Gemmula Explained

Gemmula, common name the gem turrids, is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.

These snails have been recorded as fossils from the Paleocene to the Quaternary (from 66.043 to 0.012 Ma). Fossils have been found all over the world.[1]

This genus is still regarded as paraphyletic and should be revised.[2] A high number of undescribed species are estimated to belong to Gemmula. Since independent “Gemmula-like” lineages are distributed all over the turrid tree, a revision of Gemmula would entail again a complete revision of the family Turridae.[3]

They are venomous with disulfide-rich polypeptides in their venom ducts.[4] These bioactive peptides are likely to become a resource for novel pharmacologically active compounds [5]

Habitat and feeding habits

The snails in this genus occur mostly in deeper tropical waters at depths between 50 and 500m. Because of these deep habitats, little is known about their feeding habits.

Taxonomy

The Gemmula clade is more closely related to the clades Xenuroturris, Turris and Lophiotoma than to the other clades in the former subfamily Turrinae.

Description

The fusiform shell resembles Drillia, but with a thin and simple outer lip without an anterior sulcus, and the inner lip usually simple, hardly callous. The protoconch is polygyrate and axially costate. There are three or four embryonal whorls, the two upper ones smooth, upright, the others longitudinally ribbed. The sculpture is most emphasized in a spiral direction, often with a prominent beaded keel at or in front of the anal fasciole.The rather long siphonal canal is narrow and tapering, sometimes curved. The sinus is straight, more or less narrow and long, terminating in a nodulous peripheral keel that is gemmate throughout. Type species : Pleurotoma gemmata Hinds, 1843 [6] [7]

The bead-row of the fasciole readily distinguishes this genus from related forms. Between the smooth protoconch and the adult whorls two or three whorls intervene with descrepant sculpture of fine arcuate longitudinal riblets.[8]

As expected from venomous species, these species have a toxoglosson radula (formula 1 + 0 +1 + 0 + 1) with a central tooth that characterizes this genus.[9]

Species

The genus Gemmula is the largest genus in the former subfamily Turrinae. Species within the genus Gemmula include:

Species brought into synonymy:

References

External links

Notes and References

  1. http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=11149# Paleobiology Database
  2. Puillandre N, Modica MV, Zhang Y, Sirovich L, Boisselier MC, Cruaud C, Holford M, Samadi S. 2012. Large-scale species delimitation method for hyperdiverse groups. Molecular Ecology 21: 2671–2691
  4. 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.022. Heralde III. Francisco M. . Julita Imperial . Pradip K. Bandyopadhyay . Baldomero M. Olivera . Gisela P. Concepcion . Ameurfina D. Santo. A rapidly diverging superfamily of peptide toxins in venomous Gemmula species. Toxicon. April 2008. 51. 5. 890–897. 18272193. 2582027.
  5. http://www.philsciletters.org/October%202008/Gemmula%20ambara/Gemmula%20ambara%20PSL%202008%20Olivera.pdf Baldomero M. Olivera, David R. Hillyard and Maren Watkins, A new species of Gemmula, Weinkauff 1875; Evidence of two clades of Philippine species in the genus Gemmula, Philippine Science letters, vol. 1 (1)
  6. https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003646038 W.H. Dall (1908) Reports on the Mollusca and Brachiopoda, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. vol. 43
  7. https://archive.org/details/manualconch06tryorich G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences
  8. https://archive.org/details/revisionofaustri00hedl Hedley, C. 1922. A revision of the Australian Turridae. Records of the Australian Museum 13(6): 213-359, pls 42-56
  9. http://www.philsciletters.org/pdf/20105.pdf Francisco M. Heralde III et al., The Indo-Pacific Gemmula species in the subfamily Turrinae: Aspects of field distribution, molecular phylogeny, radular anatomy and feeding ecology, Philippine Science Letters, vol. 3 (1), 2010

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