823 units from 32,540 the previous year and market share contracted from 1.17% to 0.85% for the same period. However, exports surged 89% during the same period to 70,969 units. GMTC-I, GM's technical center in Bangalore, India continued in operation. Weak product line-up and below par service quality were the reasons for the poor showing by GM in India that year.^{[195] [196]}

Global Volt/Ampera family sales totalled about 177,000 units from its inception in December 2010 through 2018.^[197] including over 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe up to December 2015.^{[198] [199]} The Volt family of vehicles ranked as the world's all-time top-selling plug-in hybrid, and it is also the third best selling plug-in electric car in history after the Nissan Leaf (375,000) and the Tesla Model S (253,000), .^[197] The Chevrolet Volt is also the U.S. all-time top-selling plug-in electric car with 148,556 units delivered through October 2018.^{[200] [201]}

GM worldwide 2008 vehicle sales^[202]
(thousands)

Rank in GM	Location	Vehicle sales	Market share (%)
1		2,981	22.1%
2		1,095	12.0%
3		549	19.5%
4		384	15.4%
5		359	21.4%
6		338	11.1%
7		300	8.8%
8		212	19.8%
9		133	13.1%
10		117	9.7%
11		114	4.4%
12		107	7.8%
13		95	15.5%
14		91	33.3%
15		80	36.3%
16		66	3.3%

Year	U.S. sales (vehicles)	Chg/yr.
1998^[203]	4,603,991
1999	5,017,150	9.0%
2000^[204]	4,953,163	1.3%
2001	4,904,015	1.0%
2002	4,858,705	0.9%
2003	4,756,403	2.1%
2004^[205]	4,707,416	1.0%
2005	4,517,730	4.0%
2006^[206]	4,124,645	8.7%
2007^[207]	3,866,620	6.3%
2008^[208]	2,980,688	22.9%
2009^[209]	2,084,492	30.1%
2010^[210]	2,215,227	6.3%
2011^[211]	2,503,820	13.7%
2012	2,595,717	3.7%
2013^[212]	2,786,078	7.3%
2014^[213]	2,935,008	5.3%
2015^[214]	3,082,366	5.0%
2016	3,042,773	1.3%
2017	3,002,241	1.3%
2018	2,954,037	1.5%
2019^[215]	2,887,046	2.3%
2020^[216]	2,547,339	11.8%
2021	2,218,228	12.9%
2022^[217]	2,274,088	2.5%
2023^[218]	2,594,698	14.1%

GM worldwide 2019 vehicle sales^[219]

Location	Total sales	Year-On-Year change	Year-On-Year change (%)
GM North America	3,367,374	(122,740)	(3.5)
GM Europe	3,590	(266)	(6.9)
GM South America	668,842	(21,355)	(3.1)
GM International	584,520	28,033	5.0
China	3,093,604	(551,440)	(15.1)
Total	7,717,930	(667,768)	(8.0)

Management

Current board of directors

Notable members of the board of directors of the company are as follows:^[1]

Chairmen of the Board of General Motors

• Thomas Neal—November 19, 1912 – November 16, 1915
• Pierre S. du Pont—November 16, 1915 – February 7, 1929
• Lammot du Pont II—February 7, 1929 – May 3, 1937
• Alfred P. Sloan Jr.—May 3, 1937 – April 2, 1956
• Albert Bradley—April 2, 1956 – August 31, 1958
• Frederic G. Donner—September 1, 1958 – October 31, 1967
• James M. Roche—November 1, 1967 – December 31, 1971
• Richard C. Gerstenberg—January 1, 1972 – November 30, 1974
• Thomas A. Murphy—December 1, 1974 – December 31, 1980
• Roger B. Smith—January 1, 1981 – July 31, 1990
• Robert C. Stempel—August 1, 1990 – November 1, 1992
• John G. Smale—November 2, 1992 – December 31, 1995
• John F. Smith Jr.—January 1, 1996 – April 30, 2003
• Rick Wagoner—May 1, 2003 – March 30, 2009
• Kent Kresa—March 30, 2009 – July 10, 2009
• Edward Whitacre Jr.—July 10, 2009 – December 31, 2010
• Daniel Akerson—December 31, 2010 – January 15, 2014
• Tim Solso—January 15, 2014 – January 4, 2016
• Mary Barra—January 4, 2016 – Present

Chief Executive Officers of General Motors

• Alfred P. Sloan Jr.—May 10, 1923 – June 3, 1946
• Charles Erwin Wilson—June 3, 1946 – January 26, 1953
• Harlow H. Curtice—February 2, 1953 – August 31, 1958
• James M. Roche—November 1, 1967 – December 31, 1971
• Richard C. Gerstenberg—January 1, 1972 – November 30, 1974
• Thomas A. Murphy—December 1, 1974 – December 31, 1980
• Roger B. Smith—January 1, 1981 – July 31, 1990
• Robert C. Stempel—August 1, 1990 – November 1, 1992
• John F. Smith Jr.—November 2, 1992 – May 31, 2000
• Rick Wagoner—June 1, 2000 – March 30, 2009
• Frederick Henderson—March 30, 2009 – December 1, 2009
• Edward Whitacre Jr.—December 1, 2009 – September 1, 2010
• Daniel Akerson—September 1, 2010 – January 15, 2014
• Mary Barra—January 15, 2014 – Present

Philanthropy

From 1976 until 2017, philanthropic activity was carried out via the General Motors Foundation, a 501(c)(3) foundation.^[220]

General Motors has a close relationship with the Nature Conservancy and has fundraised for and donated cash and vehicles to the charity.^[221]

Since 1997, GM has been a source of funding for Safe Kids Worldwide's "Safe Kids Buckle Up" program, an initiative to ensure child automobile safety through education and inspection.^{[222] [223]}

Labor conflicts

General Motors' American workers are unionized generally under the United Auto Workers (UAW), which is the primary auto workers union in the United States.

Flint sit-down strike

See main article: Flint sit-down strike.

The 1936–1937 Flint sit-down strike against General Motors changed the UAW from a collection of isolated local unions on the fringes of the industry into a major labor union and led to the unionization of the domestic United States automobile industry.

After the first convention of UAW in 1936, the union decided that it could not survive by piecemeal organizing campaigns at smaller plants, as it had in the past, but that it could organize the automobile industry only by going after its biggest and most powerful employer, General Motors, focusing on GM's production complex in Flint, Michigan.

Organizing in Flint was a difficult and dangerous plan. GM controlled city politics in Flint and kept a close eye on outsiders. According to Wyndham Mortimer, the UAW officer put in charge of the organizing campaign in Flint, he received a death threat by an anonymous caller when he visited Flint in 1936. GM also maintained an extensive network of spies throughout its plants. This forced UAW members to keep the names of new members secret and meeting workers at their homes.

As the UAW studied its target, it discovered that GM had only two factories that produced the dies from which car body components were stamped: one in Flint that produced the parts for Buicks, Pontiacs, and Oldsmobiles, and another in Cleveland that produced Chevrolet parts.

While the UAW called for a sit-down strike in Flint, the police, armed with guns and tear gas, attempted to enter the Fisher Body 2 plant on January 11, 1937. The strikers inside the plant pelted them with hinges, bottles, and bolts. At the time, Vice President John Nance Garner supported federal intervention to break up the Flint Strike, but this idea was rejected by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The president urged GM to distinguish a union so the plants could re-open. The strike ended after 44 days.

That development forced GM to bargain with the union. John L. Lewis, President of the United Mine Workers and founder and leader of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, spoke for the UAW in those negotiations; UAW President Homer Martin was sent on a speaking tour to keep him out of the way. GM's representatives refused to be in the same room as the UAW, so Governor Frank Murphy acted as a courier and intermediary between the two groups. Governor Murphy sent in the U.S. National Guard not to evict the strikers but rather to protect them from the police and corporate strike-breakers. The two parties finally reached an agreement on February 11, 1937, on a one-page agreement that recognized the UAW as the exclusive bargaining representative for GM's employees, who were union members for the next six months.^[224]

Tool and die strike of 1939

See main article: Tool and die strike of 1939.

The tool and die strike of 1939, also known as the "strategy strike", was an ultimately successful attempt by the UAW to be recognized as the sole representative for General Motors workers. In addition to representation rights, the UAW, working jointly with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), sought to resolve existing grievances of skilled workers.

United Auto Workers (UAW) strike of 1945–1946

See main article: 1945-46 United Auto Workers strike.

From November 21, 1945, until March 13, 1946, (113 days) the UAW organized "320,000 hourly workers" to form a US-wide strike against the General Motors Corporation, workers used the tactic of the sit down strike.^[225] It was "the longest strike against a major manufacturer" that the UAW had yet seen, and it was also "the longest national GM strike in its history". As director of the UAW's General Motors Department (coordinator of union relations with GM),^[226] Walter Reuther suggested to his colleagues the idea of striking the GM manufacturing plants with a 'one-at-a-time' strategy, which was "intended to maximize pressure on the target company". Reuther also put forth the demands of the strikers: a 30 percent increase in wages and a hold on product prices. However, the strike ended with the dissatisfaction of Walter Reuther and the UAW, and the workers received only a 17.5-percent increase in wages.

2007 General Motors strike

See main article: 2007 General Motors strike.

The 2007 General Motors strike was a strike from September 24 to 26, 2007, by the UAW against General Motors.

On September 24, 2007, General Motors workers represented by the UAW union went on strike against the company. The first US-wide strike against GM since 1970 was expected to idle 59 plants and facilities for an indefinite period of time. Talks broke down after more than 20 straight days of bargaining failed to produce a new contract. Major issues that proved to be stumbling blocks for an agreement included wages, benefits, job security and investments in US facilities.^{[227] [228] [229]}

Two car assembly plants in Oshawa, Ontario and a transmission facility in Windsor closed on September 25. However, on September 26, a tentative agreement was reached, and the strike's end was announced by UAW officials in a news conference at 4 a.m.^[230] By the following day, all GM workers in both countries were back to work.

2019 General Motors strike

See main article: 2019 General Motors strike. On the morning of September 15, 2019, after talks broke down to renew their contract, which expired earlier that day, the UAW announced that GM employees would begin striking at 11:59 pm.^[231] This strike shut down operations in nine states, including 33 manufacturing plants and 22 parts distribution warehouses.^[232] After 40 days, on October 25, 2019, the "longest strike by autoworkers in a decade" and the longest against GM since 1970 came to an end when United Auto Workers members voted to approve a new contract with GM. Striking labor union members received a $275 a week strike pay salary for the duration of the strike.^[233] The strike cost GM more than $2 billion.

2023 United Auto Workers strike

See main article: 2023 United Auto Workers strike. The ongoing strike launched by the UAW is the first strike against all three major American automakers in history. Then-recently elected UAW president Shawn Fain stated that he was "fed up" with the current situation between workers and automakers; Fain specifically blasted the tiered workers system at automakers, failure for automakers to keep wages up with inflation, pensions, as well as the introduction of a four-day workweek as opposed to the five-day workweek. GM CEO Mary Barra protested that her company offered an "unprecedented deal" which gave workers 20% raises as well as "world-class" healthcare. Barra further stated that meeting all 1,000 plus demands would bankrupt the company and cost over $100 billion.^{[234] [235]}

Controversies

Streetcar conspiracy

See main article: General Motors streetcar conspiracy.

Between 1938 and 1950, GM allegedly deliberately monopolized the sale of buses and supplies to National City Lines (NCL) and its subsidiaries, in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, intending to dismantle streetcar systems in many cities in the United States and make buses, sold by GM, the dominant form of public transport.

Ralph Nader and the Corvair

by Ralph Nader, published in 1965, is a book accusing car manufacturers of being slow to introduce safety features and reluctant to spend money on improving safety. It relates to the first models of the Chevrolet Corvair (1960–1964) that had a swing axle suspension design that was prone to 'tuck under' in certain circumstances. To compensate for the removal of a front stabilizer bar (anti-roll bar) as a cost-cutting measure, Corvairs required tire pressures that were outside of the tire manufacturer's recommended tolerances. The Corvair relied on an unusually high front to rear pressure differential (15 psi front, 26 psi rear, when cold; 18 psi and 30 psi hot), and if one inflated the tires equally, as was standard practice for all other cars at the time, the result was dangerous over-steer.^[236]

In early March 1966, several media outlets, including The New Republic and The New York Times, alleged that GM had tried to discredit Ralph Nader, hiring private detectives to tap his phones and investigate his past, and hiring prostitutes to trap him in compromising situations.^{[237] [238]} Nader sued the company for invasion of privacy and settled the case for $425,000. Nader's lawsuit against GM was ultimately decided by the New York Court of Appeals, whose opinion in the case expanded tort law to cover "overzealous surveillance".^[239] Nader used the proceeds from the lawsuit to start the pro-consumer Center for Study of Responsive Law.

A 1972 safety commission report conducted by Texas A&M University concluded that the 1960–1963 Corvair possessed no greater potential for loss of control than its contemporary competitors in extreme situations.^[240] The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) issued a press release in 1972 describing the findings of NHTSA testing from the previous year. NHTSA conducted a series of comparative tests in 1971 studying the handling of the 1963 Corvair and four contemporary cars — a Ford Falcon, Plymouth Valiant, Volkswagen Beetle, and Renault Dauphine — along with a second-generation Corvair (with its completely redesigned, independent rear suspension). The 143-page report reviewed NHTSA's extreme-condition handling tests, national crash-involvement data for the cars in the test as well as General Motors' internal documentation regarding the Corvair's handling.

NHTSA went on to contract an independent advisory panel of engineers to review the tests. This review panel concluded that 'the 1960–63 Corvair compares favorably with contemporary vehicles used in the tests ... the handling and stability performance of the 1960–63 Corvair does not result in an abnormal potential for loss of control or rollover, and it is at least as good as the performance of some contemporary vehicles both foreign and domestic'.

In 1980, former GM executive John DeLorean wrote in his book On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors that Nader's criticisms were valid.^[241]

Journalist David E. Davis said that despite Nader's claim that swing-axle rear suspension were dangerous, Porsche, Mercedes-Benz, and Volkswagen all used similar swing-axle concepts during that era.^[242]

Apartheid

In 2002, GM (along with other multinational corporations) was sued by a group of South Africans represented by the Khulumani Support Group.^[243] The plaintiffs alleged that the company provided vehicles to the South African security forces during the Apartheid. The company settled with the plaintiffs in 2012, agreeing to pay a sum of up to $1.5 million.^[244]

Ignition switch recall

See main article: General Motors ignition switch recalls.

In May 2014, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration fined the company $35 million for failing to recall cars with faulty ignition switches for a decade, despite knowing there was a problem with the switches. General Motors paid compensation for 124 deaths linked to the faulty switches.^[245] The $35 million fine was the maximum the regulator could impose.^[246] The total cost of the recall was estimated to be $1.5 billion.^[141] As well as the Cobalts, the switches of concern had been installed in many other cars, such as the Pontiac G5, the Saturn Ion, the Chevrolet HHR, the Saturn Sky, and Pontiac Solstice. The recall involved about 2.6 million GM cars worldwide.^[247]

Forced Uyghur labor

In 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute accused at least 82 major brands, including General Motors, of being connected to forced Uyghur labor in Xinjiang.^[248]

Sale of driver data to insurance companies

General Motors has come under criticism for collecting highly detailed driver data and selling that information to insurance companies without consumers' consent or knowledge. Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton sued General Motors on August 13, 2024, alleging that General Motors sold the information to at least two companies, LexisNexis Risk Solutions and Verisk Analytics, who then sold the information to insurance companies.^{[249] [250]}

See also

• Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
• ASOTRECOL
• Crucible Industries
• EcoCAR
• General Motors Hy-wire
• General Motors proving grounds
• General Motors Technical Center
• GM people
• GM vehicles by brand
• List of automobile manufacturers of the United States
• List of GM engines
• List of General Motors factories
• List of General Motors platforms
• List of GM transmissions
• United States Council for Automotive Research
• VIA Motors
• Freon
• Global Climate Coalition
• Ethyl Corporation
• Durant Motors

Further reading

• Goolsbee . Austan D. . Krueger . Alan B. . A retrospective look at rescuing and restructuring General Motors and Chrysler . Journal of Economic Perspectives . 29 . 2 . 2015 . 3–24 . 10.1257/jep.29.2.3 . 113330698 . none. 10419/110116 . free .
  • Book: Barabba, Vincent P. . Surviving Transformation: Lessons from GM's Surprising Turnaround . 2004 . Oxford University Press . New York . 978-0-19-517141-9 . 474580094 . January 1, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014836/https://books.google.com/books?id=VvbDYad7cLoC&lpg=PP1&dq=Surviving%20Transformation%3A%20Lessons%20from%20GM%27s%20Surprising%20Turnaround&pg=PP1 . live . none.
• Book: Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. . Giant Enterprise: Ford, General Motors, and the Automobile Industry . registration . Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. . 1964 . Harcourt, Brace & World . New York . 978-0-405-13349-7 . 63017200 . none.
• Book: Cray, Ed . Chrome Colossus: General Motors and Its Times . 1980 . McGraw-Hill . New York . 978-0-07-013493-5 . 6223723 . registration . none.
• Book: Farber, David R. . Sloan Rules: Alfred P. Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors . 2002 . University of Chicago Press . Chicago . 978-0-226-23804-3 . 49558636 . January 1, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014836/https://books.google.com/books?id=CysLGUDseQAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Sloan%20Rules%3A%20Alfred%20P.%20Sloan%20and%20the%20Triumph%20of%20General%20Motors&pg=PP1 . live . none.
• Book: Gustin, Lawrence R. . Billy Durant: Creator of General Motors . 2008 . 1973 . University of Michigan Press . Ann Arbor . 179794253 . 978-0-472-03302-7 . none.
• Book: Halberstam, David . The Reckoning . registration . David Halberstam . A Thomas Congdon book . 1986 . Morrow . New York . 978-0-688-04838-9 . 246158814 . none.
• Book: Keller, Maryann . Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors . 1989 . Morrow . New York . 978-0-688-07527-9 . 423222597 . none.
• Book: The Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1805–1942 . 2nd . Kimes . Beverly Rae . 1989 . Krause Publications . Iola, Wisconsin . 978-0-87341-111-0 . none.
• Book: Leslie, Stuart W. . Boss Kettering . 1983 . Columbia University Press . New York . 978-0-231-05600-7 . 8845819 . none.
• Book: Time for a Model Change: Re-Engineering the Global Automotive Industry . Maxton . Graeme P. . Graeme Maxton . Wormald . John . 2004 . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge, England . 978-0-521-83715-6 . 54826137 . January 1, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014836/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aN6rxZG2p0C&lpg=PP1&dq=Time%20for%20a%20Model%20Change%3A%20Re-Engineering%20the%20Global%20Automotive%20Industry&pg=PP1 . live . none.
• Book: Maynard, Micheline . The End of Detroit: How the Big Three Lost Their Grip on the American Car Market . 2003 . Currency/Doubleday . New York . 978-0-385-50769-1 . 52623614 . none.
• Book: Pelfrey, William . Billy, Alfred, and General Motors: The Story of Two Unique Men, a Legendary Company, and a Remarkable Time in American History . 2006 . AMACOM . New York . 978-0-8144-0869-8 . 61362777 . January 1, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014836/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYFIiIll2eIC&lpg=PP1&dq=Billy%2C%20Alfred%2C%20and%20General%20Motors%3A%20The%20Story%20of%20Two%20Unique%20Men%2C%20a%20Legendary%20Company%2C%20and%20a&pg=PP1 . live . none.
• Book: Pound, Arthur . The turning wheel; the story of General Motors through twenty-five years, 1908-1933 . 1934 . Doubleday, Doran & Company . New York . none.
• Book: Rae, John Bell . The American Automobile; A Brief History . registration . 1965 . University of Chicago Press . Chicago . 236834 . The Chicago history of American civilization . none.
• Book: Robertson, Heather . 1995 . Driving force: The McLaughlin family and the age of the car . McClelland & Stewart . 978-0-7710-7556-8 . none. A history of the businesses of Samuel McLaughlin and family, and the beginnings of General Motors Canada Ltd.
• Book: Weisberger, Bernard A. . The Dream Maker: William C. Durant, Founder of General Motors . Bernard Weisberger . 1979 . Little, Brown . Boston . 978-0-316-92874-8 . 5736758 . none.

Notes and References

1. Web site: General Motors Company 2023 Form 10-K Annual Report . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . January 30, 2024.
2. Web site: General Motors History, Deals, & Facts . May 2, 2022 . Britannica . en.
3. News: Toyota Ahead of G.M. in 2008 Sales. Nick. Bunkley . The New York Times . January 21, 2009. limited.
4. Web site: U.S. light vehicle market share by automotive manufacturers. Statista.
5. Web site: Plants & Facilities . General Motors . February 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200216201603/https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/plants-facilities/global-plants.html . live.
6. News: GM Starts BrightDrop Electric Delivery Van Production, Expands Lineup . Motor Trend . September 20, 2021.
7. News: General Motors establishing new military defense division . Michael . Wayland . Automotive News . October 9, 2017 . October 9, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201009220738/https://www.autonews.com/article/20171009/OEM/171009800/general-motors-establishing-new-military-defense-division . live.
8. Shanghai OnStar Announces Launch Date for Services in China . February 24, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170224132027/http://www.corvetteassembly.com/media/us/en/gm/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2009/Oct/1029_onstar.html . live.
9. Web site: GM Heritage General Motors . September 18, 2023 . www.gm.com . en.
10. Web site: William Durant creates General Motors . May 2, 2022 . HISTORY . en.
11. Web site: Bigman . Dan . How General Motors Was Really Saved: The Untold True Story Of The Most Important Bankruptcy In U.S. History . May 2, 2022 . Forbes . en.
12. Web site: General Motors 2023 Fortune Global 500 . September 18, 2023 . Fortune . en.
13. Web site: Fortune 500: General Motors . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230114122810/https://fortune.com/company/general-motors/fortune500/ . January 14, 2023.
14. Web site: en. The Global 2000 2023. Forbes. 2024-02-07. 2024-01-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20240129031905/https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=4f5ab07e5ac0.
15. News: Boudette . Neal E. . Davenport . Coral . January 28, 2021 . G.M. Will Sell Only Zero-Emission Vehicles by 2035 . The New York Times . limited.
16. Book: Wynn, Neil A. . The A to Z from the Great War to the Great Depression . July 16, 2009 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-6330-9 . en.
17. News: The history of General Motors . Julia . Kollewe . The Guardian . April 30, 2009.
18. Web site: The end of the road for Oldsmobile . May 2, 2022 . HISTORY . en.
19. Web site: Durant almost landed Ford, but couldn't come up with $2 million . Automotive News . September 14, 2008 . subscription.
20. Web site: Story of General Motors . https://web.archive.org/web/20220108052738/https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/docs/gm-heritage-archive/historical-brochures/Anniversaries/Story_of_General_Motors.pdf . January 8, 2022 . live .
21. Web site: February 15, 2012 . Cadillac's Electric Self Starter Turns 100 . May 2, 2022 . media.gm.com . en.
22. Web site: Louis Chevrolet Biography & Facts . May 2, 2022 . Encyclopedia Britannica . en.
23. Book: A Study of the Antitrust Laws: General Motors Corporation . United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary . United States Government Printing Office . 1955.
24. News: Lassa . Todd . September 15, 2008 . Happy 100th Birthday, General Motors . Motor Trend .
25. Web site: GM buys Chevrolet . History TV network.
26. News: General Motors Finances; Plan for Absorbing Chevrolet Company Indicated . The New York Times . February 24, 1918 . limited.
27. News: Unique Treatment of General Motors Acceptance Corp. (GMAC) Under the TARP . DIANE Publishing . Elizabeth . Warren . Elizabeth Warren . 2011. 978-1-4379-3080-1.
28. Web site: Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. . May 2, 2022 . automotivehalloffame.org.
29. Web site: August 25, 2008 . Annual model change was the result of affluence, technology, advertising . May 2, 2022 . Automotive News . en.
30. Book: English, Paul F. . Safety Performance in a Lean Environment . 2011 . CRC Press . 9781439821138 . United Kingdom . 3.
31. Web site: Thomas Midgley, Jr. American chemical engineer . May 2, 2022 . Encyclopedia Britannica . en.
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109. Let The Sun Shine . General Motors . April 26, 2010.
110. News: Reuters . July 8, 2008 . GM Europe puts solar roof on Spanish plant . https://web.archive.org/web/20201009220758/https://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKCAS84477520080708 . October 9, 2020 . live.
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115. Web site: Government Assistance for GMAC/Ally Financial: Unwinding the Government Stake . https://web.archive.org/web/20210907131035/https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R41846.pdf . September 7, 2021 . live . Baird . Webel . Bill . Canis . Congressional Research Service . January 26, 2015 .
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119. News: G.M. Chairman's Task: Bring Fresh Perspective . Bill . Vlasic . The New York Times . June 9, 2009 . limited.
120. News: A 'New' GM Emerges From Bankruptcy . NPR . July 10, 2009.
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122. Web site: Channelnewsasia.com - GM studying new offers for Hummer . www.channelnewsasia.com . January 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100301035727/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world_business/view/1040245/1/.html . March 1, 2010 . dead.
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124. Web site: Why Isn't GM Selling HUMMER? . Indiviglio . Daniel . The Atlantic . April 8, 2010 . April 6, 2015.
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128. Web site: Pontiac hits end of the road after 82 years . Nbcnews.com . October 5, 2014 . December 3, 2009.
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130. Web site: The secret history of GM's Chinese bailout . January 24, 2016 .
131. Web site: The secret history of GM's Chinese bailout . January 24, 2016 .
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134. News: Bluntly and Impatiently, Chief Upends G.M.'s Staid Tradition . Bill . Vlasic . The New York Times . December 9, 2011 . limited.
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136. Sustainable transportation based on electric vehicle concepts: a brief overview . Energy & Environmental Science . 3 . 6 . 689 . Eberle . Ulrich . Rittmar . von Helmolt . May 14, 2010 . 10.1039/C001674H . October 21, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131021070726/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/224880220_Sustainable_transportation_based_on_electric_vehicle_concepts_a_brief_overview . live.
137. Vehicle Electrification – Quo Vadis . Brinkman . Norman . Ulrich . Eberle . Volker . Formanski . Uwe-Dieter . Grebe . Roland . Matthe . Verein Deutscher Ingenieure . 33rd International Vienna Motor Symposium 2012 . April 15, 2012 . 10.13140/2.1.2638.8163 . December 22, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141222075646/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/233987248 . live.
138. Chevrolet Volts Begin Shipping to Dealerships . https://web.archive.org/web/20101216022522/http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news/news_detail.brand_gm.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Dec/1213_volt . December 16, 2010.
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140. Dan Akerson to Retire as GM CEO in January 2014 . GM Media . December 12, 2013 . December 24, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094456/http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/emergency_news/2013/1210-gm-execs.html . live.
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142. News: Wayland . Michael . General Motors is retreating from Australia, New Zealand and Thailand . 6 January 2024 . CNBC . 17 February 2020 . en.
143. Kokalitcheva . Kia . Lyft Raises $1 Billion, GM Joins As Investor And Driverless Car Partner . January 4, 2016 . Fortune . January 17, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160117102214/http://fortune.com/2016/01/04/lyft-funding-gm/. live.
144. Fitzpatrick . Alex . Why General Motors Invested $500 Million in Lyft . Time . January 4, 2016 . January 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160116071120/http://time.com/4166130/general-motors-lyft/ . live.
145. News: GM buys Cruise Automation to speed self-driving car strategy . Joseph . White . Reuters . March 11, 2016 . March 13, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160313032841/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-cruiseautomation-idUSKCN0WD1ND . live.
146. News: GM Buys Self-Driving Technology Startup Cruise . NDTV . March 12, 2016 . March 12, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160312130144/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/others/news/gm-buys-self-driving-technology-startup-cruise-812784 . live.
147. Web site: Cruise gets green light for commercial robotaxi service in San Francisco . June 2, 2022 . June 3, 2022 . Lora . Kolodny . CNBC.
148. Web site: Hawkins . Andrew J. . April 25, 2023 . Cruise continues to burn GM's cash as robotaxis expand to daylight hours . April 28, 2023 . The Verge . en-US.
149. News: Tesla Model 3 reservations top 232,000 . David R. . Baker . San Francisco Chronicle . April 1, 2016 . September 5, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160905214935/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Tesla-Model-3-reservations-near-198-000-7223394.php . live.
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151. News: Chevy Bolt EV to ship to dealers in fourth quarter . Melissa . Burden . The Detroit News . July 27, 2016 . July 28, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160728181944/http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2016/07/27/chevrolet-bolt-ev/87615124/ . live.
152. News: General Motors debuts new corporate logo with focus on electric vehicles . NBC News . January 8, 2021.
153. News: GM modernizes its logo to highlight its EV-centric future . Kris . Holt . Engadget . January 8, 2021.
154. News: GM Launches 'BrightDrop' Brand For Electric Commercial Vehicles . Sam . Abuelsamid . Forbes . January 12, 2021 . limited.
155. News: GM building giant battery development lab in Detroit suburb . Tom . Krisher . Associated Press . October 5, 2021.
156. News: GM builds electric battery lab in Michigan as it tries to cut EV costs, extend range . The Washington Post . October 5, 2021 . limited.
157. News: GM Building Giant Battery Development Lab In Detroit Suburb . Sara . Powers . CBS News . October 5, 2021.
158. General Motors and LG Chem Team Up to Advance Toward an All-Electric Future, Add Jobs in Ohio . General Motors . December 5, 2019 . June 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200614032715/https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2019/dec/1205-lgchem.html . live.
159. Web site: Walz . Eric . GM abandons plan to build 400,000 EVs by mid-2024 . Automotive Dive . November 30, 2023.
160. News: en. GM Signs $18.6 Billion EV Cathode Supply Deal With LG Chem. Bloomberg. February 7, 2024 . 2024-02-27. 2024-02-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20240228012213/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-07/lg-chem-wins-18-6-billion-ev-cathode-materials-order-from-gm?leadSource=uverify%20wall.
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167. News: GM Joins World Challenge GT Manufacturers' Championship . . April 22, 2009.
168. Web site: Chevrolet Camaro To Join Australia's Supercars Championship To Take On Ford's Mustang In 2022 . Brad . Anderson . carscoops.com . October 18, 2020.
169. Track and Street Come Closer Together in the all-new Chevrolet NASCAR Next Gen Camaro ZL1 Race Car . General Motors . May 5, 202 . June 13, 2022.
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175. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2021/01/08/general-motors-launches-new-everybody-in-ev-campaign/6594786002/ GM redesigns iconic corporate logo as part new 'Everybody In' EV push
176. Here Are All 43 GM Brands, Listed In One Place . David . Finlay . GM . US . January 10, 2021 . April 11, 2022.
177. Web site: 2024-01-21 . GM Takes GMC to China, Australia and New Zealand in 2024 . 2024-04-13 . WardsAuto . en.
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179. Web site: SAIC makes Tan Chong's Viet unit distributor . 2024-01-22 . The Star . en.
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247. News: An Engineer's Eureka Moment With a G.M. Flaw . Bill . Vlasic . The New York Times . March 28, 2014 . limited . July 8, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170708035715/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/29/business/a-florida-engineer-unlocked-the-mystery-of-gms-ignition-flaw.html?_r=2 . live.
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249. Web site: GM is selling driver data to insurers without consumers' knowledge, Texas AG alleges . Aimee . Picchi . CBS News . August 15, 2024 . August 15, 2024.
250. Web site: Texas sues General Motors, alleging illegal selling of driver data . Ramishah . Maruf . CNN Business . August 14, 2024 . August 15, 2024.