| Jean-Andoche Junot | |
| Honorific Suffix: | Duke of Abrantes |
| Successor1: | Pierre-Augustin Hulin |
| Branch: | Army |
| Allegiance: | Kingdom of France |
| Death Place: | Montbard, Côte-d'Or, French Empire |
| Birth Place: | Bussy-le-Grand, Burgundy, Kingdom of France |
| Birth Date: | 25 September 1771 |
| Predecessor1: | Joachim Murat |
| Successor: | Joachim Murat |
| Predecessor: | Édouard Mortier |
| Term1: | 1806–1807 |
| Term: | 1803–1804 |
| Office: | Military Governor of Paris |
| Commands: | Army of Portugal III Corps VIII Corps |
| Battles: | French Revolutionary Wars Napoleonic Wars |
| Serviceyears: | 1791–1813 |
| Rank: | General of division |
| Nickname: | La Tempête (“The Tempest”) |
Jean-Andoche Junot, Duke of Abrantes (pronounced as /fr/; 25 September 1771 – 29 July 1813) was a French military officer who served in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He is best known for leading the French invasion of Portugal in 1807.
Junot was born into a bourgeois family in Bussy-le-Grand, Burgundy, on 25 September 1771.[1] He was the fifth son of Michel Junot (1739–1814) and Marie Antoinette Bienaymé (1735–1806). He attended school in Châtillon, then studied law in Dijon before dropping out at the start of the French Revolution. Junot embraced the revolutionary cause, and was present at the Fête de la Fédération in Paris on 14 July 1790.[2]
On 9 July 1791, Junot was one of the founding members of his hometown's National Guard, serving as captain of its 1st company.[2] Later that year he enlisted as a grenadier in the 2nd Battalion of Volunteers of Côte-d'Or.[3] At the start of the War of the First Coalition, Junot was sent to the Army of the North, receiving the first of many battle wounds at on 11 June 1792.[3] He was soon promoted to sergeant, and was again injured on 16 May 1793 while serving in the Army of the Rhine.[3] During this time, Junot's comrades gave him the nickname "the Tempest" (la Tempête).[2] [1]
Junot first met then-captain Napoleon Bonaparte at the Siege of Toulon, in late 1793.[1] After the siege, Bonaparte was made a general and Junot joined him as his aide-de-camp.[1] Following a period of inactivity, in 1795 he participated in the suppression of the Royalist revolt of 13 Vendémiaire under Bonaparte, then followed him to the Army of Italy.[1] Junot served in the Montenotte campaign of April 1796, distinguishing himself at the Battle of Millesimo, for which he received the rank of colonel and the honor of delivering to the Directory the first standards captured in the Italian campaigns.[3] He again distinguished himself at Battle of Lonato, where he killed six enemy soldiers in hand-to-hand fighting and suffered severe sabre cuts to the head.[3]
Junot was one of the first to be informed of Bonaparte's planned expedition to Egypt.[1] In May 1798, he left for Egypt along with Bonaparte aboard the expedition's flagship, l'Orient, and took part in the capture of Malta.[2] [3] Junot fought at the Battle of the Pyramids on 21 July 1798, as a chef de brigade, and was promoted to brigade general on 9 January 1799.[2]
On 8 April 1799, during the ultimately unsuccessful Siege of Acre, Junot distinguished himself leading the vanguard of Kléber's division against a much larger Ottoman relief force, near the town of Nazareth, retreating only after capturing five enemy standards.[1] His actions prevented the Ottomans from reaching the city and earned Junot recognition within the army.[1] However, he was badly injured shortly afterwards in a duel with General François Lanusse, and was captured by a British ship in October 1799 while returning to France.[1] He only arrived in the country on 14 June 1800, the day of Bonaparte's victory at the Battle of Marengo.[1] That year, Junot married Laure Martin de Permond, a long-time friend of the Bonapartes.
Junot was made a general of division on 20 November 1801.[3] From 1803 to 1804 he served as Military Governor of Paris, then briefly as ambassador to Portugal before hurrying back to serve under Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805).[1] Junot was then sent to Parma to put down an insurrection.[1] On his return to Paris he was again appointed Military Governor, serving from 1806 to 1807.[1]
See main article: article and Invasion of Portugal (1807). Junot's major command came on 29 July 1807, when Napoleon appointed him commander-in-chief of the "" (Corps d'observation de la Gironde), which was destined for an invasion of Portugal.[4] The army assembled in Bayonne over the next two months, and was later reinforced with a Spanish contingent under the terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau (27 October 1807).[4] Departing on 17 October at the head of about 26,500 soldiers, Junot led his troops on an arduous march through Spain, finally crossing into Portugal at Segura on 19 November.[4]
Facing little to no resistance, Junot's army advanced towards Lisbon, seizing Castelo Branco on 20 November and Abrantes two days later. On 24 November, he was informed that the country's regent, Prince João (the future King João VI) was preparing to flee to Brazil along with his mother, Queen Maria I, and the court.[4] Junot entered Lisbon without a fight on 30 November, three days after the royal family's departure.[4]
French and Spanish troops soon occupied the rest of Portugal.[4] For his success, Junot was granted the victory title of Duke of Abrantes (Duc d'Abrantès) by Napoleon, though he was not made a Marshal of the Empire as he expected.[4] He set up his headquarters at the Quintela Palace in Lisbon, as the head of the military administration in Portugal.[4] From late December 1807 to March 1808, Junot enacted far-reaching measures, such as the disbandment of the Portuguese Army (with around 9,000 soldiers joining the Grande Armées Portuguese Legion) and local militias, the proclamation of the dethronement of the House of Braganza, and the confiscation of royal assets.[4]
In January 1808, initial incidents of Portuguese resistance to the occupation occurred.[4] Additionally, after the Dos de Mayo Uprising in Madrid, all Spanish troops withdrew from Portugal, and by June, popular revolts had spread throughout the country.[4] On 1 August 1808, a British expeditionary force landed at the mouth of the Mondego river.[4] After a French defeat at Roliça, Junot himself was beaten at the Battle of Vimeiro on 21 August 1808, and he was cut off from France.[4] Only the signing of the advantageous Convention of Sintra with the British allowed him to avoid capture, taking with him "the weapons and baggages" and the loot the army had managed to gather—an expression that later became famous in Portuguese usage. He went back to France in October.
Upon his return, Junot was appointed commander of the III Corps and sent to Spain, where he fought at the Second Siege of Zaragoza.[1] In 1809, he served in the Grande Armée during the War of the Fifth Coalition, but held no major command.[1] He was defeated at Gefrees in this war. Junot returned to the Iberian peninsula in 1810 in command of the VIII Corps, under Marshal André Masséna, and was seriously wounded in the face.[1]
In the 1812 Russian campaign Junot's record was erratic. He was blamed for allowing the Russian army to retreat following the Battle of Smolensk (17 August), but at the Battle of Borodino (7 September 1812) he commanded the VIII Corps competently. Junot's performance at Smolensk led to his removal from command,[1] and infuriated Napoleon to the point that he vowed never to grant Junot a marshal’s baton. It has been suggested Napoleon's judgement was clouded in the long retention of Junot, despite his performance in Portugal, due to their long standing friendship.[5]
In 1813, Junot was made Governor of the Illyrian Provinces. Andrew Roberts writes, "Junot's judgement might have been affected by the syphilis that was to drive him insane. At a ball at Ragusa the following year, he arrived stark naked except for his epaulettes, gloves, dancing shoes, orders and decorations."[6] His growing mental instability, caused by his fall from favor, led to him being returned to his estates, to be placed under the surveillance of his father. Junot defenestrated himself, and died of his injuries days later on 23 July 1813, in Montbard.[1] [7]
He had two daughters and three sons:
During the peninsular war, he had a relationship with Juliana de Almeida e Oyenhausen, daughter of Leonor de Almeida Portugal, 4th Marquise of Alorna.