Gemmatimonadota Explained

The Gemmatimonadota are a phylum of bacteria established in 2003. The phylum contains two classes Gemmatimonadetes and Longimicrobia.

Species

The type species Gemmatimonas aurantiaca strain T-27T was isolated from activated sludge in a sewage treatment system in 2003.[1] It is a Gram-negative bacterium able to grow by both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.[2]

The second cultured species was Gemmatirosa kalamazoonensis gen. nov., sp. nov. strain KBS708, which was isolated from organically managed agricultural soil in Michigan USA.[3] The third cultured species Gemmatimonas phototrophica strain AP64T was isolated from a shallow freshwater desert lake Tiān é hú (Swan Lake) in North China.[4] A unique feature of this organism is the presence of bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers. It probably acquired genes for anoxygenic photosynthesis via horizontal gene transfer. G. phototrophica is a facultative photoheterotrophic organism. It requires the supply of organic substrate for growth, but it may obtain additional energy for its metabolism from light.[5]

Longimicrobium terrae strain CB-286315T was isolated from a soil sample from a typical Mediterranean forest ecosystem located in Granada, Spain. Due to this large phylogenetic distance from other cultured Gemmatimonades, it established a novel class named Longimicrobia.[6]

Environmental distribution

Data from culture-independent studies indicate that Gemmatimonadota are widely distributed in many natural habitats. They make up about 2% of soil bacterial communities and has been identified as one of the top nine phyla found in soils; yet, there are currently only six cultured isolates.[7] Gemmatimonadota have been found in a variety of arid soils, such as grassland, prairie, and pasture soil, as well as eutrophic lake sediments and alpine soils. This wide range of environments where Gemmatimonadota have been found suggests an adaptation to low soil moisture.[8] A study conducted showed that the distribution of the Gemmatimonadota in soil tends to be more dependent on the moisture availability than aggregation, reinforcing the belief that the members of this phylum prefer dryer soils.[9] Smaller numbers were also found in various aquatic environments, such as fresh waters and sediments, and in meadows and cropland located in boreal ecosystems https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2024.105570.

Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)[16] and National Center for Biotechnology Information.[17]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Zhang H, Sekiguchi Y, Hanada S, Hugenholtz P, Kim H, Kamagata Y, Nakamura K . Gemmatimonas aurantiaca gen. nov., sp. nov., a gram-negative, aerobic, polyphosphate-accumulating micro-organism, the first cultured representative of the new bacterial phylum Gemmatimonadetes phyl. nov. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol . 53 . Pt 4 . 1155–63 . 2003 . 12892144 . 10.1099/ijs.0.02520-0. free .
  2. Takaichi, S . Maoka, T . Takasaki, K . Hanada, S . Carotenoids of Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (Gemmatimonadetes): identification of a novel carotenoid, deoxyoscillol 2-rhamnoside, and proposed biosynthetic pathway of oscillol 2,2′-dirhamnoside . Microbiology . 156 . 3 . 757–763 . 2009 . 10.1099/mic.0.034249-0 . 19959572. free .
  3. DeBruyn J.M.. Fawaz M.N.. Peacock, A.D.. Dunlap J.R.. Nixon L.T.. Cooper K.E. . Radosevich M.. Gemmatirosa kalamazoonesis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the rarelycultivated bacterial phylum Gemmatimonadetes. . J Gen Appl Microbiol. 59 . 305–312 . 2013. 4. 10.2323/jgam.59.305. 24005180. free.
  4. Zeng Y.. Selyanin V.. Lukeš M. . Dean J. . Kaftan D. . Feng F.. Koblížek M.. Characterization of the microaerophilic, bacteriochlorophyll a-containing bacterium Gemmatimonas phototrophica sp. nov., and emended descriptions of the genus Gemmatimonas and Gemmatimonas aurantiaca. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 65 . 2410–2419 . 2015. 8. 10.1099/ijs.0.000272. 25899503. free.
  5. Zeng Y.. Feng F.. Medová H.. Dean J.. Koblížek M.. Functional type 2 photosynthetic reaction centers found in the rare bacterial phylum Gemmatimonadetes. . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 111 . 7795–7800 . 2014. 21. 10.1073/pnas.1400295111. 24821787. 4040607. 2014PNAS..111.7795Z. free.
  6. Pascual J. . García-López M. . Bills G.F. . Genilloud O.. Longimicrobium terrae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel oligotrophic bacterium of the underrepresented phylum Gemmatimonadetes isolated through a system of miniaturized diffusion chambers.. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol . 66 . 1976–1985 . 2016. 5 . 10.1099/ijsem.0.000974 . 26873585 . free .
  7. Fawaz, Mariam . Revealing the Ecological Role of Gemmatimonadetes Through Cultivation and Molecular Analysis of Agricultural Soils . Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee . vi . 2013.
  8. DeBruyn, J . Nixon, L . Fawaz, M . Johnson, M . Radosevich, M . Global Biogeography and Quantitative Season Dynamics of Gemmatimonadetes in Soil . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. . 77 . 17 . 6295–300 . 2011 . 10.1128/AEM.05005-11 . 21764958 . 3165389. 2011ApEnM..77.6295D .
  9. Fawaz, Mariam . Revealing the Ecological Role of Gemmatimonadetes Through Cultivation and Molecular Analysis of Agricultural Soils . Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee . vi . 2013.
  10. Web site: The LTP . 23 February 2021.
  11. Web site: LTP_all tree in newick format. 23 February 2021.
  12. Web site: LTP_12_2021 Release Notes. 23 February 2021.
  13. Web site: GTDB release 08-RS214 . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.
  14. Web site: bac120_r214.sp_label . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.
  15. Web site: Taxon History . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.
  16. Web site: J.P. Euzéby . Gemmatimonadetes . List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). 2016-03-20.
  17. Web site: Sayers. Gemmatimonadetes . National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database . 2016-03-20 . etal.

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